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| − | {{epname|Frost, Robert}}
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| − | [[Image:Frost.jpg|thumb|Robert Frost]]
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| − | '''Robert Lee Frost''' (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an [[United States|American]] [[poet]], arguably the greatest and indisputably the most famous American poet of the twentieth century. Frost came of age in the early twentieth century, and as a result lived during a time when [[modernism]] was the dominant movement in American literature. Yet, distinct from his contemporaries, Frost was a staunchly un-modern poet. He relied on the same poetic tropes that had been in use in [[English language|English]] since poetry's inception: [[rhyme]], [[meter]], and formalized [[stanza]]s. During his time most of these techniques had fallen by the wayside in American poetry because it was believed they had become obsolete. Frost powerfully demonstrated that they were not, and in this sense he has perhaps had as much or even more influence on present-day poetry—which has seen a resurgence in formalism—than on the poets in his own time. Frost's enduring legacy goes beyond his strictly literary contribution. He seemed to give voice to American, and particularly New England virtues.
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| − | ==Life==
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| − | Although he is associated with [[New England]], Frost was born in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] to Isabelle Moodie, of [[Scotland|Scottish]] birth, and William Prescott Frost, Jr., a descendant of a [[Devonshire]] Frost who had sailed to [[New Hampshire]] in 1634. The father was a former teacher turned newspaper man, a hard drinker, a gambler, and a harsh disciplinarian, who fought to succeed in politics for as long as his health allowed.
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| − | Frost lived in [[California]] until he was 11. After the death of his father, he moved with his mother and sister to eastern [[Massachusetts]] near his paternal grandparents. He grew up a city boy and published his first poem in [[Lawrence, Massachusetts]]. He attended [[Dartmouth College]] where he was a member of the [[Theta Delta Chi]] fraternity, and from 1897 to 1899, [[Harvard University]] where he studied [[philology]] without completing his degree. Eventually, after purchasing a farm in [[Derry, New Hampshire]], he became known for his wry voice that was both rural and personal.
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| − | Frost was married to Elinor Miriam White and they had six children. In March 1894, ''The Independent'' published Frost's poem "My Butterfly: An Elegy," his first published work, which earned him $15. At this time, Robert made an important decision: he decided to devote his time to poetry instead of teaching. Robert wanted to move to [[Vancouver]], his wife to [[England]]; the toss of a coin selected England.
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| − | So in 1912 Frost sold his farm and moved to England, to the [[Gloucestershire]] village of [[Dymock]], to become a full-time poet. His first book of poetry, ''A Boy's Will,'' was published the next year. In England he made some crucial contacts including [[Edward Thomas (poet)|Edward Thomas]] (a member of the group known as the [[Dymock poets]]), [[T.E. Hulme]], and [[Ezra Pound]], who was the first American to write a (favorable) review of Frost's work. Frost returned to America in 1915, bought a farm in [[Franconia, New Hampshire]], and launched a career of writing, teaching, and lecturing. From 1916 to 1938, he was an English professor at [[Amherst College]]. He encouraged his writing students to bring the sound of the human voice to their craft.
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| − | He recited his work, "The Gift Outright," at the inauguration of President [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1961 and represented the United States on several official missions. He also became known for poems that include an interplay of voices, such as "Death of the Hired Man." Other highly acclaimed poems include "[[Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening]]," "[[Mending Wall]]," "[[Nothing Gold Can Stay (poem)|Nothing Gold Can Stay]]," "Birches," "After Apple Picking," "The Pasture," "Fire and Ice," "[[The Road Not Taken]]," and "Directive."
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| − | On his death on January 29, 1963, Robert Frost was buried in the Old Bennington Cemetery, in [[Bennington, Vermont]]. Harvard's 1965 alumni directory indicates that he received an honorary degree. During his later years he spent summers in [[Ripton, Vermont]] and participated in the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference at [[Middlebury College]]. During his life, the Robert Frost Middle School in [[Fairfax, Virginia]] and the main library of Amherst College were named after him. In 1971, the [[Robert Frost Middle School]] in [[Rockville, Maryland]] was also named after him.
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| − | ==Poetry==
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| − | Frost has always been a difficult figure to categorize in American poetry. His life spans the extent of the [[modernism|Modern Period]]. His contemporaries included [[Ezra Pound]], [[T.S. Eliot]], and [[William Carlos Williams]], yet he shares none of their radicalism. From his first book of poems to the end of his career, Frost wrote in strict rhyme and [[meter|measure]]. He once wrote famously, "Writing without meter seems to me akin to playing tennis without a net."
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| − | His adherence to form during a time when most poets were turning to [[free verse]] or experimentalism made him one of the most accessible poets of his generation, and likely counts a great deal for his enduring popularity. It is easy to mistake Frost's formalism for simplicity or anachronism. Dedicated readers know, however, that beneath his traditional-sounding verses there is a distinctly modern thinker writing with tremendous acuity.
