Difference between revisions of "Canidae" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | + | * Nowak, R. M., and J. L. Paradiso. 1983. ''Walker's Mammals of the World''. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801825253. | |
| − | + | * Voelker, W. 1986. ''The Natural History of Living Mammals''. Medford, New Jersey: Plexus Publishing. ISBN 0937548081. | |
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Revision as of 08:54, 20 June 2007
| Canidae | ||||||||||
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 Coyote (Canis latrans)
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Canidae (′kanə′dē) is the family of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals commonly known as canines. It includes dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, dingoes and jackals. These animals are all digitigrades, meaning they walk on their toes.
Classification
Note that the subdivision of Canidae into "foxes" and "true dogs" may not be in accordance with the actual relations, and that the taxonomic classification of several canines is disputed. Recent DNA analysis has shown, however, that Canini (dogs) and Vulpini (foxes) are valid clades, which exclude two genera: Nyctereutes and Otocyon. These are basal canids and are not closely related to either vulpines or canines. (Some evidence also suggests the same for Urocyon.)
Speothos and Chrysocyon are primitive members of Canini, but might be placed in their own clade. Cuon and Lycaon may in fact belong in Canis, and there is evidence that Alopex and Fennecus are not valid clades, but are both part of Vulpes.
The Domestic Dog is listed by some authorities as Canis familiaris and others (including the Smithsonian Institution and the American Society of Mammalogists) as a subspecies of the Gray Wolf (i.e., Canis lupus familiaris); the Red Wolf may or may not be a full species; and the Dingo is variously classified as Canis dingo, Canis lupus dingo, Canis familiaris dingo and Canis lupus familiaris dingo. At least one subspecies of wolf has recently been listed as a separate species - the Eastern Canadian Wolf, Canis lycaon. This is, however, still a controversial classification; the precise relationships among the Gray Wolf, Red Wolf, Eastern Canadian Wolf, and Coyote have yet to be worked out satisfactorily.
FAMILY CANIDAE
Subfamily: Caninae
- True dogs - Tribe Canini
- Genus Canis
- Side-striped Jackal, Canis adustus
- Golden Jackal, Canis aureus
- Himalayan Wolf, Canis himalayaensis
- Indian Wolf, Canis pallipes or Canis indica
- Coyote, Canis latrans (also called Prairie Wolf)
- Gray Wolf, Canis lupus (2.723 Ma to present)
- Domestic Dog, Canis lupus familiaris
- Dingo, Canis lupus familiaris dingo or Canis lupus dingo.
- many other proposed subspecies
- Red Wolf, Canis rufus, Canis lycaon, or Canis niger (hybrid?) (3 Ma to present)
- Black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas
- Ethiopian Wolf, Canis simensis (also called Abyssinian Wolf, Simien Fox and Simien Jackal)
- Genus Cynotherium †
- Sardinian Dhole, Cynotherium sardous †
- Genus Cuon
- Dhole, Cuon alpinus or Canis alpinus (also called Asian Wild Dog)
- Genus Lycaon
- African Wild Dog, Lycaon pictus (also called African Hunting Dog)
- Genus Atelocynus
- Short-eared Dog, Atelocynus microtis
- Genus Cerdocyon
- Crab-eating Fox, Cerdocyon thous
- Genus Dasycyon † ?
- Hagenbeck Wolf, Dasycyon hagenbecki † ?
