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| − | [[Image:House_of_Representatives%2C_Parliament_House%2C_Canberra.JPG|right|thumb|250px|The House of Representatives Chamber of the [[Parliament of Australia]] in [[Canberra]].]]
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| − | <!-- Using joined-words "A_parliament" for narrow-screen;
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| − | {{Legislature}}
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| − | A '''parliament''' is a [[legislature]], especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the [[Westminster system]] modeled after that of the [[United Kingdom]]. The name is derived from the [[French language|French]] ''[[parlement]]'', the action of ''parler'' (to speak): a ''parlement'' is a talk, a discussion, hence a meeting (an assembly, a court) where people discuss matters.
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| − | ==Parliamentary government==
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| − | Legislatures called parliaments typically operate under a [[parliamentary system]] of government in which the [[executive branch|executive]] is constitutionally answerable to the parliament. This can be contrasted with a [[presidential system]], on the model of the [[United States]]' [[United States Congress|congressional system]], which operate under a stricter [[separation of powers]] whereby the executive does not form part of, nor is appointed by, the parliamentary or legislative body. Typically, congresses do not select or dismiss [[head of government|heads of governments]], and governments cannot request an early dissolution as may be the case for parliaments. Some states have a [[semi-presidential system]] which combines a powerful president with an executive responsible to parliament.
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| − | [[Image:Unibicameral Map.png|400px|thumb|left|{{legend|#38b4d8|Nations with bicameral legislatures.}}{{legend|#f09c30|Nations with unicameral legislatures.}}{{legend|#a0989f|No legislature.}}]]
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| − | Parliaments may consist of ''[[Chambers of parliament|chambers]]'' or ''houses'', and are usually either [[bicameralism|bicameral]] or [[unicameralism|unicameral]]—although more complex models exist, or have existed ''(see [[Tricameralism]])''.
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| − | The [[lower house]] is almost always the originator of legislation, and the [[upper house]] is usually the body that offers the "second look" and decides whether to [[veto]] or approve the bills.
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| − | A parliament's lower house is usually composed of at least 200 members in countries with populations of over 3 million. A notable exception is [[Australia]], which has only 150 members in the [[Australian House of Representatives|lower house]] despite having a population of over 20 million.
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| − | The number of seats may exceed 400 in very large countries, especially in the case of [[unitary state]]s. The upper house customarily has 20, 50, or 100 seats, almost always significantly fewer than the lower house (the British [[House of Lords]] is an exception).
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| − | A nation's [[prime minister]] ("PM") is almost always the leader of the majority party in the lower house of parliament, but only holds his or her office as long as the "confidence of the house" is maintained. If members of parliament lose faith in the leader for whatever reason, they can often call a [[vote of no confidence]] and force the PM to resign. This can be particularly dangerous to a government when the distribution of seats is relatively even, in which case a new election is often called shortly thereafter.
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| − | ==Origins of parliamentary government==
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| − | :''See [[History of Parliamentarism]]''
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| − | ===England===
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| − | {{main|Parliament of England}}
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| − | The [[Curia Regis]] in [[England]] was a council of tenants-in-chief and [[ecclesiastic]]s that advised the [[King of England]] on legislative matters. It replaced its [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] predecessor, the [[Witenagemot]], a popular assembly that developed into a sort of crown council, after the [[Norman conquest|Norman invasion]] of 1066.
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| − | [[William I of England|William of Normandy]] brought to England the [[feudal system]] of his native [[Normandy]], and sought the advice of the [[curia regis]], before making laws. This body is the germ from which Parliament, the higher courts of law, and the [[Privy Council]] and Cabinet have sprung. Of these, the legislature is formally the [[High Court of Parliament]]; judges sit in the [[Supreme Court of Judicature]]; and only the executive government is no longer conducted in a royal court.
