Donatello
- This page is about the artist. For other references to Donatello, see Donatello (disambiguation).
| Donatello | |
 Statue of Donatello outside the Uffizi, Florence | |
| Birth name | Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi |
| Born | c. 1386 Florence |
| Died | 13 December 1466 Florence |
| Nationality | Florentine |
| Field | Sculpture |
| Training | Lorenzo Ghiberti |
| Movement | Early Renaissance |
| Famous works | St. George, St. Mark, David (in bronze) |
Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi; c. 1386 – December 13, 1466) was a famous early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence. A pioneer in many aspects, he is, in part, known for his work in basso rilievo (bas relief), a form of shallow relief sculpture that, in Donatello's case, incorporated significant fifteenth century developments in perspectival illusionism.
He worked with young architect Filippo Brunelleschi, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Michelozzo, and was commissioned by Cosimo de' Medici. He worked primarily in Florence, Padua, and Rome.
His most famous work is the free-standing, sensual, bronze sculpture, David for the court of Palazzo Medici.
Donatello's sculptures are considered supreme expressions of the spirit of the era, and his work exercised a potent influence upon the painters of the age, especially in the move toward naturalism and the rendering of human feelings. An example of this can be found in the sculpture Crucifix for Santa Croce; this unique work portrays Christ in a moment of the agony. He never married and was rumored to be homosexual.
Early years
Donatello was the son of Niccolo di Betto Bardi, who was a member of the Florentine Wool Combers Guild, and was born in Florence, most likely in 1386. Donatello was educated in the house of the Martelli family. He apparently received his early artistic training in a goldsmith's workshop, and then worked briefly in the studio of Lorenzo Ghiberti.
While undertaking study and excavations with Filippo Brunelleschi in Rome (1404-1407), work that gained the two men the reputation of treasure seekers, Donatello made a living by working at goldsmiths' shops. Their Roman sojourn was decisive for the entire development of Italian art in the fifteenth century, for it was during this period that Brunelleschi undertook his measurements of the Pantheon dome and of other Roman buildings. Brunelleschi's buildings and Donatello's sculptures are both considered supreme expressions of the spirit of this era in architecture and sculpture, and they both exercised a potent influence upon the painters of the age.
Work in Florence
In Florence, Donatello assisted Lorenzo Ghiberti with the statues of prophets for the north door of the Battistero di San Giovanni, for which he received payment in November 1406 and early 1408. In 1409-1411 he executed the colossal seated figure of Saint John the Evangelist, which until 1588 occupied a niche of the old cathedral facade, and is now placed in a dark chapel of the Duomo. This work marks a decisive step forward from late-Gothic Mannerism in the search for naturalism and the rendering of human feelings. The face, the shoulders and the bust are still idealized, while the hands and the pannings over the legs are more realistic.
In 1411-1413 Donatello worked on a statue of St. Mark for the church of Orsanmichele. In 1417 he completed the St. George for the Confraternity of the Cuirass-makers. The elegant St. George and the Dragon relief on the statue's base, executed in schiacciato (also known as bas-relief or basso rilievo) is one of the first examples of central-point perspective in sculpture.
From 1423 is the St. Louis of Toulouse, now in the Museum of the Basilica di Santa Croce. Donatello had also sculpted a tabernacle for this work, but it was sold in 1460 to house the Incredulity of St. Thomas by Verrocchio.
Between 1415 and 1426, Donatello created five statues for the campanile of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, also known as the Duomo. These works are the Beardless Prophet; Bearded Prophet (both from 1415); the Sacrifice of Isaac (1421); Habbakuk (1423-1425); and Jeremiah (1423-1426); which follow the classical models for orators and are characterized by strong portrait details. From the late teens is the Pazzi Madonna relief (now in Berlin). In 1425, he executed the notable Crucifix for Santa Croce; this work portrays Christ in a moment of the agony, eyes and mouth partially opened, the body contracted in an ungraceful posture.
Between 1425-1427, Donatello collaborated with Michelozzo on the funerary monument of the Antipope John XXIII for the Battistero in Florence. Surely by Donatello is the recumbent bronze figure of the deceased, under a shell. In 1427, he completed in Pisa a marble panel for the funerary monument of Cardinal Rainaldo Brancacci at the church of Sant'Angelo a Nilo in Naples. In the same period, he executed the relief of the Feast of Herod and the statues of Faith and Hope for the Baptistery of Siena. The relief is mostly in stiacciato, while the foreground figures are done in bas-relief.
Donatello did not marry, choosing instead to live with other artists and his many young workshop assistants. According to some historians, Donatello made no secret of his homosexuality, and his behavior was tolerated by his friends;[1] certainly Cosimo is known to have played a part in patching up at least one lover's quarrel between Donatello and one of his young assistants. Frequently his violent outbursts would result from passionate entanglements - when one of his assistants ran away, Donatello is said to have chased him as far as Ferrara with the intention of killing him. [2] However, little detail is known with certainty about his private life. No accusation against him has been found in the Florentine archives, which albeit during his lifetime are very incomplete. [3] Donatello's bronze life-sized David, that he produced for Cosimo, was one of the most overtly homosexual works of its era. It's sensuous nudity emphasized by the young David's calf-length ornamented leather boots, and curly tresses.[4]
Major commissions in Florence
Around 1430, Cosimo de' Medici, the foremost art patron of his era, commissioned from Donatello the bronze David (now in the Bargello) for the court of his Palazzo Medici. This is now Donatello's most famous work. At the time of its creation, it was the first known free-standing nude statue produced since ancient times. Conceived fully in the round, independent of any architectural surroundings, and largely representing an allegory of the civic virtues triumphing over brutality and irrationality, it was the first major work of Renaissance sculpture. Also from this period is the disquietingly small Love-Atys, housed in the Bargello.