- Genus Dusicyon †
- Falkland Island Fox, Dusicyon australis †
- Genus Pseudalopex
- Culpeo, Pseudalopex culpaeus
- Darwin's Fox, Pseudalopex fulvipes
- Argentine Grey Fox, Pseudalopex griseus
- Pampas Fox, Pseudalopex gymnocercus
- Sechura Fox, Pseudalopex sechurae
- Hoary Fox, Pseudalopex vetulus
- Genus Chrysocyon
- Maned Wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus
- Genus Speothos
- Bush Dog, Speothos venaticus
- Genus Canis
- Foxes - Tribe Vulpini
- Genus Alopex
- Arctic Fox, Alopex lagopus
- Genus Vulpes
- Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes (1 Ma to present)
- Swift Fox, Vulpes velox
- Kit Fox, Vulpes macrotis
- Corsac Fox (or Steppe Fox), Vulpes corsac
- Cape Fox, Vulpes chama
- Pale Fox, Vulpes pallida
- Bengal Fox, Vulpes bengalensis
- Tibetan Fox, Vulpes ferrilata
- Blanford's Fox, Vulpes cana
- Rueppell's Fox, Vulpes rueppelli
- Fennec, Vulpes zerda
- Genus Urocyon (2 Ma to present)
- Gray Fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
- Island Fox, Urocyon littoralis
- Cozumel Fox, Urocyon sp.
- Genus Alopex
- Basal Caninae
- Genus Otocyon (present)
- Bat-eared Fox, Otocyon megalotis
- Genus Nyctereutes
- Raccoon Dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides
- Genus Otocyon (present)
Fossil Canidae
Prehistoric Caninae
- Canini
- Genus Canis
- Dire Wolf, Canis dirus (1 Ma †)
- Canis arnensis (3.4 Ma, †)
- Canis (Eucyon) cipio (8.2 Ma †, probably first species of Canis genus)
- Canis etruscus (3.4 Ma †)
- Canis falconeri (2.6 Ma †)
- Canis mosbachensis (0.787 Ma †)
- Canis lepophagus (4-5 Ma †)
- Canis donnezani (4.0-3.1 Ma †, probably ancestor of wolves)
- Canis edwardii (1.8 Ma †, first species of wolf in North America)
- Canis gezi †
- Canis nehringi †
- Canis ameghinoi †
- Canis michauxi †
- Canis adoxus †
- Canis cautleyi †
- Canis ambrusteri (0.8 Ma †)
- Genus Theriodictis (1.8 Ma †)
- Genus Protocyon †
- Genus Dusicyon †
- Dusicyon avus †
- Genus Cerdocyon
- Genus Nurocyon
- Nurocyon chonokhariensis †
- Genus Canis
- Vulpini
- Basal Canids
- First Caninae
Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae : † (Ma = million years ago)
- Genus Aelurodon (16-12 Ma)
- Aelurodon asthenostylus (16 Ma)
- Aelurodon ferox (15 Ma)
- Aelurodon mcgrewi (15 Ma)
- Aelurodon montanensis (15 Ma)
- Aelurodon stirtoni (13 Ma)
- Aelurodon taxoides (12 Ma)
- Genus Archaeocyon (32 Ma)
- Archaeocyon letodus (32 Ma)
- Archaeocyon pavidus (32 Ma)
- Genus Borophagus (12-5 Ma)
- Borophagu dividersidens (5 Ma)
- Borophagus hilli (6 Ma)
- Borophagus hittoralis (12 Ma)
- Borophagus orc (9 Ma)
- Borophagus parvus (7 Ma)
- Borophagus pugnator (9 Ma)
- Borophagus secundus (9 Ma)
- Genus Cynarctoides (30-18 Ma)
- Cynarctoides acridens (24 Ma)
- Cynarctoides emryi (21 Ma)
- Cynarctoides gawnae (18 Ma)
- Cynarctoides harlowi (21 Ma)
- Cynarctoides lemur (30 Ma)
- Cynarctoides luskensis (21 Ma)
- Cynarctoides roii (30 Ma)
- Genus Cynarctus (16-12 Ma)
- Cynarctus crucidens (12 Ma)