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| − | The tenants-in-chief often struggled with their spiritual counterparts and with the King for power. In 1215, they secured from [[John of England|John]] the [[Magna Carta]], which established that the King may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of a council. It was also established that the most important tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics be summoned to the council by personal writs from the Sovereign, and that all others be summoned to the council by general writs from the [[sheriff]]s of their counties. Modern government has its origins in the Curia Regis; parliament descends from the Great Council later known as the ''parliamentum'' established by Magna Carta.
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| − | The first [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]] was formed during the reign of [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]] in the 13th century. In 1265, [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester]], who was in rebellion against Henry III, summoned a parliament of his supporters without any or prior royal authorization. The [[archbishop]]s, [[bishop]]s, [[abbot]]s, [[earl]]s and [[baron]]s were summoned, as were two [[knight]]s from each shire and two [[burgess]]es from each [[borough]]. Knights had been summoned to previous councils, but the representation of the boroughs was unprecedented. De Montfort's scheme was formally adopted by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] in the so-called "[[Model Parliament]]" of 1295. At first, each [[Estates of the realm|estate]] debated independently; by the reign of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]], however, Parliament had been separated into two Houses and was assuming recognizably its modern form.
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| − | ===France===
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| − | Originally, there was only the [[Parlement]] of [[Paris]], born out of the Curia Regis in 1307, and located inside the medieval royal palace, now the [[Paris Hall of Justice]]. The jurisdiction of the ''Parlement'' of Paris covered the entire kingdom. In the [[thirteenth century]], judicial functions were added. In 1443, following the turmoil of the [[Hundred Years' War]], King [[Charles VII of France]] granted [[Languedoc]] its own ''parlement'' by establishing the ''Parlement'' of [[Toulouse]], the first ''parlement'' outside of Paris, whose jurisdiction extended over the most part of southern [[France]]. From 1443 until the [[French Revolution]] several other ''parlements'' were created in some provinces of France.
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| − | All the ''parlements'' could issue regulatory decrees for the application of royal edicts or of customary practices; they could also refuse to register laws that they judged contrary to fundamental law or simply as being untimely. Parliamentary power in France was suppressed more so than in England as a result of [[absolutism]], and parliaments were eventually overshadowed by the larger [[Estates General]], up until the [[French Revolution]], when the [[National Assembly]] became the lower house of France's bicameral legislature. (The [[Sénat]] being the upper house)
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| − | ===Scotland===
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| − | From the 10th century the [[Kingdom of Alba]] was ruled by chiefs ''(toisechs)'' and subkings ''([[mormaers]])'' under the [[suzerainty]], real or nominal, of a [[High King]]. Popular assemblies, as in [[Ireland]], were involved in law-making, and sometimes in king-making, although the introduction of [[tanistry]]—naming a successor in the lifetime of a king—made the second less than common. These early assemblies cannot be considered "parliaments" in the later sense of the word, and were entirely separate from the later, Norman-influenced, institution.
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| − | The [[Parliament of Scotland]] evolved during the [[Middle Ages]] from the [[King's Council of Bishops and Earls]]. The unicameral parliament is first found on record, referred to as a ''[[colloquium]]'', in 1235 at [[Kirkliston]] (a village now in [[Edinburgh]]).
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| − | By the early fourteenth century the attendance of knights and [[freeholder]]s had become important, and from 1326 [[burgh]] commissioners attended. Consisting of the Three Estates; of [[clerics]], lay [[tenant]]s-in-chief and burgh commissioners sitting in a single chamber, the Scottish parliament acquired significant powers over particular issues. Most obviously it was needed for consent for [[taxation]] (although taxation was only raised irregularly in Scotland in the [[medieval]] period), but it also had a strong influence over [[justice]], [[foreign policy]], [[war]], and all manner of other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, before c. 1500 by [[General Council (Scotland)|General Council]] and thereafter by the [[Convention of Estates]]. These could carry out much business also dealt with by Parliament—taxation, legislation and policy-making—but lacked the ultimate authority of a full parliament.
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| − | The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates, the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament ([[English language|Eng]]: ''old''), met until the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] merged the Parliament of Scotland and the [[Parliament of England]], creating the new [[Parliament of Great Britain]] in 1707.
