Difference between revisions of "Baba Yaga" - New World Encyclopedia
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[[Image:Bilibin. Baba Yaga.jpg|thumb|right|196px|Baba Yaga by [[Ivan Bilibin]]]] | [[Image:Bilibin. Baba Yaga.jpg|thumb|right|196px|Baba Yaga by [[Ivan Bilibin]]]] | ||
| − | '''Baba Yaga''' ({{lang-ru|Ба́ба-Яга́}}), is, in [[Slavic folklore]], the wild old woman; the [[witch]]; and mistress of [[magic (paranormal)|magic]]. She is also seen as a forest spirit, leading hosts of spirits. Stories about Baba Yaga have been used as a mediums in teaching to children the importance of reverance for the delicacy of nature and the spirit world. They were also used by worried parents in an attempt to frighten children from wondering far from home. Baba Yaga's legacy is derived from several Eastern European cultural groups and her character differs depending on who tells it but the outcome of the story usually emphasizes a purity of spirit and polite manners. | + | '''Baba Yaga''' ({{lang-ru|Ба́ба-Яга́}}), is, in [[Slavic folklore]], the wild old woman; the [[witch]]; and mistress of [[magic (paranormal)|magic]]. She is also seen as a forest spirit, leading hosts of spirits. Stories about Baba Yaga have been used as a mediums in teaching to children the importance of reverance for the delicacy of nature and the spirit world. They were also used by worried parents in an attempt to frighten children from wondering far from home. Baba Yaga's legacy is derived from several Eastern European cultural groups and her character differs depending on who tells it but the outcome of the story usually emphasizes a purity of spirit and polite manners. <ref> Ralston, W. ''Songs of the Russian People'': Storyland Beings http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/srp. Retrieved September 15, 2007. </ref> |
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| − | The name differs within the various [[Slavic languages]]. "Baba Yaga" is spelled "Baba Jaga" in Polish and as "Ježibaba" in [[Czech language|Czech] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]]. In [[Slovene language|Slovene]], the words are reversed, producing ''Jaga Baba''. The [[Russian language|Russian]] is ''Бáба-Ягá''; [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] uses ''Баба Яга'' and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], ''Баба Яґа''; all of the last three are transliterated as ''Baba Yaga''. | + | The name differs within the various [[Slavic languages]]. "Baba Yaga" is spelled "Baba Jaga" in Polish and as "Ježibaba" in [[Czech language|Czech] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]]. In [[Slovene language|Slovene]], the words are reversed, producing ''Jaga Baba''. The [[Russian language|Russian]] is ''Бáба-Ягá''; [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] uses ''Баба Яга'' and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], ''Баба Яґа''; all of the last three are transliterated as ''Baba Yaga''. |
| − | In [[South Slavic]] languages and traditions, there is a similar old witch: ''Baba Roga'' ([[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]), cyrillic equivalent ''Баба Рога'' ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]). The word ''Roga'' implies that she has horns. | + | In [[South Slavic]] languages and traditions, there is a similar old witch: ''Baba Roga'' ([[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]), cyrillic equivalent ''Баба Рога'' ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]). The word ''Roga'' implies that she has horns. |
| − | The name of Baba Yaga is composed of two elements. ''Baba'' (originally a child's word) means an ''older or married woman of lower social class'' or simply [[grandmother]] in most [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] languages. ''Yaga'' is a diminutive form of the Slavic name [[Jadwiga]]: (Jaga/Jagusia/Jadzia, etc.), although some etymologists conjecture other roots for the word. For example, [[Vasmer]] mentions the [[Proto-Slavic]] ''ęgа''. | + | The name of Baba Yaga is composed of two elements. ''Baba'' (originally a child's word) means an ''older or married woman of lower social class'' or simply [[grandmother]] in most [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] languages. ''Yaga'' is a diminutive form of the Slavic name [[Jadwiga]]: (Jaga/Jagusia/Jadzia, etc.), although some etymologists conjecture other roots for the word. For example, [[Vasmer]] mentions the [[Proto-Slavic]] ''ęgа''. |
