Difference between revisions of "Saint Bernadette" - New World Encyclopedia
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==Visions and miracles== | ==Visions and miracles== | ||
| − | On February 11,1858, at age 14, Bernedette, her sister and friend were out gathering firewood at the grotto of Massabielle outside Lourdes. Bernadette claimed to see the first of 18 visions | + | On February 11,1858, at age 14, Bernedette, her sister and friend were out gathering firewood at the grotto of Massabielle outside Lourdes. It was there that Bernadette claimed to see the first of 18 visions. She termed the apparition "a small young lady". It was standing in a niche in the rock. The other girls stated that they saw nothing. The apparition did not identify herself until the 17th vision, and until then Bernadette called her simply 'Aquero'or 'it' in the Gascon language. |
As Bernadette later reported to her family, church and civil investigators, that at the ninth visitation the lady told Bernadette to drink from the spring that flowed under the rock. There was no known spring there. The ground was hard and dry. Bernadette assumed the "lady" meant that the spring was underground so she began to dig into the dirt. A small puddle appeared. A day or so later, a spring began to flow. Soon the spring was a recorded 3.5 m high. The water of the spring did not seem to contain any special chemical compounds or healing tonics that would make it capable of producing the cures associated with it. The Lourdes Bureau, the official medical board, made up of both Catholic and atheist physicians, stated that most reported cures take place during or after the Blessing of the Eucharist procession rather than after bathing or drinking. | As Bernadette later reported to her family, church and civil investigators, that at the ninth visitation the lady told Bernadette to drink from the spring that flowed under the rock. There was no known spring there. The ground was hard and dry. Bernadette assumed the "lady" meant that the spring was underground so she began to dig into the dirt. A small puddle appeared. A day or so later, a spring began to flow. Soon the spring was a recorded 3.5 m high. The water of the spring did not seem to contain any special chemical compounds or healing tonics that would make it capable of producing the cures associated with it. The Lourdes Bureau, the official medical board, made up of both Catholic and atheist physicians, stated that most reported cures take place during or after the Blessing of the Eucharist procession rather than after bathing or drinking. | ||
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In the 145 years since Bernadette dug up the spring, 67 cures have been "verified" by the Lourdes Bureau as "inexplicable" (not "miraculous"). But even after "extremely rigorous scientific and medical examinations" noone could explain these healings. Bernadette herself said that it was faith and prayer that cured the sick. | In the 145 years since Bernadette dug up the spring, 67 cures have been "verified" by the Lourdes Bureau as "inexplicable" (not "miraculous"). But even after "extremely rigorous scientific and medical examinations" noone could explain these healings. Bernadette herself said that it was faith and prayer that cured the sick. | ||
| − | The other contents of Bernadette's claimed visions were simple, and focused on the need for prayer and penance. However, at the | + | The other contents of Bernadette's claimed visions were simple, and focused on the need for prayer and penance. However, at the thirteenth apparition, on March 2nd, Bernadette told her family that the lady had said "Please go to the priests and tell them that a chapel is to be built here. Let processions come hither." Accompanied by two of her aunts, Bernadette duly went to parish priest Father Dominique Peyramale with the request. A brilliant but often roughspoken man with little belief in claims of visions and miracles. Peyramale told Bernadette that the lady must identify herself. Bernadette said that on her next visitation she repeated the Father's words to the lady, but that the lady bowed a little, smiled and said nothing. |
| − | Her sixteenth, which she claimed went for over an hour, on March 25,1858. During this vision, the second of two "miracles of the candle" was said to have occurred. Bernadette was holding a lighted candle; during the vision it burned down, and the flame was said to be in direct contact with her skin for over 15 minutes but she showed no sign of experiencing any pain or injury. This was claimed to be witnessed by many people present, including the town physician, Dr. Pierre Romaine Dozous, who timed and later documented it. According to his report, there was no sign that her skin was in any way affected. He monitored Bernadette closely but did not intervene. After her "vision" ended, the doctor said that he examined her hand but found no evidence of any burning. She was completely unaware of what had been happening. The doctor then said that he briefly applied a lighted candle to her hand. She reacted immediately. | + | Her sixteenth, which she claimed went for over an hour, was on March 25,1858. During this vision, the second of two "miracles of the candle" was said to have occurred. Bernadette was holding a lighted candle; during the vision it burned down, and the flame was said to be in direct contact with her skin for over 15 minutes but she showed no sign of experiencing any pain or injury. This was claimed to be witnessed by many people present, including the town physician, Dr. Pierre Romaine Dozous, who timed and later documented it. According to his report, there was no sign that her skin was in any way affected. He monitored Bernadette closely but did not intervene. After her "vision" ended, the doctor said that he examined her hand but found no evidence of any burning. She was completely unaware of what had been happening. The doctor then said that he briefly applied a lighted candle to her hand. She reacted immediately. |