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| − | ===Poland===
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| − | [[Image:20070124 sejm sala plenarna.jpg|thumb|Chamber of the Sejm showing [[hemicycle]] seating pattern.]]
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| − | According to the ''[[Chronicle]]s'' of [[Gallus Anonymus]], the first legendary [[Poland|Polish]] ruler, [[Siemowit]], who began the [[Piast Dynasty]], was chosen by a ''[[Veche|wiec]]''. The ''veche'' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: вече, [[Polish language|Polish]]: wiec) was a popular assembly in medieval [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] countries, and in late medieval period, a parliament. The idea of the ''wiec'' led in 1182 to the development of the Polish parliament, the ''[[Sejm]]''.
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| − | The term "sejm" comes from an old [[Polish language|Polish]] expression denoting a meeting of the populace. The power of early sejms grew between 1146–1295, when the power of individual rulers waned and various councils and wiece grew stronger. The history of the national Sejm dates back to 1182. Since the 14th century irregular sejms (described in various [[Latin]] sources as ''contentio generalis, conventio magna, conventio solemna, parlamentum, parlamentum generale, dieta'' or Polish ''sejm walny'') have been called by Polish kings. From 1374, the king had to receive sejm permission to raise [[tax]]es. The General Sejm (Polish ''Sejm Generalny'' or ''Sejm Walny''), first convoked by the king [[John I Olbracht]] in 1493 near [[Piotrków Trybunalski|Piotrków]], evolved from earlier regional and provincial meetings (''[[sejmik]]s.'' It followed most closely the ''sejmik generally'', which arose from the 1454 [[Nieszawa Statutes]], granted to the [[szlachta]] by King [[Casimir IV the Jagiellonian]]. From 1493 forward, indirect elections were repeated every two years. With the development of the unique Polish [[Golden Liberty]] the Sejm's powers increased.
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| − | The [[Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth| Commonwealth's]] general parliament consisted of three estates: the King of Poland (who also acted as the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Russia/Ruthenia, Prussia, Mazovia, etc.), the Senat (consisting of Ministers, Palatines, Castellans and Bishops) and the Chamber of Envoys—circa 170 peers acting on behalf of their Lands and sent by Land Parliaments. Also representatives of selected cities but without any voting powers. Since 1573 at a royal election all peers of the Commonwealth could participate in the Parliament and become the King's electors.
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| − | === Nordic and Germanic development ===
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| − | [[image:Reykjavik althing.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Iceland's parliament House, at Austurvöllur in Reykjavík, built in 1880–1881. Home of the oldest still-acting parliament in the world.]]
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| − | A ''[[thing (assembly)|thing]]'' or ''ting'' ([[Old Norse]] and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''þing''; other modern [[Scandinavian languages|Scandinavian]]: ''ting'') was the governing assembly in [[Germanic tribes|Germanic]] societies, made up of the free men of the community and presided by [[lawspeaker]]s. Today the term lives on in the official names of national legislatures, political and judicial institutions in the North-Germanic countries. In the [[Yorkshire]] and former [[Danelaw]] areas of England, which were subject to much Norse invasion and settlement, the [[wapentake]] was another name for the same institution.
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| − | The thing was the assembly of the free men of a country, province or a [[hundred (division)|hundred]] ''(hundare/härad/herred)''. There were consequently, hierarchies of things, so that the local things were represented at the thing for a larger area, for a province or [[homsland|land]]. At the thing, disputes were solved and political decisions were made. The place for the thing was often also the place for public religious rites and for commerce.
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| − | The thing met at regular intervals, legislated, elected [[Germanic chieftains|chieftains]] and [[Germanic king|kings]], and judged according to the law, which was memorized and recited by the "[[law speaker]]" (the judge).
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| − | Later national diets with chambers for different estates developed, e.g. in Sweden and in Finland (which was part of Sweden until 1809), each with a [[House of Knights]] for the nobility. In both these countries, the national parliaments are now called [[riksdag]] (in Finland also ''eduskunta''), a word used since the Middle Ages and equivalent of the German word [[Reichstag]].
