Difference between revisions of "Bridge" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 14:28, 16 August 2007

This article is about the edifice (including an index to articles on specific bridge types). For other uses of the term, see Bridge (disambiguation).

A bridge is a structure built to span a gorge, valley, road, railroad track, river, body of water, or any other physical obstacle. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the terrain where the bridge is to be constructed.

The Si-o-se Pol bridge over Zayandeh River is the epitome of Safavid dynasty (1502-1722 ) bridge design. Isfahan, Iran.

A log bridge in the French Alps near Vallorcine.

Etymology

File:Y bridge.jpg

This Y-shaped bridge in Zanesville, Ohio, United States is the only one of its kind.

The Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning, derived from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic root brugjō. There are cognates in other Germanic languages (for instance Brücke in German, brug in Dutch, brúgv in Faroese or bro in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish).

The word pontiff (for the Pope) comes from the Latin word pontifex meaning "bridge builder." It can also mean just "builder."

History

The first bridges were spans made of wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. Most of these early bridges were very poorly built and could rarely support heavy weights. It was this inadequacy which led to the development of better bridges. The arch was first used by the Roman Empire for bridges and aqueducts, some of which still stand today. These arch based bridges could stand in conditions that would previously have swept any bridge away.

An English eighteenth-century example of a bridge in the Palladian style, with shops on the span: Pulteney Bridge, Bath.

An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, near Portugal. Most earlier bridges would have been swept away by the strong current. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand, and volcanic rock. Brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost then later rediscovered.

Although large Chinese bridges existed in wooden construction since the ancient Warring States, the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595 to 605 C.E. during the Sui Dynasty. This bridge is also historically significant as it is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge (approximately second century C.E.), while the enormous Roman era Trajan's Bridge (105 C.E.) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden construction.

Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 1500s.

During the eighteenth century, there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich, Johannes Grubenmann, and others. The first engineering book on building bridges was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716.

With the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron did not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel.

Types

File:CharlesBridge.jpg

Charles Bridge in Prague

There are six main types of bridges: beam bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and truss bridges.

By use

A bridge is designed for trains, pedestrian or road traffic, a pipeline or waterway for water transport or barge traffic. In some cases there may be restrictions in use. For example, it may be a bridge carrying a highway and forbidden for pedestrians and bicycles, or a pedestrian bridge, possibly also for bicycles. A Road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic.

The area underneath several bridges have become makeshift shelters and homes to homeless people.

The undersides of bridges all around the world are spots of prevalent graffiti.

An aqueduct is a bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct, which is a bridge that connects points of equal height.

Decorative or ceremonial

To create a beautiful image, some bridges are built much taller than necessary. This type, often found in east-Asian style gardens, is called a Moon bridge, evoking a rising full moon.

Other garden bridges may cross only a dry bed of stream washed pebbles, intended only to convey an impression of a stream.

Often in palaces a bridge will be built over an artificial waterway as symbolic of a passage to an important place or state of mind. A set of five bridges cross a sinuous waterway in an important courtyard of the Forbidden City in Beijing, the People's Republic of China. The central bridge was reserved exclusively for the use of the Emperor, Empress, and their attendants.

Distribution of forces in bridge structures

Bridges may be classified by how the four forces of tension, compression, bending and shear are distributed through their structure. Most bridges will employ all of the principal forces to some degree, but only a few will predominate. The separation of forces may be quite clear. In a suspension or cable-stayed span, the elements in tension are distinct in shape and placement. In other cases the forces may be distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss, or not clearly discernible to a casual observer as in a box beam.

Efficiency

A bridge's structural efficiency may be considered to be the ratio of load carried to bridge weight, given a specific set of material types. In one common challenge students are divided into groups and given a quantity of wood sticks, a distance to span, and glue, and then asked to construct a bridge that will be tested to destruction by the progressive addition of load at the center of the span. The bridge taking the greatest load is by this test the most structurally efficient. A more refined measure for this exercise is to weigh the completed bridge rather than measure against a fixed quantity of materials provided and determine the multiple of this weight that the bridge can carry, a test that emphasizes economy of materials and efficient glue joints (see balsa wood bridge).