==Folklore== | ==Folklore== | ||
[[Image:Vasilisa the Beautiful at the Hut of Baba Yaga.jpg|left|thumb|Vasilisa the Beautiful at the Hut of Baba Yaga, by [[Ivan Bilibin]]]] | [[Image:Vasilisa the Beautiful at the Hut of Baba Yaga.jpg|left|thumb|Vasilisa the Beautiful at the Hut of Baba Yaga, by [[Ivan Bilibin]]]] | ||
| − | In Russian tales, Baba Yaga is portrayed as a [[hag]] who flies through the air in a [[mortar and pestle|mortar]], using the pestle as a rudder and sweeping away the tracks behind her with a broom made out of [[Silver Birch|silver birch]]. She lives in a log cabin that moves around on a pair of dancing [[chicken]] legs. The keyhole to her front door is a mouth filled with sharp teeth; the fence outside is made with human bones with skulls on top — often with one pole lacking its skull, so there is space for the hero or heroes. In another legend, the house does not reveal the door until it is told a magical phrase: ''Turn your back to the forest, your front to me''. | + | In Russian tales, Baba Yaga is portrayed as a [[hag]] who flies through the air in a [[mortar and pestle|mortar]], using the pestle as a rudder and sweeping away the tracks behind her with a broom made out of [[Silver Birch|silver birch]]. She lives in a log cabin that moves around on a pair of dancing [[chicken]] legs. The keyhole to her front door is a mouth filled with sharp teeth; the fence outside is made with human bones with skulls on top — often with one pole lacking its skull, so there is space for the hero or heroes. In another legend, the house does not reveal the door until it is told a magical phrase: ''Turn your back to the forest, your front to me''.<ref> Ralston, W. </ref> |
[[Image:Redsun.jpg|right|thumb|The Red Rider, by Bilibin]] | [[Image:Redsun.jpg|right|thumb|The Red Rider, by Bilibin]] | ||
In some [[Vasilissa the Beautiful|tales]], her house is connected with three riders: one in white, riding a white horse with white harness, who is Day; a red rider, who is the Sun; and one in black, who is Night. She is served by invisible servants inside the house. She will explain about the riders if asked, but may kill a visitor who inquires about the servants. | In some [[Vasilissa the Beautiful|tales]], her house is connected with three riders: one in white, riding a white horse with white harness, who is Day; a red rider, who is the Sun; and one in black, who is Night. She is served by invisible servants inside the house. She will explain about the riders if asked, but may kill a visitor who inquires about the servants. | ||
| − | Baba Yaga is sometimes shown as an antagonist, and sometimes as a source of guidance; there are stories where she helps people with their quests, and stories in which she kidnaps children and threatens to eat them. Seeking out her aid is usually portrayed as a dangerous act. An emphasis is placed on the need for proper preparation and purity of spirit, as well as basic politeness. | + | Baba Yaga is sometimes shown as an antagonist, and sometimes as a source of guidance; there are stories where she helps people with their quests, and stories in which she kidnaps children and threatens to eat them. Seeking out her aid is usually portrayed as a dangerous act. An emphasis is placed on the need for proper preparation and purity of spirit, as well as basic politeness. |
| − | In the folk tale [[Vasilissa the Beautiful]], the young girl of the title is sent to visit Baba Yaga on an errand and is enslaved by her, but the hag's servants — a cat, a dog, a gate and a tree — help Vasilissa to escape because she has been kind to them. In the end, Baba Yaga is turned into a crow. Similarly, Prince Ivan in [[The Death of Koschei the Deathless]] is aided against her by animals whom he has spared. | + | In the folk tale [[Vasilissa the Beautiful]], the young girl of the title is sent to visit Baba Yaga on an errand and is enslaved by her, but the hag's servants — a cat, a dog, a gate and a tree — help Vasilissa to escape because she has been kind to them. In the end, Baba Yaga is turned into a crow. Similarly, Prince Ivan in [[The Death of Koschei the Deathless]] is aided against her by animals whom he has spared. |