| − | According to Bernadette's account, during that same visitation,she again asked the lady her name but the lady just smiled back. She repeated the question a further three times, and finally heard the lady say, in the Occitan language, "I am the Immaculate Conception". Four years earlier, Pope Pius IX, had promulgated the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception; that, alone, of all human beings who have ever lived, Mary, the mother of Jesus was born without the stain of original sin. However | + | According to Bernadette's account, during that same visitation,she again asked the lady her name but the lady just smiled back. She repeated the question a further three times, and finally heard the lady say, in the Occitan language, "I am the Immaculate Conception". Four years earlier, Pope Pius IX, had promulgated the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception; that, alone, of all human beings who have ever lived, Mary, the mother of Jesus was born without the stain of original sin. However, this was not well known to Catholics at large at that time. It was generally confined to discussion amongst the clergy. Certainly it was not an expression known to a simple undereducated peasant girl who could barely read. Her parents, teachers and priests all later testified that she had never previously heard the words 'immaculate conception' from them. |
Bernadette was a sickly child; she had cholera in infancy and suffered most of her life from asthma. Some of the people who interviewed her about the visions, thought her simple-minded. But despite being rigorously interviewed by officials of both the Catholic Church and the French government, she stuck consistently to her story. Her behavior during this period set the example by which all who claim visions and mystical experiences are now judged by Church authorities. | Bernadette was a sickly child; she had cholera in infancy and suffered most of her life from asthma. Some of the people who interviewed her about the visions, thought her simple-minded. But despite being rigorously interviewed by officials of both the Catholic Church and the French government, she stuck consistently to her story. Her behavior during this period set the example by which all who claim visions and mystical experiences are now judged by Church authorities. | ||
Revision as of 01:10, 23 October 2006
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Please see the discussion on the talk page. |
| Bernadette of Lourdes | |
|---|---|
| Born | January 7,1844 in Lourdes |
| Died | April 161879 in Nevers |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Canonized | 1933 |
| Major shrine | Lourdes |
| Feast | February 18(in France), April 16 (everywhere else) |
| Patronage | Sick people, poverty, Lourdes,shepherds |
Saint Bernadette Soubirous (January 7 1844 - April 16 1879) was a shepherd girl from the town of Lourdes in southern France. From February to July 1858, she reported eighteen [Marian apparitions] of "a Lady". Despite initial skepticism from the Catholic Church, these claims were eventually declared to be worthy of belief after a canonical investigation. The phenomenon made the town a major site for pilgrimages which attracts millions of Catholics each year. In 1933 she was canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church.
Bernadette's early life
Bernadette was the daughter of François Soubirous (1807-1871), a miller by trade, and his wife Louise nee Castérot (1825-1866), a laundress. She was the eldest of six children. When hard times fell on rural France their family lived in extreme poverty. Despite the hardships,neighbors reported that the family lived in unusual harmony, apparently relying on their love and support for one another and their religious devotion. All the family members sought what employment they could. Bernadette did farm work, notably sheep herding, for a family friend in nearby Bartrès. She also waited tables in her Aunt Bernarde's tavern. Bernadette returned to Lourdes in January,1858, to attend the free school run by the Sisters of Charity and Christian Instruction so she could finish learning the Catechism and receive her first Holy Communion. Her difficulties in school were attributed at the time to simple-mindedness,however; in later hagiographies it seemed to illustrate her innocence. Since all classes were taught in classic French rather than the local Gascon language, it is likely Bernadette was not the only student with learning problems.