- Cynarctus galushai (16 Ma)
- Cynarctus saxatilis (15 Ma)
- Cynarctus voorhiesi (13 Ma)
- Genus Cynodesmus (32-29 Ma)
- Cynodesmus martini (29 Ma)
- Cynodesmus thooides (32 Ma)
- Genus Desmocyon (24-19 Ma)
- Desmocyon matthewi (19 Ma)
- Desmocyon thompsoni (24 Ma)
- Genus Ectopocynus (32-19 Ma)
- Ectopocynus antiquus (32 Ma)
- Ectopocynus intermedius (29 Ma)
- Ectopocynus siplicidens (19 Ma)
- Genus Enhydrocynus (29-25 Ma)
- Enhydrocynus basilatus (25 Ma)
- Enhydrocynus crassidens (25 Ma)
- Enhydrocynus pahinsintewkpa (29 Ma)
- Enhydrocynus stenocephalus (29 Ma)
- Genus Epicyon (12-10 Ma)
- Epicyon haydeni (10 Ma)
- Epicyon saevus (12 Ma)
- Eucyon odessanus †
- Genus Eulopocyon (18-16 Ma)
- Eulopocyon brachygnathus (16 Ma)
- Eulopocyon spissidens (18 Ma)
- Genus Hespercyon (37-34 Ma)
- Hespercyon colordensis
- Hespercyon gregarius (37 Ma)
- Hespercyon pavidus
- Genus Leptocyon (24-16 Ma)
- Leptocyon vafer (16 Ma)
- Leptocyon vulpinus (24 Ma)
- Genus Mesocyon (34-29 Ma)
- Mesocyon brachyops (29 Ma)
- Mesocyon coryphaeus (29 Ma)
- Mesocyn temnodon
- Genus Metatomarctus (19-16 Ma)
- Metatomarctus canavus (19 Ma)
- Metatomarctus sp. A (16 Ma)
- Metatomarctus sp. B (16 Ma)
- Genus Microtomarctus (18 Ma)
- Microtomarctus conferta (18 Ma)
- Genus Osbornodon (32-18 Ma)
- Osbornodon fricki (18 Ma)
- Osbornodon iamonensis (21 Ma)
- Osbornodon renjiei (33 Ma)
- Osbornodon sesnoni (32 Ma)
- Genus Otarocyon (34-30 Ma)
- Otarocyon cooki (30 Ma)
- Otarocyon macdonaldi (34 Ma)
- Genus Oxetocyon (32 Ma)
- Oxetocyon cuspidatus' (32 Ma)
- Genus Paracynarctus (19-16 Ma)
- Paracynarctus kelloggi (19 Ma)
- Paracynarctus sinclairi (16 Ma)
- Genus Paraenhydrodon (30-25 Ma)
- Paraenhydrodon joesphi (30 Ma)
- Paraenhydrodon robustus (25 Ma)
- Paraenhydrodon wallovianus (26 Ma)
- Genus Philotrox (29 Ma)
- Philotrox condoni (29 Ma)
- Genus Phlacyon (30-19 Ma)
- Phlacyon annectens (22 Ma)
- Phlacyon latidens (30 Ma)
- Phlacyon leucosteus (22 Ma)
- Phlacyon marslandensis (19 Ma)
- Phlacyon minor (30 Ma)
- Phlacyon yakolai (19 Ma)
- Genus Proepicyon (16 Ma)
- Proepicyon raki (16 Ma)
- Genus Prohespercyon (36 Ma)
- Prohespercyon wilsoni (36 Ma)
- Genus Psalidocyon (16 Ma)
- Psalidocyon marianae (16 Ma)
- Genus Rhizocyon (30 Ma)
- Rhizocyon oregonensis (30 Ma)
- Genus Sunkahetanka (29 Ma)
- Sunkahetanka geringensis (29 Ma)
- Genus Tephrocyon (16 Ma)
- Tephrocyon rurestris (16 Ma)
- Genus Paratomarctus (16-13 Ma)
- Paratomarctus euthos (13 Ma)
- Paratomarctus temerarius (16 Ma)
- Genus Tomarctus (16 Ma)
- Tomarctus brevirostris (16 Ma)
- Tomarctus hippophagu (16 Ma)
- Genus Protomarctus (18 Ma)
- Protomarctus optatus (18 Ma)
- Genus Aelurodon (16-12 Ma)
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Nowak, R. M., and J. L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801825253.
- Voelker, W. 1986. The Natural History of Living Mammals. Medford, New Jersey: Plexus Publishing. ISBN 0937548081.
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