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| − | ===Russia===
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| − | The name of the parliament of [[Russian Federation]] is the [[Federal Assembly of Russia]]. The term for its lower house, [[Duma]] (which is better known than the Federal Assembly itself, and is often mistaken for the entirety of the parliament) comes from the Russian word ''думать'' ''(dumat)'', "to think." The '''Boyar Duma''' was an advisory council to the [[grand prince]]s and [[tsars]] of [[Muscovy]]. The Duma was discontinued by [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]], who transferred its functions to the [[Governing Senate]] in 1711.
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| − | ====Novgorod and Pskov====
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| − | The ''veche'' was the highest legislature and judicial authority in the republic of [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]] until 1478. In its sister state, [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]], a separate veche operated until 1510.
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| − | Since the Novgorod revolution of 1137 ousted the ruling [[grand prince]], the veche became the supreme state authority. After the reforms of 1410, the veche was restructured on a model similar to that of [[Venice]], becoming the [[Commons]] chamber of the parliament. Аn upper [[Senate]]-like Council of Lords was also created, with title membership for all former city magistrates. Some sources indicate that veche membership may have became full-time, and parliament deputies were now called ''vechniks''. It is recounted that the Novgorod assembly could be summoned by anyone who rung the veche [[bell (instrument)|bell]], although it is more likely that the common procedure was more complex. This bell was a symbol of republican sovereignty and independence. The whole population of the city—boyars, merchants, and common citizens—then gathered at [[Yaroslav's Court]]. Separate assemblies could be held in the districts of Novgorod. In Pskov the veche assembled in the court of the Trinity cathedral.
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| − | ===India===
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| − | [[Image:DSC00058.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India]]
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| − | In very ancient [[India]], during the [[Vedic civilization]], there are mentions of two Parliament-like gatherings of the Indo-Aryan kingdoms called the ''Sabha'' and the ''Samiti''. During the time of the [[Buddha]], many states were even tribal republics, called the ''[[Sangha]]s''. The Sabha has been interpreted by the historians as a representative assembly of the elect—the important men of the clan, which ran day-to-day business with the king. The Samiti seems to be a gathering of ''all'' the male members of the kingdom, and probably convened only for the ratification/election of a new king. The two largely democratic institutions, which kept a check on the absolutism of the king, were given a sacred position, and have been called the daughters of the deity [[Prajapati]] in the Vedas, the holiest of all Hindu scriptures and the earliest Indo-European literature. However, these democratic institutions became weaker as republics became larger and elected chieftainship moved towards hereditary and absolute monarchy. The Sabha and the Samiti bear almost no mention in later literature. After this, India would not have any democratic legislature till the British times, culminating in its modern democratic Parliament (whose two Houses still bear the name of ''Sabha'').
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| − | ===Spain===
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| − | [[Image:Daoiz_o_Velarde.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Corgreso de los Diputados, Parliament of Spain]]
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| − | :''Main article [[Cortes_Generales|Cortes Generales]]''
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| − | Although there are documented councils held in 873, 1020, 1050 and 1063, there was no representation of commoners. What is considered to be the first Spanish Parliament (with the presence of commoners),[[Cortes_Generales|Cortes]]- was held in the [[Kingdom of Leon]] in 1118. Prelates, nobles and commoners met separately in the three estates of the Cortes. In this meeting new laws were approved to protect commoners against the arbitrarities of nobles, prelates and the king. This important set of laws is known as the "Carta Magna Leonesa"
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| − | Following this event, new Cortes will appear in the other different kingdoms: [[Catalonia]] in 1218, the [[Kingdom of Castile]] in 1250, [[Kingdom of Aragon]] in 1274, [[Kingdom of Valencia]] in 1283 and [[Kingdom of Navarre]] in 1300.