A bridge's economic efficiency will be site and traffic dependent, the ratio of savings by having a bridge (instead of, for example, a ferry, or a longer road route) compared to its cost. The lifetime cost is composed of materials, labor, machinery, engineering, cost of money, insurance, maintenance, refurbishment, and ultimately, demolition and associated disposal, recycling, and replacement, less the value of scrap and reuse of components. Bridges employing only compression are relatively inefficient structurally, but may be highly cost efficient where suitable materials are available near the site and the cost of labor is low. For medium spans, trusses or box beams are usually most economical, while in some cases, the appearance of the bridge may be more important than its cost efficiency. The longest spans usually require suspension bridges.

Special installations

Some bridges carry special installations such as the tower of Nový Most bridge in Bratislava which carries a restaurant. On other suspension bridge towers transmission antennas are installed.

A bridge can carry overhead power lines as the Storstrøm Bridge.

Types of bridges

Arch bridge
Bascule bridge
Beam bridge
Brunel Truss bridge or lenticular truss
Concrete box girder bridge.JPG

Box girder bridge
ThreeTwrBrCenter.jpg

Cable-stayed bridge
Cantilever bridge
Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge
Clapper bridge
Compression arch suspended-deck bridge
Curling bridge
Drawbridge
Floating bridge
Folding bridge
Girder bridge
BNSFBridgeClip.jpg

Lift bridge
Log bridge
PlateGirderUnderTracks.jpg

Plate girder bridge
ArmyPontoonBr.jpg

Pontoon bridge
Retractable bridge
(Thrust bridge)
Segmental bridge
Self-anchored suspension bridge
WinnepegBridge.jpg

Side-spar cable-stayed bridge
CapilanoBridge.jpg

Simple suspension bridge
StepStoneBridge.jpg

Step-stone bridge
Stressed ribbon bridge
BridgeSubmerging4.jpg

Submersible bridge
Suspension bridge
Swing bridge
Table bridge
Tied arch bridge
(Bowstring bridge)
Tilt bridge
Transporter bridge
Trestle
Truss arch bridge
Truss bridge
Tubular bridge
Vierendeel bridge
BoxerwoodDotComZigZag.jpg

Zig-zag bridge

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

<<Need at least 3 reliable references here, properly formatted.>>

External links

Interactive Google Based Map of US Bridges - USbridgemap.com
Structurae - International Database and Gallery of Structures with over 10 000 Bridges.
American Society of Landscape Architects Designing Bridges in Landscape Architecture - The Bridge Architect
American Society of Civil Engineers History and Heritage of Civil Engineering - Bridges
Bridge Building — Art and Science Comprehensive explanations about bridges.

Bridge Basics A guide to bridge terminology and styles
Bridge disasters
A dictionary of bridge terms
Digital Bridge Library at Lehigh University

Bridges and Tunnels of Allegheny County and Pittsburgh, PA Details of over 2,000 bridges of 8 feet span or greater. Bridge engineers hold their conventions in Pittsburgh.
Federal Highway Administration Bridge Technology
Video on how bridges are made (Grade school level educational film by National Association of Manufactures.) Caution: Other links on this page may lead to politically biased material.
Federal Highway Administration - The Landscape Architect's Role as Designer of Roads and Bridges
Photos and history about more than 300 bridges
Atlanta, Georgia's Worst Bridges