Visions and miracles
On February 11,1858, at age 14, Bernedette, her sister and friend were out gathering firewood at the grotto of Massabielle outside Lourdes. It was there that Bernadette claimed to see the first of 18 visions. She termed the apparition "a small young lady". It was standing in a niche in the rock. The other girls stated that they saw nothing. The apparition did not identify herself until the 17th vision, and until then Bernadette called her simply 'Aquero'or 'it' in the Gascon language.
As Bernadette later reported to her family, church and civil investigators, that at the ninth visitation the lady told Bernadette to drink from the spring that flowed under the rock. There was no known spring there. The ground was hard and dry. Bernadette assumed the "lady" meant that the spring was underground so she began to dig into the dirt. A small puddle appeared. A day or so later, a spring began to flow. Soon the spring was a recorded 3.5 m high. The water of the spring did not seem to contain any special chemical compounds or healing tonics that would make it capable of producing the cures associated with it. The Lourdes Bureau, the official medical board, made up of both Catholic and atheist physicians, stated that most reported cures take place during or after the Blessing of the Eucharist procession rather than after bathing or drinking.
In the 145 years since Bernadette dug up the spring, 67 cures have been "verified" by the Lourdes Bureau as "inexplicable" (not "miraculous"). But even after "extremely rigorous scientific and medical examinations" noone could explain these healings. Bernadette herself said that it was faith and prayer that cured the sick.
The other contents of Bernadette's claimed visions were simple, and focused on the need for prayer and penance. However, at the thirteenth apparition, on March 2nd, Bernadette told her family that the lady had said "Please go to the priests and tell them that a chapel is to be built here. Let processions come hither." Accompanied by two of her aunts, Bernadette duly went to parish priest Father Dominique Peyramale with the request. A brilliant but often roughspoken man with little belief in claims of visions and miracles. Peyramale told Bernadette that the lady must identify herself. Bernadette said that on her next visitation she repeated the Father's words to the lady, but that the lady bowed a little, smiled and said nothing.
Her sixteenth, which she claimed went for over an hour, was on March 25,1858. During this vision, the second of two "miracles of the candle" was said to have occurred. Bernadette was holding a lighted candle; during the vision it burned down, and the flame was said to be in direct contact with her skin for over 15 minutes but she showed no sign of experiencing any pain or injury. This was claimed to be witnessed by many people present, including the town physician, Dr. Pierre Romaine Dozous, who timed and later documented it. According to his report, there was no sign that her skin was in any way affected. He monitored Bernadette closely but did not intervene. After her "vision" ended, the doctor said that he examined her hand but found no evidence of any burning. She was completely unaware of what had been happening. The doctor then said that he briefly applied a lighted candle to her hand. She reacted immediately.
According to Bernadette's account, during that same visitation,she again asked the lady her name but the lady just smiled back. She repeated the question a further three times, and finally heard the lady say, in the Occitan language, "I am the Immaculate Conception". Four years earlier, Pope Pius IX, had promulgated the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception; that, alone, of all human beings who have ever lived, Mary, the mother of Jesus was born without the stain of original sin. However, this was not well known to Catholics at large at that time. It was generally confined to discussion amongst the clergy. Certainly it was not an expression known to a simple undereducated peasant girl who could barely read. Her parents, teachers and priests all later testified that she had never previously heard the words 'immaculate conception' from them.