In another version of the [[Vasilissa the Beautiful|Vasilissa]] story recorded by [[Alexander Afanasyev]] (''Narodnye russkie skazki'', vol 4, 1862), Vasilissa is given three impossible tasks that she solves using a magic doll given to her by her mother.[1] | In another version of the [[Vasilissa the Beautiful|Vasilissa]] story recorded by [[Alexander Afanasyev]] (''Narodnye russkie skazki'', vol 4, 1862), Vasilissa is given three impossible tasks that she solves using a magic doll given to her by her mother.[1] | ||
| − | Baba Yaga in [[Poland|Polish]] folklore differs in details. For example, the Polish Baba Jaga's house has only one chicken leg. Bad witches living in gingerbread houses are also commonly named Baba Jaga. | + | Baba Yaga in [[Poland|Polish]] folklore differs in details. For example, the Polish Baba Jaga's house has only one chicken leg. Bad witches living in gingerbread houses are also commonly named Baba Jaga. |
| − | In some fairy tales, such as ''[[The Feather of Finist the Falcon]]'', the hero meets not with one but [[Rule of three (writing)|three]] Baba Yagas. Such figures are usually benevolent, giving the hero advice or magical presents | + | In some fairy tales, such as ''[[The Feather of Finist the Falcon]]'', the hero meets not with one but [[Rule of three (writing)|three]] Baba Yagas. Such figures are usually benevolent, giving the hero advice or magical presents or both. <ref> Ralston, W. </ref> |
<span id="cabin"></span><!--anchor for direct link to this section - please don't remove—> | <span id="cabin"></span><!--anchor for direct link to this section - please don't remove—> | ||
== Cabin on chicken legs == | == Cabin on chicken legs == | ||
| − | [[Image:Izbasmerti.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nicholas Roerich]], "Изба смерти" ("Hut of Death," sketch, 1905), an artistic expression of burial traditions of Ancient Slavs]]A "cabin on chicken legs with no windows and no doors" in which Baba Yaga dwells sounds like pure fantasy. In fact, this is an interpretation of an ordinary construction popular among [[hunter]]-[[nomad]]ic peoples of [[Siberia]] of [[Uralic]] ([[Finno-Ugric]]) and [[Tungus]]ic families, invented to preserve supplies against animals during long periods of absence. A doorless and windowless [[log cabin]] is built upon supports made from the stumps of two or three closely grown trees cut at the height of eight to ten feet. The stumps, with their spreading roots, give a good impression of "chicken legs." The only access into the cabin is via a [[trapdoor]] in the middle of the floor. | + | [[Image:Izbasmerti.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nicholas Roerich]], "Изба смерти" ("Hut of Death," sketch, 1905), an artistic expression of burial traditions of Ancient Slavs]]A "cabin on chicken legs with no windows and no doors" in which Baba Yaga dwells sounds like pure fantasy. In fact, this is an interpretation of an ordinary construction popular among [[hunter]]-[[nomad]]ic peoples of [[Siberia]] of [[Uralic]] ([[Finno-Ugric]]) and [[Tungus]]ic families, invented to preserve supplies against animals during long periods of absence. A doorless and windowless [[log cabin]] is built upon supports made from the stumps of two or three closely grown trees cut at the height of eight to ten feet. The stumps, with their spreading roots, give a good impression of "chicken legs." The only access into the cabin is via a [[trapdoor]] in the middle of the floor. |
| − | A similar but smaller construction was used by Siberian [[pagans]] to hold [[figurine]]s of their gods. Recalling the late [[matriarchy]] among Siberian peoples, a common picture of a bone-carved doll in rags in a small cabin on top of a tree stump fits a common description of Baba Yaga, who barely fits her cabin | + | A similar but smaller construction was used by Siberian [[pagans]] to hold [[figurine]]s of their gods. Recalling the late [[matriarchy]] among Siberian peoples, a common picture of a bone-carved doll in rags in a small cabin on top of a tree stump fits a common description of Baba Yaga, who barely fits her cabin with legs in one corner, head in another one, her nose grown into the ceiling. There are indications that ancient Slavs had a funeral tradition of cremation in huts of this type. In 1948 Russian archaeologists Yefimenko and Tretyakov discovered small huts of the described type with traces of corpse cremation and circular fences around them. . . <ref> Ефименко П. П., Третьяков П. Н. Курганный могильник у с. Боршева. МИА, № 8. М.; Л., 1948, рис. 37-42.)</ref> |
| − | |||