When Cosimo was exiled from Florence, Donatello went to Rome, remaining until 1433. The two works that testify to his presence in this city, the Tomb of Giovanni Crivelli at Santa Maria in Aracoeli, and the Ciborium at St. Peter's Basilica, bear a strong stamp of classical influence.
Donatello's return to Florence almost coincided with Cosimo's. In May of 1434, he signed a contract for the marble pulpit on the facade of the Prato cathedral, the last project executed in collaboration with Michelozzo. This work, a passionate, pagan, rhythmically-conceived bacchanalian dance of half-nude putti (a cherubic infant, often shown winged), was the forerunner of the great Cantoria, or singing tribune, at the Duomo in Florence on which Donatello worked intermittently from 1433 to 1440 and was inspired by ancient sarcophagi and Byzantine ivory chests. In 1435, he executed the Annunciation for the Cavalcanti altar in Santa Croce, inspired by fourteenth century iconography, and in 1437-1443, he worked in the Old Sacristy of the San Lorenzo in Florence, on two doors and lunettes portraying saints, as well as eight stucco tondoes. From 1438 is the wooden statue of St. John the Evangelist for Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice. Around 1440, he executed a bust of a Young Man with a Cameo now in the Bargello, the first example of a lay bust portrait since the classical era.
In Padua
In 1443, Donatello was called to Padua by the heirs of the famous condottiero Erasmo da Narni, who had died that year. Completed in 1450 and placed in the square facing the Basilica of St. Anthony, his equestrian statue of Erasmo (better known as the Gattamelata, or "Honey-Cat") was the first example of such a monument since ancient times. (Other equestrian statues, from the fourteenth century, had not been executed in bronze and had been placed over tombs rather than erected independently, in a public place.) This work became the prototype for other equestrian monuments executed in Italy and Europe in the following centuries.
For the Basilica of St. Anthony, Donatello created, most famously, the bronze Crucifix of 1444-7 and additional statues for the choir, including a Madonna with Child and six saints, constituting a Holy Conversation, which is no longer visible since the renovation by Camillo Boito in 1895. The Madonna with Child portrays the Child being displayed to the faithful, on a throne flanked by two sphinxes, allegorical figures of knowledge. On the throne's back is a relief of Adam and Eve. During this period 1446-50 Donatello also executed four extremely important reliefs with scenes from the life of St. Anthony for the high altar.
Last years in Florence
Donatello returned to Florence in 1453. Until 1456, he worked on a wooden Mary Magdalene now in the Duomo's museum, an unually expressionistic work depicting the saint in her late, hermetic period and characterized by meagerness of body and a face marked by fatigue, pain, and intense asceticism. From 1455-1460, dates the Judith and Holofernes, begun for the Duomo di Siena but later acquired by the Medici.
Until 1461, Donatello remained in Siena, where he created a St. John the Baptist, also for the Duomo, and models for its gates, now lost.
For his last commission in Florence, Donatello produced reliefs for the bronze pulpits in the church of San Lorenzo, with help from students Bartolomeo Bellano and Bertoldo di Giovanni. Donatello provided the general design and personally executed the Martyrdom of St. Lawrence and the Deposition from the Cross; he worked on the reliefs of Christ before Pilate and Christ before Caiphus, with Bellano. This work is characterized by an intense, free, indeed sketchy and suggestively unfinished—in Italian a non-finito—technique that heightens the dramatic effect of the scenes and emphasizes their spiritual intensity.
Donatello died at 80, in Florence in 1466 and was buried in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, next to Cosimo de' Medici the Elder.
Main works
- St. Mark (1411–1413) Orsanmichele, Florence
- St. George Tabernacle (c. 1415–1417) - Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence
- Prophet Habacuc (1423–1425) - Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence
- The Feast of Herod (c. 1425) - Baptismal font, Duomo di Siena
- David (c. 1425–1430) - Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence
- Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata (1445–1450) - Piazza del Santo, Padua
- Mary Magdalene (c. 1455) - Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence
- Judith and Holofernes (1455-1460) - Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
Notes
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Crompton, Louis. Homosexuality and Civilization, Belknap Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0674022331
- Hennessy, Italian Renaissance Sculpture, Phaidon, 1958. ASIN B0000CK4GJ
- Janson, H.W. The Sculpture of Donatello, 2 vol., Princeton Univ Pr, 1979. ISBN 978-0691003177
- Lindsey, David. Donatello, Echo Library, 2008. ISBN 978-1406849318
- Randolph, Adrian W. B. Engaging symbols: gender, politics, and public art in fifteenth-century Florence. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0300092127
- Seymour, Charles. Sculpture in Italy: 1400 to 1500, 1966. Puffin, 1966. ISBN 978-0140560268
- Strathern, Paul. The Medici: Godfather of the Renaissance, Vintage Books, 2009. ISBN 978-0099522973
- Wirtz, Rolf C. Donatello (Masters of Italian Art Series), Konemann, 1998. ISBN 978-3829002448
- Wyndham Pope-Hennessy. Donatello: Sculptor, Abbeville Press, 1993. ISBN 978-1558596450
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
External links
All retrieved September 26, 2008.
- Donatello article in the 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica www.1911encyclopedia.org
- Donatello: Photo Gallery www.scultura-italiana.com/
- Donatello, by David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford, from Project Gutenberg www.gutenberg.org
- The Chellini Madonna www.vam.ac.uk
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