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

Bridge ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

History of "Bridge"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Claimed}}
 {{otheruses1|the edifice (including an index to articles on specific bridge types)}}
+A '''bridge''' is a structure built to [[span (architecture)|span]] a [[gorge]], [[valley]], [[road]], [[railroad|railroad track]], [[river]], [[body of water]], or any other physical obstacle. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the terrain where the bridge is to be constructed.
+[[Image:Sio se pol.jpg||thumb|none|400px|right|The [[Si-o-se Pol]] bridge over [[Zayandeh River]] is the epitome of [[Safavid]] dynasty (1502-1722 ) bridge design. [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]].]]
 [[Image:Vallorcine footpath bridge 2003-12-13.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A [[log bridge]] in the [[French Alps]] near [[Vallorcine]].]]
-A '''bridge''' is a structure built to [[span (architecture)|span]] a [[gorge]], [[valley]], [[road]], [[railroad|railroad track]], [[river]], [[body of water]], or any other physical obstacle. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the terrain where the bridge is to be constructed.
+== Etymology ==
+[[Image:Y bridge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This Y-shaped bridge in [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], [[Ohio]], [[United States]] is the only one of its kind.]]
+The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] traces the origin of the word ''bridge'' to an [[Old English]] word ''brycg'', of the same meaning, derived from a hypothetical [[Proto-Germanic]] root ''brugjō''. There are [[cognate]]s in other [[Germanic languages]] (for instance ''Brücke'' in [[German language|German]], ''brug'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]], ''brúgv'' in [[Faroese language|Faroese]] or ''bro'' in [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]).
+The word [[pontiff]] (for the [[Pope]]) comes from the [[Latin]] word ''pontifex'' meaning "bridge builder." It can also mean just "builder."
 ==History==
-[[Image:Sio se pol.jpg||thumb|none|400px|right|The [[Si-o-se Pol]] bridge over [[Zayandeh River]] is the epitome of [[Safavid]] dynasty (1502-1722 ) bridge design. [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]]]]
 The first bridges were spans made of wooden [[logging|logs]] or [[plank]]s and eventually [[rock (geology)|stones]], using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. Most of these early bridges were very poorly built and could rarely support heavy weights. It was this inadequacy which led to the development of better bridges. The [[arch]] was first used by the [[Roman Empire]] for bridges and [[aqueduct]]s, some of which still stand today. These arch based bridges could stand in conditions that would previously have swept any bridge away.
-[[Image:Pulteney Bridge, Bath 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|An English 18th century example of a bridge in the [[Palladian style]], with shops on the span: [[Pulteney Bridge]], [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]]]
+[[Image:Pulteney Bridge, Bath 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|An English eighteenth-century example of a bridge in the [[Palladian style]], with shops on the span: [[Pulteney Bridge]], [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]].]]
 An example is the [[Alcántara]] Bridge, built over the river [[Tagus]], near [[Portugal]]. Most earlier bridges would have been swept away by the strong current. The Romans also used [[cement]], which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called [[pozzolana]], consisted of water, lime, sand, and [[volcanic rock]]. [[Brick]] and [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost then later rediscovered.
-Although large Chinese bridges existed in wooden construction since the ancient [[Warring States]], the oldest surviving stone bridge in [[China]] is the [[Zhaozhou Bridge]], built from 595 to 605 AD during the [[Sui Dynasty]]. This bridge is also historically significant as it is the world's oldest open-[[spandrel]] stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the [[Alconétar Bridge]] (approximately 2nd century AD), while the enormous Roman era [[Trajan's Bridge]] (105 AD) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden construction.
+Although large Chinese bridges existed in wooden construction since the ancient [[Warring States]], the oldest surviving stone bridge in [[China]] is the [[Zhaozhou Bridge]], built from 595 to 605 C.E. during the [[Sui Dynasty]]. This bridge is also historically significant as it is the world's oldest open-[[spandrel]] stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the [[Alconétar Bridge]] (approximately second century C.E.), while the enormous Roman era [[Trajan's Bridge]] (105 C.E.) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden construction.
 [[Rope bridge]]s, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the [[Inca]] civilization in the [[Andes]] mountains of [[South America]], just prior to European colonization in the 1500s.