| − | There are indications that ancient Slavs had a funeral tradition of cremation in huts of this type. In 1948 Russian archaeologists Yefimenko and Tretyakov discovered small huts of the described type with traces of corpse cremation and circular fences around them | ||
| − | |||
==Baba Yaga in popular culture== | ==Baba Yaga in popular culture== | ||
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===Film=== | ===Film=== | ||
| − | Baba Yaga is a favorite subject of Russian films and cartoons. The animated film [[Bartok the Magnificent]] features Baba Yaga as a main character, but is not the antagonist. Indeed, the film ''[[Vasilissa the Beautiful]]'' by Aleksandr Rou, featuring Baba Yaga, was the first feature with fantasy elements in the Soviet Union, and the figure appeared often during the Soviet era.<ref> | + | Baba Yaga is a favorite subject of Russian films and cartoons. The animated film [[Bartok the Magnificent]] features Baba Yaga as a main character, but is not the antagonist. Indeed, the film ''[[Vasilissa the Beautiful]]'' by Aleksandr Rou, featuring Baba Yaga, was the first feature with fantasy elements in the Soviet Union, and the figure appeared often during the Soviet era.<ref> Graham, J., [http://www.endicott-studio.com/crossroads/crBabaYagaF.html Baba Yaga in Film] Retrieved September 16, 2007. </ref> In the Soviet era, she was interpreted as an exploiter of her animal servants.<ref> Carter, A., 1990. ''The Old Wives' Fairy Tale Book'', NY:Pantheon Books, p 239. ISBN 0-679-74037-6 </ref> |
===Literature=== | ===Literature=== | ||
Revision as of 01:36, 17 September 2007
Baba Yaga (Russian: Ба́ба-Яга́), is, in Slavic folklore, the wild old woman; the witch; and mistress of magic. She is also seen as a forest spirit, leading hosts of spirits. Stories about Baba Yaga have been used as a mediums in teaching to children the importance of reverance for the delicacy of nature and the spirit world. They were also used by worried parents in an attempt to frighten children from wondering far from home. Baba Yaga's legacy is derived from several Eastern European cultural groups and her character differs depending on who tells it but the outcome of the story usually emphasizes a purity of spirit and polite manners. [1]
Etymology
The name differs within the various Slavic languages. "Baba Yaga" is spelled "Baba Jaga" in Polish and as "Ježibaba" in [[Czech language|Czech] and Slovak. In Slovene, the words are reversed, producing Jaga Baba. The Russian is Бáба-Ягá; Bulgarian uses Баба Яга and Ukrainian, Баба Яґа; all of the last three are transliterated as Baba Yaga.
In South Slavic languages and traditions, there is a similar old witch: Baba Roga (Croatian and Bosnian), cyrillic equivalent Баба Рога (Macedonian and Serbian). The word Roga implies that she has horns.
The name of Baba Yaga is composed of two elements. Baba (originally a child's word) means an older or married woman of lower social class or simply grandmother in most Slavic languages. Yaga is a diminutive form of the Slavic name Jadwiga: (Jaga/Jagusia/Jadzia, etc.), although some etymologists conjecture other roots for the word. For example, Vasmer mentions the Proto-Slavic ęgа.
Folklore
In Russian tales, Baba Yaga is portrayed as a hag who flies through the air in a mortar, using the pestle as a rudder and sweeping away the tracks behind her with a broom made out of silver birch. She lives in a log cabin that moves around on a pair of dancing chicken legs. The keyhole to her front door is a mouth filled with sharp teeth; the fence outside is made with human bones with skulls on top — often with one pole lacking its skull, so there is space for the hero or heroes. In another legend, the house does not reveal the door until it is told a magical phrase: Turn your back to the forest, your front to me.[2]
In some tales, her house is connected with three riders: one in white, riding a white horse with white harness, who is Day; a red rider, who is the Sun; and one in black, who is Night. She is served by invisible servants inside the house. She will explain about the riders if asked, but may kill a visitor who inquires about the servants. Baba Yaga is sometimes shown as an antagonist, and sometimes as a source of guidance; there are stories where she helps people with their quests, and stories in which she kidnaps children and threatens to eat them. Seeking out her aid is usually portrayed as a dangerous act. An emphasis is placed on the need for proper preparation and purity of spirit, as well as basic politeness.