Bernadette was a sickly child; she had cholera in infancy and suffered most of her life from asthma. Some of the people who interviewed her about the visions, thought her simple-minded. But despite being rigorously interviewed by officials of both the Catholic Church and the French government, she stuck consistently to her story. Her behavior during this period set the example by which all who claim visions and mystical experiences are now judged by Church authorities.
Bernadette's later years
Disliking the attention she was attracting, Bernadette went to the hospice school run by the Sisters of Charity and Christian Instruction. It was there that she finally learned to read and write. She then joined the Sisters of Charity abbey moving into their motherhouse at Ners when she was only 22 years old. She spent the rest of her brief life there, working as an assistant in the infirmary and later as a sacristan. Bernadette created beautiful embroideries for altar cloths and vestments. During a severe asthma attack, she asked for water from the Lourdes spring, and her symptoms subsided, never to return. However, she did not seek healing in this way when she later contracted tuberculosis of the bone in the right knee. She had followed the development of Lourdes as a pilgrimage shrine while she still lived at Lourdes, but was not present for the consecration of the Basilica there in 1876. She eventually died of her illness at the age of thirty-five on April 16,1879.
Bernadette's body exhumed
Bishop Gauthey of Nevers and the church exhumed the body of Bernadette Soubirous on September 2,1909,in the presence of representatives appointed by the postulators of the cause, two doctors, and a sister of the community. They found that although the crucifix in and the rosary in her hand had both oxidized, her body appeared "incorrupt" — preserved from decomposition. This was cited as one of the miracles to support her canonization. They washed and reclothed her body before burial in a new double casket.
The church exhumed the corpse a second time on April 3, 1919. The body still appeared preserved, however, her face was slightly discolored possibly due to the washing process of the first exhumation.
In 1925, the church exhumed the body for a third time. They took relics from the body, which were sent to Rome. A precise imprint of the face was molded so that the firm of Pierre Imans in Paris could make a light wax mask based on the imprints and on some genuine photos. This was common practice for relics in France, as it was feared that although the body was mummified, the blackish tinge to the face and the sunken eyes and nose would make an unpleasant impression on the public. Imprints of the hands were also taken for the presentation of the body. The remains were then placed in a gold and glass reliquary in the Chapel of Saint Bernadette at the motherhouse in Nevers. The site is visited by many pilgrims and the body of Saint Bernadette to this day remains incorruptible despite being nearly one hundred and fifty years old.
Canonization as a Catholic saint
She received Beatification in 1925 and Canonization in 1933 under Pope Pius XI, not so much for the content of her visions, but rather for her simplicity and holiness of life. She is the patron saint of sick persons and of Lourdes.
Fictional treatment
Her life was given a fictionalised treatment in Franz Werfel's novel The Song of Bernadette, which was later adapted in 1943 into a film entitled " The Song of Bernadette" starring Jennifer Jones as Bernadette and the uncredited Linda Darnell as the Immaculate Conception. Jones won her only Academy Award for Best Actress, and an Oscar for this portrayal. A more recent version of Bernadette's life is presented in the 1988 film by Jean Dellanoy.
She is also the subject of Jennifer Warnes' "Song of Bernadette" &ndash lyrics co-written with Leonard Cohen and the music composed by Bill Elliott – off her 1987 album Famous Blue Raincoat".
See also
- Lourdes
- Our Lady of Lourdes
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- The Miracle Joint at Lourdes From "Essays " by Woolsey Teller, Copyright 1945 by The Truth Seeker Company, Inc. Critique of the Lourdes story.
- Lourdes: In Bernadette's Footsteps, by Father Joseph Bordes, Copyright 2005 by MSM Company - Tells Bernadette's story, and describes the tourism at Lourdes.
- The Song of Bernadette Franz Werfel's classic abridged by John Martin
External links
- Lourdes and Bernadette Detailed chronology of the apparitions, with many pictures.
- Bernadette as she is today
- The Body of St. Bernadette—Includes reports of her exhumation and photographs of her body and tomb.
- The Sisters of Charity and Christian Instruction
- Life and Background to Bernadette Soubirous of Lourdes
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