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| − | After the union of the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile under the [[Crown of Castile]], their Cortes will be united as well in 1258. The Castillian Cortes had representatives from Burgos, Toledo, León, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, Zamora, Segovia, Ávila, Salamanca, Cuenca, Toro, Valladolid, Soria, Madrid, Guadalajara and Granada (after 1492). The Cortes had powers to control the king spending and taxing. But, after the defeat of the communities ([[Castilian War of the Communities]]) against the newly arrived [[Habsburg_Spain|Habsburg]] emperor [[Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor|Charles V]] in 1521, the Castillian Cortes lost its power and was reduced to a mere consultive entity.
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| − | The Cortes of the [[Crown of Aragon]] kingdoms remained with their power to control the king spending regarding to the finances of those kingdoms. But after the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] and the arrival of another royal house - the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] - in 1714 with [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], their Cortes were suppressed (as were those of [[Aragon]] and [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] in 1707, [[Catalonia]] and [[Balearic islands]] in 1714).
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| − | ==Parliament of the United Kingdom==
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| − | {{main|Parliament of the United Kingdom}}
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| − | [[image:houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Palace of Westminster|British Houses of Parliament]], [[London]]]]
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| − | The British Parliament is often referred to as the ''Mother of Parliaments'' (in fact a misquotation of [[John Bright]], who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its [[Act of Parliament|Act]]s have created many other parliaments. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British "three-tier" model. Most countries in Europe and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] have similarly organized parliaments with a largely ceremonial [[head of state]] who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house and a smaller, upper house.
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| − | The Parliament of the United Kingdom was originally formed in 1707 by the [[Acts of Union]] that replaced the former parliaments of England and [[Parliament of Scotland|Scotland]]—the [[Irish Parliament]] was subsumed into the [[British Imperial Parliament|Imperial Parliament]] in 1801.
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| − | In the United Kingdom, Parliament consists of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], the [[House of Lords]], and the [[Monarch]]. The House of Commons is composed of over 600 members who are directly elected by British citizens to represent single-member constituencies. The leader of a Party that wins more than half the seats or less than half but can count on support of smaller parties to achieve enough support to pass law is invited by the Queen to form a government. Legally the Queen is the head of government and no business in Parliament can be taken without her authority. The House of Lords is a body of long-serving, unelected members: 92 of whom inherit their seats and 574 of whom have been appointed to lifetime seats.
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| − | Legislation can originate from either the Lords or the Commons. It is voted on in several distinct stages, called [[reading (legislature)|readings]], in each house. First reading is merely a formality. Second reading is where the bill as a whole is considered. Third reading is detailed consideration of clauses of the bill. In addition to the three readings a bill also goes through a committee stage where it is considered in great detail. Once the bill has been passed by one house it goes to the other and essentially repeats the process. If after the two sets of readings there are disagreements between the versions that the two houses passed it is returned to the first house for consideration of the amendments made by the second. If it passes through the amendment stage [[Royal Assent]] is granted and the bill becomes law as an [[Act of Parliament]].
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| − | The House of Lords is the less powerful of the two houses as a result of the [[Parliament Acts]] of 1911 and 1949. These Acts removed the veto power of the Lords over a great deal of legislation. If a bill is certified by the [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons]] as a [[money bill]] (i.e. acts raising taxes and similar) then the Lords can only block it for a month. If an ordinary bill originates in the Commons the Lords can only block it for a maximum of one [[session of Parliament]]. The exceptions to this rule are things like bills to prolong the life of a Parliament beyond five years. If a bill originates in the Lords then the Lords can block it for as long as they like.
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| − | In addition to functioning as the second chamber of Parliament, the House of Lords is also still the final court of [[appeal]] for much of the law of the United Kingdom—a combination of judicial and legislative function that recalls its origin in the Curia Regis. This will change in October 2009 when the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] opens.
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| − | == List of parliaments ==
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| − | :''List is not exhaustive''
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| − | === Contemporary national parliaments ===
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| − | [[Image:BelgradSkupstina.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Assembly of Serbia]] in [[Belgrade]]]]
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| − | [[Image:Palatul-parlamentului-SW-angle.jpg|thumb|right|The Romanian [[Palace of the Parliament]] in [[Bucharest]].]]