In the folk tale Vasilissa the Beautiful, the young girl of the title is sent to visit Baba Yaga on an errand and is enslaved by her, but the hag's servants — a cat, a dog, a gate and a tree — help Vasilissa to escape because she has been kind to them. In the end, Baba Yaga is turned into a crow. Similarly, Prince Ivan in The Death of Koschei the Deathless is aided against her by animals whom he has spared.
In another version of the Vasilissa story recorded by Alexander Afanasyev (Narodnye russkie skazki, vol 4, 1862), Vasilissa is given three impossible tasks that she solves using a magic doll given to her by her mother.[1] Baba Yaga in Polish folklore differs in details. For example, the Polish Baba Jaga's house has only one chicken leg. Bad witches living in gingerbread houses are also commonly named Baba Jaga.
In some fairy tales, such as The Feather of Finist the Falcon, the hero meets not with one but three Baba Yagas. Such figures are usually benevolent, giving the hero advice or magical presents or both. [3]
Cabin on chicken legs
A "cabin on chicken legs with no windows and no doors" in which Baba Yaga dwells sounds like pure fantasy. In fact, this is an interpretation of an ordinary construction popular among hunter-nomadic peoples of Siberia of Uralic (Finno-Ugric) and Tungusic families, invented to preserve supplies against animals during long periods of absence. A doorless and windowless log cabin is built upon supports made from the stumps of two or three closely grown trees cut at the height of eight to ten feet. The stumps, with their spreading roots, give a good impression of "chicken legs." The only access into the cabin is via a trapdoor in the middle of the floor.
A similar but smaller construction was used by Siberian pagans to hold figurines of their gods. Recalling the late matriarchy among Siberian peoples, a common picture of a bone-carved doll in rags in a small cabin on top of a tree stump fits a common description of Baba Yaga, who barely fits her cabin with legs in one corner, head in another one, her nose grown into the ceiling. There are indications that ancient Slavs had a funeral tradition of cremation in huts of this type. In 1948 Russian archaeologists Yefimenko and Tretyakov discovered small huts of the described type with traces of corpse cremation and circular fences around them. . . [4]
Baba Yaga in popular culture
Baba Yaga has been featured in music, film, roleplaying games, modern fiction, videogames, comic books, and other media as well.
Film
Baba Yaga is a favorite subject of Russian films and cartoons. The animated film Bartok the Magnificent features Baba Yaga as a main character, but is not the antagonist. Indeed, the film Vasilissa the Beautiful by Aleksandr Rou, featuring Baba Yaga, was the first feature with fantasy elements in the Soviet Union, and the figure appeared often during the Soviet era.[5] In the Soviet era, she was interpreted as an exploiter of her animal servants.[6]
Literature
Baba Yaga is the primary antagonist in the fantasy novel Enchantment by Orson Scott Card.
Baba Yaga appears in the short story Joseph & Koza by Nobel Prize-winning writer Isaac Bashevis Singer.
Baba Yaga was regularly featured in stories in Jack and Jill, a popular children's magazine.[7]
Roleplaying games
Baba Yaga has made several appearances in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game. Baba Yaga's hut is mentioned as an artifact in the first edition Dungeon Master's Guide (1979), by Gary Gygax. Two adventures taking place in Baba Yaga's hut were also published for the game.[8]
Notes
- ↑ Ralston, W. Songs of the Russian People: Storyland Beings http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/srp. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
- ↑ Ralston, W.
- ↑ Ralston, W.
- ↑ Ефименко П. П., Третьяков П. Н. Курганный могильник у с. Боршева. МИА, № 8. М.; Л., 1948, рис. 37-42.)
- ↑ Graham, J., Baba Yaga in Film Retrieved September 16, 2007.
- ↑ Carter, A., 1990. The Old Wives' Fairy Tale Book, NY:Pantheon Books, p 239. ISBN 0-679-74037-6
- ↑ Jack and Jill Magazines Retrieved August 9, 2007.
- ↑ "The Dancing Hut" in Dragon #83 (1984) and The Dancing Hut of Baba Yaga (1995).
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