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| − | A common perception of Frost has been that of an old man on a porch, whittling some woodwork, and perhaps smoking a corncob pipe, who leans over from his rocking chair as people pass by and chides them to take the road less traveled. He has often been short-changed as being simply, "a wise old man who writes in rhymes." But Frost, in private life, was a man in striking contrast to the image of wise old farmer that had made him so popular, and he was not at all content to simply echo hollow commonsense. As he writes in his aphoristic essay, "The Figure a Poem Makes,"
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| − | ::A school boy may be defined as one who can tell you what he knows in the order in which he learned it.
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| − | ::The artist must value himself as he snatches a thing from some previous order in time and space
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| − | ::into a new order with not so much as a ligature clinging to it of the old place where it was organic.
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| − | Much of the wisdom that Frost gathered organically—"sticking to his boots like burrs" as one of his favorite turns of phrase puts it—may have been gathered from rustic life and may have looked a great deal like that of good old-fashioned commonsense. But Frost was an artist to the core, and he took nothing that he learned at face value; never would he stoop to being a school-boy poet (similar to the sedate, pedagogical poets of the [[Victorian era]], whom he despised) writing poems that simply expounded truisms without any ring of truth.
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| − | In his prose particularly, Frost's intense rumination about the means of making a poem becomes apparent. His greatest contribution to poesy lies in his invention of what he called the "sentence-sound," and its relation to theories of poetic tone laid out, in among other places, Ezra Pound's ''ABC of Reading.'' The sentence-sound, for Frost, was the tonal sound of a sentence separate from the sound or meaning of its words. He compared it to listening to a conversation heard behind a closed door: the words are muffled, but a vague sense of meaning, carried in the tone of the sentences themselves, can still be heard. Alternatively, he suggested that sentence-sounds can be recognized in sentences that one knows instinctively how to read aloud. For instance:
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| − | :"Once upon a time, and a very good time it was..."
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| − | Or,
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| − | :"Those old fools never knew what hit them."
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| − | Or,
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| − | :"And that has made all the difference."
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| − | This technique is apparent in Frost's best poems, where colloquial expressions that ring with commonplace tones emerge out of the gridwork of the rigid meter. Most of the other poets of the modern period (and most poets of the twentieth century on, for that matter) have cast off meter, thinking that it will inevitably force the poet to write with a stiff, antiquated tone. Yet Frost, at his best, proves his motto that "Poetry is the renewal of words forever and ever," by renewing traditional poetic forms with the fresh sentence-sounds of American speech. Consider for instance this excerpt from his famous poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening":
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| − | ::The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
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| − | ::But I have promises to keep,
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| − | ::And miles to go before I sleep,
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| − | ::And miles to go before I sleep.
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| − | The repetition of the last line reinforces the exhausted, sing-song tone of the final sentence. The poem itself sounds surprisingly speech-like despite its strict meter and obvious rhyme. Consider a similar effect in the final quatrain of his eerie lyric poem, "The Most of It," where the last line in its complete ordinariness hits us like a whoosh of cold air:
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| − | ::...Pushing the crumpled water up ahead,
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| − | ::And landed pouring like a waterfall,
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| − | ::And stumbled through the rocks with horny tread
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| − | ::And forced the underbrush, and that was all.
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| − | Frost at his best is able to write poems that, although transparently poetic and rhymed, sound strikingly conversational to the ear. Another example of his constant experimentation with the place of American speech in formal poetry (a concern remarkably similar to that of his contemporary [[William Carlos Williams]]), are Frost's numerous dialogue poems, which tend to take on the form of abstruse philosophical arguments carried across several voices, in sharp departure from his more familiar nature poems. The effect of his poetry in total is decidedly modern, and Frost's greatest poems are indebted as much to the twentieth-century New England he lived and wrote in as to the generations of metrical poets he venerated in his obeisance to forms.
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [http://www.poets.org/rfros Robert Frost on Poets.org]—Biography, poems, and related essays, from the Academy of American Poets
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| − | * [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rfrost.htm Brief biography] at Kirjasto (Pegasos)
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| − | * [http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/frost/frost.htm Frost] at Modern American Poetry
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| − | * [http://www.ketzle.com/frost/ Brief biography & poems]
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| − | * {{gutenberg author| id=Robert+Frost | name=Robert Frost}}
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| − | * [http://www.quotesandpoem.com/poems/PoetsAndPoems/Frost Vast Collection of Poems and Quotes by Frost]
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| − | * [http://www.americanpoems.com/poets/robertfrost/ Several of Frost's early books online]
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| − | * [http://www.everypoet.com/archive/poetry/Robert_Frost/robert_frost_contents.htm A collection of poetry by Robert Frost]
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| − | * [http://www.cosmoetica.com/TOP25-DES23.htm Review of Robert Frost’s ''Birches'']
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| − | * [http://agutie.homestead.com/files/roadnot_1.html The Road Not Taken] (Multi-media presentation)
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| − | * [http://www.amherst.edu/library/archives/info/frostchrono.html Robert Frost and Amherst College]
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| − | * [http://www.tdx.org Theta Delta Chi International Fraternity]
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