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| − | [[Image:Reichstag mit Wiese2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Reichstag building]] in [[Berlin]].]]
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| − | [[Image:Budapest Parliament 4604.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Hungarian Parliament Building]] in [[Budapest]]]]
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| − | :''See also: [[list of national legislatures]]
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| − | [[Image:Parliament-Ottawa.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Canadian Parliament]] Building in [[Ottawa]].]]
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| − | ===Parliaments of the European Union Member States===
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| − | * [[European Parliament]]
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| − | * [[Austrian Parliament|Parliament of Austria]]
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| − | * [[Belgian Federal Parliament]]
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| − | * [[National Assembly of Bulgaria]]
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| − | * [[House of Representatives of Cyprus]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of the Czech Republic]]
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| − | * [[Folketing|Parliament of Denmark]]
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| − | * [[Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg|Parliament of Luxembourg]]
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| − | * [[House of Representatives of Malta|Parliament of Malta]]
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| − | * [[National Assembly of the Republic of Poland]]
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| − | * [[Riigikogu|Parliament of Estonia]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of Finland]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of France]] ''(Parlement)''
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| − | * [[Bundestag|Parliament of Germany - The Bundestag]]
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| − | * [[Greek parliament]]
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| − | * [[Hungarian National Assembly]] ''(Országgyűlés)''
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| − | * [[Oireachtas|Parliament of Ireland - the Oireachtas]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of Italy]] ''(Parlamento Italiano)''
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| − | * [[Saeima|Parliament of Latvia]]
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| − | * [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]]
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| − | * [[Estates-General of the Netherlands|Parliament of the Netherlands]]
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| − | * [[Assembly of the Republic]] (Portugal)
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| − | * [[Parliament of Romania]] (consisting of the [[Chamber of Deputies of Romania|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of Romania|Senate]])
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| − | * [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]
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| − | * [[National Council of the Slovak Republic]]
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| − | * [[Slovenian Parliament]]
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| − | * [[Cortes Generales|Cortes Generales of Spain]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of Sweden]]
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| − | === Others ===
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| − | * [[Croatian Parliament]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of Australia]]
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| − | :* The federal (Commonwealth) government of Australia has a [[bicameral]] '''parliament''', and each of [[States and territories of Australia|Australia's six states]] has a bicameral '''parliament''' except for [[Queensland]], which has a unicameral parliament.
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| − | * [[Parliament of Canada]]
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| − | :* The federal government of Canada has a bicameral '''parliament''', and each of [[Provinces of Canada|Canada's 10 provinces]] has a unicameral '''parliament'''.
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| − | * [[Løgtingið|Parliament of the Faroe Islands]] ''(Løgtingið)''
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| − | * [[Parliament (Fiji)|Parliament of the Fiji Islands]]
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| − | * [[Althing|Parliament of Iceland]] (The ''Althing'' is the oldest still-acting parliament in the [[world]], established at [[Thingvellir]] in 930{{Fact|date=February 2007}})
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| − | * [[Parliament of India]] consisting of [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]]
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| − | * [[Tynwald|Parliament of the Isle of Man - Tynwald]] ''(Tinvaal)''
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| − | * [[Knesset|Parliament of Israel - The Knesset]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of Malaysia]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of Montenegro]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of Morocco]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of Nauru]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of New Zealand]]
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| − | * [[Storting|Parliament of Norway]] ''(Storting)''
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| − | * [[Majlis-e-Shoora|Parliament of Pakistan]]
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| − | * [[National Assembly of Serbia]] ''(Narodna Skupština)''
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| − | * [[Parliament of Singapore]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of South Africa]]
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| − | * [[Congreso_de_los_Diputados|Spanish Cortes]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of Sri Lanka]]
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| − | * [[Federal Assembly of Switzerland]] (''Bundesversammlung'', ''Assemblée fédérale'', ''Assemblea federale'')
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| − | * [[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago]]
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| − | * [[Parliament of Nepal]] (recently reorganized)
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| − | ** [[Scottish Parliament]]
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| − | === Contemporary supranational parliaments ===
