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| − | {{claimed}}
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| − | In [[music]], '''syncopation''' is the stressing of a normally unstressed [[beat (music)|beat]] in a [[bar (music)|bar]] or the failure to sound a [[note|tone]] on an accented beat.
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| − | Syncopation is used on occasion in many [[music]]al styles, including [[European classical music|classical music]], but it is fundamental in such styles as [[ragtime]] and [[jazz]]. In the form of a [[back beat]], syncopation is used in virtually all contemporary [[popular music]].
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| − | ==Transformation==
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| − | [[Richard Middleton]] (1990, p.212-13) suggests adding the concept of [[Transformation (music)|transformation]] to Narmour's (1980, p.147-53) prosodic rules which create rhythmic successions in order to explain or generate syncopations. "The syncopated pattern is heard 'with reference to', 'in light of', as a remapping of, its partner."
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| − | He gives examples of:
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| − | *Latin equivalent of simple 4/4:
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| − | [[Image:Latin transformation.PNG|550px|Latin transformation]]
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| − | *Backbeat transformation of simple 4/4:
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| − | [[Image:Backbeat transformation.PNG|550px|Backbeat transformation]]
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| − | *Before-the-beat phrasing, combined with backbeat transformation of a simple repeated [[trochee]], which gives the phraseology of "[[(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction|Satisfaction]]":
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| − | [[Image:Satisfaction transformations.PNG|550px|"Satisfaction" backbeat and before-the-beat transformations]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | *Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). ''Studying Popular Music''. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
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| − | *{{ Harvard reference
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| − | | Surname=van der Merwe
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| − | | Given=Peter
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| − | | Title=Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music
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| − | | Year=1989
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| − | | Publisher=Clarendon Press
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| − | | Place=Oxford
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| − | | pages=128
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| − | | ISBN=0193161214
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| − | }}
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| − | ==Further reading==
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| − | * Seyer, Philip, Allan B. Novick and Paul Harmon (1997). ''What Makes Music Work''. Forest Hill Music. ISBN 0-9651344-0-7.
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.lovemusiclovedance.com/syncopat.htm Syncopation in Music and Dance] by Philip Seyer
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| − | *[http://www.hum.uva.nl/mmm/press/press-Pages/Image2.html On syncopation (Dutch)]
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | * [[Syncopation (dance)]]
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| − | * [[Progressive Steps to Syncopation for the modern drummer]]
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| − | [[Category:Music]]
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| − | [[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
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