-During the 18th century there were many innovations in the [[design]] of [[timber]] bridges by [[Hans Ulrich]], [[Johannes Grubenmann]], and others. The first engineering book on building bridges was written by [[Hubert Gautier]] in 1716.
+During the eighteenth century, there were many innovations in the [[design]] of [[timber]] bridges by [[Hans Ulrich]], [[Johannes Grubenmann]], and others. The first engineering book on building bridges was written by [[Hubert Gautier]] in 1716.
-With the [[Industrial Revolution]] in the 19th century, [[truss]] systems of [[wrought iron]] were developed for larger bridges, but [[iron]] did not have the [[tensile strength]] to support large [[force|loads]]. With the advent of [[steel]], which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of [[Gustave Eiffel]].
+With the [[Industrial Revolution]] in the nineteenth century, [[truss]] systems of [[wrought iron]] were developed for larger bridges, but [[iron]] did not have the [[tensile strength]] to support large [[force|loads]]. With the advent of [[steel]], which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of [[Gustave Eiffel]].
-== Etymology ==
-[[Image:Y bridge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This Y-shaped bridge in [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], [[Ohio]], [[United States]] is the only one of its kind.]]
-The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] traces the origin of the word ''bridge'' to an [[Old English]] word ''brycg'', of the same meaning, derived from a hypothetical [[Proto-Germanic]] root ''brugjō''. There are [[cognate]]s in other [[Germanic languages]] (for instance ''Brücke'' in [[German language|German]], ''brug'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]], ''brúgv'' in [[Faroese language|Faroese]] or ''bro'' in [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]).
-The word for the [[Pope]], [[pontiff]], comes from the [[Latin]] word ''pontifex'' meaning "bridge builder". It can also mean just "builder".
 ==Types==
 [[Image:CharlesBridge.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Charles Bridge]] in [[Prague]]]]
-There are six main types of bridges: [[beam bridges]], [[cantilever bridges]], [[arch bridges]], [[suspension bridges]], [[cable-stayed bridges]] and [[truss bridges]].
+There are six main types of bridges: [[beam bridges]], [[cantilever bridges]], [[arch bridges]], [[suspension bridges]], [[cable-stayed bridges]], and [[truss bridges]].
 ===By use===
-A bridge is designed for [[train]]s, [[pedestrian]] or [[road]] traffic, a [[pipeline transport|pipeline]] or waterway for water transport or barge traffic. In some cases there may be restrictions in use. For example, it may be a bridge carrying a [[highway]] and forbidden for [[pedestrian]]s and [[bicycles]], or a pedestrian bridge, possibly also for bicycles. A [[Road-rail bridge]] carries both road and rail traffic.
+A bridge is designed for [[train]]s, [[pedestrian]] or [[road]] traffic, a [[pipeline transport|pipeline]] or waterway for water transport or barge traffic. In some cases there may be restrictions in use. For example, it may be a bridge carrying a [[highway]] and forbidden for pedestrians and [[bicycles]], or a pedestrian bridge, possibly also for bicycles. A [[Road-rail bridge]] carries both road and rail traffic.
 The area underneath several bridges have become makeshift shelters and homes to [[homeless]] people.
@@ Line 44: / Line 49: @@
 Often in palaces a bridge will be built over an artificial waterway as symbolic of a passage to an important place or state of mind. A set of five bridges cross a sinuous waterway in an important courtyard of the [[Forbidden City]] in [[Beijing]], the [[People's Republic of China]]. The central bridge was reserved exclusively for the use of the Emperor, Empress, and their attendants.
-==Structural and evolutionary taxonomy==
+==Distribution of forces in bridge structures==
-[[Image:BridgeTaxonomyBW.png|thumb|right|400px|A bridge taxonomy showing evolutionary relationships]]
-Bridges may be classified by how the four forces of [[tension (mechanics)|tension]], [[physical compression|compression]], [[bending]] and [[shear]] are distributed through their structure. Most bridges will employ all of the principal forces to some degree, but only a few will predominate. The separation of forces may be quite clear. In a suspension or cable-stayed span, the elements in tension are distinct in shape and placement. In other cases the forces may be distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss, or not clearly discernible to a casual observer as in a box beam. Bridges can also be classified by their lineage, which is shown as the vertical axis on the diagram to the right.
+Bridges may be classified by how the four forces of [[tension (mechanics)|tension]], [[physical compression|compression]], [[bending]] and [[shear]] are distributed through their structure. Most bridges will employ all of the principal forces to some degree, but only a few will predominate. The separation of forces may be quite clear. In a suspension or cable-stayed span, the elements in tension are distinct in shape and placement. In other cases the forces may be distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss, or not clearly discernible to a casual observer as in a box beam.