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| − | [[Image:Institutions europeennes IMG 4292.jpg|right|thumb|[[European Parliament]] in [[Strasbourg]]]]
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| − | * [[Pan-African Parliament]]
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| − | * [[Central American Parliament]]
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| − | * [[Latin American Parliament]]
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| − |
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| − | === Equivalent national legislatures ===
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| − | * [[Majlis]], e.g. in [[Iran]]
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| − | * in [[Afghanistan]]: [[Wolesi Jirga]] (elected, legislative lower house) and [[Meshrano Jirga]] (mainly advisory, indirect representation); in special cases, e.g. as constituent assembly, a [[Loya Jirga]]
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| − |
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| − | === Defunct ===
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| − | *[[Parliament of Ireland]] (1200–1801)
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| − | *[[Parliament of Southern Ireland]] (1921–1922)
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| − | *[[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] (1921–1973)
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| − | *[[People's Parliament]] (1940s)
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| − |
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| − | === Subnational parliaments ===
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| − | ====Australia====
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| − | :''See [[Parliaments of the Australian states and territories]]'
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| − |
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| − | ====Belgium====
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| − | In the federal (bicameral) kingdom of [[Belgium]], there is a curious asymmetrical constellation serving as directly elected legislatures for three "territorial" ''regions''—[[Flanders]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]), [[Brussels]] (bilingual, certain peculiarities of competence, also the only region not comprising any of the 10 provinces) and [[Wallonia]] ([[French language|French]])—and three cultural ''communities''—Flemish (Dutch, competent in Flanders and for the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of Brussels), Francophone (French, for Wallonia and for Francophones in Brussels) and German (for speakers of that language in a few designated municipalities in the east of the Walloon Region, living alongside Francophones but under two different regimes)
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| − | * Vlaams Parlement ("[[Flemish Parliament]]"; originally styled Vlaamse Raad "Flemish Council") served both the Flemish Community (whose same it uses) and, in application of a Belgian constitutional option, of the region of Flanders (in all matters of regional competence, its decisions have no effect in Brussels)
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| − | * Parliament of the French Community
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| − | * [[Parliament of the German-speaking Community|parliament of the German Community]]
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| − | * [[Walloon Parliament|parliament of the Walloon region]]
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| − | * [[Brussels Parliament|parliament of the Brussels 'capital' region]];
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| − | : within the capital's regional assembly however, there also exist two so-called ''Community Commissions'' (fixed numbers, not an automatic repartition of the regional assembly), a [[Flemish Community Commission|Dutch-speaking one]] and a [[French Community Commission|Francophone one]], for various matters split up by linguistic community but under Brussels' regional competence, and even 'joint community commissions' consisting of both for certain institutions that could be split up but are not.
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| − |
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| − | ====Canada====
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| − | :''See [[Legislative Assemblies of Canada's provinces and territories]]''
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| − |
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| − | ====Denmark====
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| − | *[[Parliament of Greenland]]
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| − | *[[Løgting]]
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| − |
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| − | ==== Finland ====
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| − | * [[Parliament of Åland]]
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| − |
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| − | ==== Spain ====
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| − | :See: [[List of Spanish regional legislatures]]
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| − |
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| − | ==== United Kingdom ====
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| − | *[[Scottish Parliament]]
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| − | *[[Welsh Assembly]]
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| − | *[[Northern Ireland Assembly]]
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | * [[Parliamentary records]]
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| − | * [[Delegated legislation]]
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| − | * [[Global democracy]]
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| − | * [[History of democracy]]
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| − | * [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]
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| − | * [[Legislation]]
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| − | * [[Parliamentary procedure]]
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| − | * [[Witan]]
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| − |
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| − | == External Links ==
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| − | * [http://www.iabp.org/ Scottish Scheme] - ''The International Association of Business and Parliament''. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
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| − | [[Category:Politics and social sciences]]
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| − | [[Category:Politics]]
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| − | {{credits|Parliament|166979615}}
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