Alder

Alder
Alnus serrulata (Tag Alder) Male catkins on right, mature female catkins left Johnsonville, South Carolina
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fagales Family: Betulaceae Genus: Alnus Mill.
Species
About 20-30 species, see text.

Alder is the common name for any of the various deciduous trees and shrubs comprising the flowering plant genus Alnus of the birch family (family Betulaceae), characterized by alternate, simple leaves, scaly bark, and flowers as male and female catkins that appear on the same plant, with the woody, cone-like female catkins opening to release the seeds in a similar manner to many conifer cones. The term alder also is used for the wood of these trees.

Description

Alnus serrulata (Tag Alder), female catkins, Johnsonville, South Carolina

The Betulaceae, to which alders belong, is known as the "birch family," and includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, hazels, hornbeams, and hop-hornbeams. In the past, the family was often divided into two families, Betulaceae (Alnus, Betula) and Corylaceae (the rest); however, recent treatments have renamed these two groups as subfamilies within the Betulaceae—Betuloideae and Coryloideae. Betulaceae is closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae.

The genus Alnus, which comprises the alders, includes about 30 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, few reaching large size. They are distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and in the New World also along the Andes southwards to Chile.

Alder leaves are deciduous (not evergreen), alternate, simple, and serrated. The leaves during autumn leaf fall lack the bright colors characteristic of many many deciduous trees in the north temperate zone. The flowers are catkins with elongate male catkins on the same plant as shorter female catkins, often before leaves appear. The flowers mainly are wind-pollinated, but also visited by bees to a small extent. They differ from the birches (genus Betula) in that the female, dry, cone-like catkins are woody and do not disintegrate at maturity, opening to release the seeds in a similar manner to many conifer cones.

The common name alder is derived from an old Germanic root, and also is found to be the translation of the Old French "verne" for alder or copse of alders. The botanic name Alnus is the equivalent Latin name. Both the Latin and the Germanic words derive from the Proto-Indo-European root el-, meaning "red" or "brown," which is also a root for the English words elk and another tree elm, a tree distantly related to the alders.

Species

The best-known species in Europe is the common or black alder (A. glutinosa), native to most of Europe and widely introduced elsewhere. The largest species is red alder (A. rubra), reaching 35 meters on the west coast of North America, with black alder and Italian alder (A. cordata) both reaching about 30 meters. By contrast, the widespread green alder (A. viridis) is rarely more than a 5 meter shrub.

The genus is divided into three subgenera:

Subgenus Alnus. Trees. Shoot buds stalked. Male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) but staying closed over winter, pollinating in late winter or early spring. About 15-25 species, including:

• Alnus acuminata — Andean alder. Andes Mountains, South America.
• Alnus cordata — Italian alder. Italy.
• Alnus cremastogyne
• Alnus glutinosa — Black alder. Europe.

Speckled alder (Alnus incana subsp. rugosa) — leaves

• Alnus incana — Grey alder. Eurasia.
  • Alnus oblongifolia (A. incana subsp. oblongifolia) — Arizona alder. Southwestern North America.
  • Alnus rugosa (A. incana subsp. rugosa) — Speckled alder. Northeastern North America.
  • Alnus tenuifolia (A. incana subsp. tenuifolia) — Thinleaf or mountain alder. Northwestern North America.
• Alnus japonica — Japanese alder. Japan.
• Alnus jorullensis — Mexican alder. Mexico, Guatemala.
• Alnus nepalensis — Nepalese alder. Eastern Himalaya, southwest China.
• Alnus orientalis — Oriental alder. Southern Turkey, northwest Syria, Cyprus.
• Alnus rhombifolia — White alder. Interior western North America.
• Alnus rubra — Red alder. West coastal North America.

Leaves of the tag alder

• Alnus serrulata — Hazel alder, tag alder or smooth alder. Eastern North America.
• Alnus subcordata — Caucasian alder. Caucasus, Iran.