 ==Efficiency==
 A bridge's ''structural efficiency'' may be considered to be the ratio of load carried to bridge weight, given a specific set of material types. In one common challenge students are divided into groups and given a quantity of wood sticks, a distance to span, and glue, and then asked to construct a bridge that will be tested to destruction by the progressive addition of load at the center of the span. The bridge taking the greatest load is by this test the most ''structurally efficient''. A more refined measure for this exercise is to weigh the completed bridge rather than measure against a fixed quantity of materials provided and determine the multiple of this weight that the bridge can carry, a test that emphasizes economy of materials and efficient glue joints (see [[Balsa wood bridge|''balsa wood bridge'']]).
@@ Line 57: / Line 63: @@
 A bridge can carry overhead power lines as the [[Storstrøm Bridge]].
-==Visual index==
-===Index to types===
+== Types of bridges ==
-<!-- PLEASE NOTE{ This is an index of BRIDGE TYPES, not a gallery of bridges. If you have an interesting bridge picture consider first determining the type, and then going to the article for that type, perhaps creating a gallery if there are already enough images to illustrate the principle. See also the index to bridge related articles list below if the article is not of a specific structural type but rather other factors. If you make a new entry that has no image, use Image:NoImageYetRectFramed.png —>
+<!-- PLEASE NOTE: This is an index of BRIDGE TYPES, not a gallery of bridges. If you have an interesting bridge picture consider first determining the type, and then going to the article for that type, perhaps creating a gallery if there are already enough images to illustrate the principle. See also the index to bridge related articles list below if the article is not of a specific structural type but rather other factors. If you make a new entry that has no image, use Image:NoImageYetRectFramed.png —>
 <gallery>
 Image:NagasakiMeganebashi.jpg|<center>[[Arch bridge]]</center>
@@ Line 66: / Line 71: @@
 Image:Small footbridge.jpg|<center>[[Beam bridge]]</center>
 <!--Image:NoImageYetRectFramed.png|<center>[[Bowstring arch]]</center>—>
-Image:Saltashrab.jpg|</center>[[Royal Albert Bridge|Brunel Truss bridge or lenticular truss]]</center>
+Image:Saltashrab.jpg|<center>[[Royal Albert Bridge|Brunel Truss bridge or lenticular truss]]</center>
 Image:Concrete box girder bridge.JPG|<center>[[Box girder bridge]]</center>
 Image:ThreeTwrBrCenter.jpg|<center>[[Cable-stayed bridge]]</center>
@@ Line 82: / Line 87: @@
 Image:PlateGirderUnderTracks.jpg|<center>[[Plate girder bridge]]</center>
 Image:ArmyPontoonBr.jpg|<center>[[Pontoon bridge]]</center>
-Image:Uppsala Ultunabron02 2005-06-16.jpg|<center>[[Retractable bridge]]<br>(Thrust bridge)</center>
+Image:Uppsala Ultunabron02 2005-06-16.jpg|<center>[[Retractable bridge]]<br/>(Thrust bridge)</center>
 Image:SegmentalBridgeFtLauderdale.jpg|<center>[[Segmental bridge]]</center>
 Image:ProposedSFOBBEasternSpan.jpg|<center>[[Self-anchored suspension bridge]]</center>
@@ Line 93: / Line 98: @@
 Image:Railway swing bridge.jpg|<center>[[Swing bridge]]</center>
 Image:Tournai Pont levant Notre Dame 20040520-014.jpg|<center>[[Table bridge]]</center>
-Image:FortPittBridge.jpg|<center>[[Tied arch bridge]]<br>(Bowstring bridge)</center>
+Image:FortPittBridge.jpg|<center>[[Tied arch bridge]]<br/>(Bowstring bridge)</center>
 Image:Millenium_bridge_close.jpg|<center>[[Tilt bridge]]</center>
 Image:Newport.transporter.750pix.jpg|<center>[[Transporter bridge]]</center>
@@ Line 104: / Line 109: @@
 </gallery>
-===Index to related topics===
+== Related topics ==
 <!--Articles here are less involved with structural types, rather being concerned with the employment, history, or cosmetic aspects of bridges—>
 <gallery>
@@ Line 122: / Line 127: @@
 Image:IRBSideViewClip.jpg|<center>[[Inca rope bridge]]</center>
 Image:JetwayAtVancouverBC.jpg|<center>[[Jetway]]</center>
-Image:SFOakBBLaticeBeamsClose.jpg|<center>[[Lattice girder]]<br>(laced strut or tie)</center>
+Image:SFOakBBLaticeBeamsClose.jpg|<center>[[Lattice girder]]<br/>(laced strut or tie)</center>
-Image:Guilford vermont bridge covered bridge interior 20040820.jpg|<center>[[Lattice truss bridge|Lattice truss]]<br>(Town's lattice truss)</center>
+Image:Guilford vermont bridge covered bridge interior 20040820.jpg|<center>[[Lattice truss bridge|Lattice truss]]<br/>(Town's lattice truss)</center>
 Image:16 Bay With Link 4.jpg|<center>[[Medium Girder Bridge]]</center>
 Image:SFTGMoonBridge.jpg|<center>[[Moon bridge]]</center>
@@ Line 134: / Line 139: @@
 ==See also==
-{{commonscat|Bridges}}
+* [[Aqueduct]]
+* [[Construction]]
 * [[Landscape architecture]]
 * [[Architectural structure]]
-* [[BASE jumping]]
-*[[List of bridges]]
+== References ==
-{{Bridge footer}}
+<<Need at least 3 reliable references here, properly formatted.>>
 ==External links==
-{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bridges}}
 *[http://usbridgemap.com Interactive Google Based Map of US Bridges] - USbridgemap.com
 *[http://en.structurae.de/ Structurae] - International Database and Gallery of Structures with over 10 000 Bridges.