Subgenus Clethropsis. Trees or shrubs. Shoot buds stalked. Male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) and expanding and pollinating then. Three species:

• Alnus formosana — Formosan alder Taiwan
• Alnus maritima — Seaside alder. East coastal North America, plus disjunct population in Oklahoma.
• Alnus nitida — Himalayan alder. Western Himalaya.

Subgenus Alnobetula. Shrubs. Shoot buds not stalked. Male and female catkins produced in late spring (after leaves appear) and expanding and pollinating then. One to four species:

File:Alnus-viridis.JPG

Green alder (Alnus viridis)

• Alnus viridis — Green alder. Widespread:
  • Alnus viridis subsp. viridis. Eurasia.
  • Alnus viridis subsp. maximowiczii (A. maximowiczii). Japan.
  • Alnus viridis subsp. crispa (A. crispa). Northern North America.
  • Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (A. sinuata, sitka alder or slide alder). Western North America, far northeastern Siberia.

Uses

A sectioned root nodule.

A whole root nodule.

Alders establish symbioses with the nitrogen-fixing Actinobacteria Frankiella alni. This bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen into soil-soluble nitrates which can be utilised by the alder, and favorably enhances the soil fertility generally. Alders benefit other plants growing near them by taking nitrogen out of the air and depositing it in the soil in usable form; fallen alder leaves make very rich compost.

Alders have root nodules which contain Frankia sps., actinomycete filamentous nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These nodules are found on the roots and may be as large as a human fist, with many small lobes and light brown in appearance.

Alders are sturdy and fast-growing, even in acidic and damaged sites such as burned areas and mining sites. Italian Alder is particularly useful on dry, infertile sites. Alders can be used as a producer of simple bio-mass, growing quickly in harsh environments.

Alder catkins are one of the first sources of pollen for bee species, especially honeybees, which use it for spring buildup. Alders are also used as a food plant by some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species, see list of Lepidoptera that feed on alders. Alders are also grown in gardens, and are sometimes made into bonsai.

Alder is a preferred wood for charcoal making, formerly used in the manufacture of gunpowder, or for smelting metal ores, now used primarily for cooking. The wood is also traditionally used for smoking fish and meat, though this usage has often been replaced by other woods such as oak and hickory.

Alder bark (Alnus glutinosa) with characteristic lenticels and abnormal lenticels on callused areas.

An exception is the smoked Pacific salmon industry in the Pacific Northwest, where alder smoking is essentially universal. This is partly due to indigenous traditions of food preservation in the area, and partly because oak, hickory, mesquite and other woods favored for smoking elsewhere are not locally available in any large quantities. Species used for Pacific salmon smoking are Red alder A. rubra and to a lesser extent Sitka alder A. viridis ssp. sinuata.

Alder is popular as a material for electric guitar bodies. It is used by many guitar makers, notably the Fender Guitar Company, who use it on top quality instruments such as the Stratocaster and Jaguar. Alder provides a brighter tone than other woods (such as mahogany), and as alder is not a particularly dense wood it provides a resonant, well-rounded tone with excellent sustain.

Alders are also exceptionally good windbreakers and are planted on the west coast of Scotland to shelter gardens.

Alder catkins are edible and high in protein. Although they are reported to have a bitter and unpleasant taste, they are best remembered for survival purposes. Native Americans used Red Alder bark (Alnus rubra) to treat poison oak, insect bites, and skin irritations. Blackfeet indians used an infusion made from the bark of Red Alder to treat lymphatic disorders and tuberculosis. Recent clinical studies have verified that red alder contains betulin and lupeol, compounds shown to be effective against a variety of tumors.

References and external links

• Chen, Zhiduan and Li, Jianhua (2004). Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Alnus (Betulaceae) Inferred from Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS Region. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165: 325–335.
• Flora Europaea: Alnus
• Flora of Bolivia: Alnus
• Flora of China: Alnus
• Flora of North America: Alnus
• Flora of Pakistan: Alnus

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