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| − | {{Infobox Province or territory of Canada
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| − | | Name = Ontario
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| − | | AlternateName =
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| − | | Fullname = Province of Ontario
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| − | | EntityAdjective = Provincial
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| − | | Flag = Flag of Ontario.svg|100px
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| − | | CoatOfArms = Ontariocoatofarms.png|100px
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| − | | Map = Ontario-map.png
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| − | | Label_map = no
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| − | | Motto = ''Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet'' ([[Latin]]: Loyal she began, loyal she remains)
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| − | | OfficialLang = [[English language|English]]
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| − | | Flower = White Trillium
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| − | | Tree = Eastern White Pine
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| − | | Bird = Common Loon
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| − | | Capital = [[Toronto]]
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| − | | LargestCity = Toronto
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| − | | Premier = Dalton McGuinty
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| − | | PremierParty = Liberal
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| − | | Viceroy = James K. Bartleman
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| − | | ViceroyType = Lieutenant-Governor
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| − | | PostalAbbreviation = ON
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| − | | PostalCodePrefix = K L M N P
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| − | | AreaRank = 4<sup>th</sup>
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| − | | area_footnotes =<ref name="areaont">''Statistics Canada''. [http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/phys01.htm Land and freshwater area, by province and territory] Retrieved January 26, 2009.</ref>
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| − | | TotalArea_km2 = 1076395
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| − | | LandArea_km2 = 917741
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| − | | WaterArea_km2 = 158654
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| − | | PercentWater = 14.8
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| − | | PopulationRank = 1<sup>st</sup>
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| − | | population_footnotes = <ref name="ON2006CensusPop">''Statistics Canada''. [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=101&SR=1&S=3&O=D Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data] Retrieved January 26, 2009.</ref>
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| − | | Population = 12,726,336
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| − | | PopulationYear = 2006
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| − | | DensityRank = 3<sup>rd</sup>
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| − | | Density_km2 = 13.93
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| − | | GDP_year = 2005
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| − | | GDP_total = $537.604 billion<ref>''Statistics Canada''. [http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/econ15.htm Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory] Retrieved January 26, 2009.</ref>
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| − | | GDP_rank = 1<sup>st</sup>
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| − | | GDP_per_capita = $42,866
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| − | | GDP_per_capita_rank = 4<sup>th</sup>
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| − | | AdmittanceOrder = 1<sup>st</sup>
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| − | | AdmittanceDate = July 1, 1867
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| − | | TimeZone = UTC-5 & -6
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| − | | HouseSeats = 106
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| − | | SenateSeats = 24
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| − | | ISOCode = CA-ON
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| − | | Website = www.ontario.ca
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| − | }}
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| − | '''Ontario''' is a province located in the east-central part of [[Canada]], the largest by population and second largest (after [[Quebec]]) in total area. Ontario has the largest economy in Canada. It is bordered by the provinces of [[Manitoba]] to the west, Quebec to the east, and the [[United States|American]] states of [[Michigan]], [[New York]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Minnesota]]. Most of Ontario's borders with the United States are natural, starting at the [[Lake of the Woods]] and continuing through the four [[Great Lakes]]: [[Lake Superior|Superior]], [[Lake Huron|Huron]], [[Lake Erie|Erie]], and [[Lake Ontario|Ontario]] (for which the province is named), then along the [[Saint Lawrence River]].
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| − | The [[capital]] of Ontario is [[Toronto]], the largest [[city]] in Canada. [[Ottawa]], the capital of Canada, is located in Ontario as well. The 2006 census counted 12,160,282 residents in Ontario, which accounted for 38.5 percent of the national population.
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| − | The province takes its name from Lake Ontario, which is thought to be derived from ''ontarí:io'', a [[Huron]] word meaning "great lake", or possibly ''skanadario'' which means "beautiful water" in [[Iroquois|Iroquoian]]. Along with [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Quebec]], Ontario is one of the four original provinces of [[Canada]] when the nation was formed on July 1, 1867, by the [[British North America Act]].
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| − | Ontario is Canada's leading [[manufacturing]] province, accounting for 52 percent of total national manufacturing shipments in 2004.
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| − |
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| − | ==Geography==
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| − | [[Image:Canada provinces evolution.gif|thumb|left|Evolution of the borders of Ontario]]
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| − | The province consists of three main geographical regions:
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| − | *The thinly populated [[Canadian Shield]] in the northwestern and central portions, which covers over half the land area in the province; though mostly infertile land, it is rich in [[mineral]]s and studded with [[lake]]s and [[river]]s.
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| − | *The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay lowlands in the extreme north and northeast, mainly [[swamp]]y and sparsely [[forest]]ed; and
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| − | *The temperate, and therefore most populous region, fertile Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Valley in the south where [[agriculture]] and [[industry]] are concentrated. Southern Ontario is sub-divided into four regions; Southwestern Ontario (parts of which were formerly referred to as Western Ontario), the Golden Horseshoe, Central Ontario (although not actually the province's geographic center), and Eastern Ontario.
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| − | [[Image:DSCN0019.JPG|thumb|350px|Bruce Peninsula.]]
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| − | Despite the absence of any mountainous terrain, there are large areas of uplands, particularly within the Canadian Shield, which traverses the province from northwest to southeast, and also above the [[Niagara Escarpment]], which crosses the south. The highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 m above sea level, located in northeastern Ontario.
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| − | The [[Carolinian forest]] zone covers most of the southwestern section; its northern extent is part of the Greater Toronto Area at the western end of Lake Ontario. The best-known geographic feature is [[Niagara Falls]], part of the much more extensive Niagara Escarpment. The [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] allows navigation to and from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] as far inland as Thunder Bay in northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 85 percent of the surface area of the province; conversely, southern Ontario contains 94 percent of the population.
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| − | Point Pelee National Park is a peninsula in southwestern Ontario (near Windsor, Ontario, and [[Detroit, Michigan]]) that extends into Lake Erie and is the southernmost extent of Canada's mainland. Pelee Island in Lake Erie extends slightly farther. Both are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the northern border of [[California]].
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| − | Lake of the Woods occupies parts of Ontario and [[Manitoba]] and the U.S. state of [[Minnesota]]. It separates a small land area of Minnesota from the rest of the United States. The lake drains into the Winnipeg River and then into [[Lake Winnipeg]]. Ultimately, its outflow goes through the [[Nelson River]] to [[Hudson Bay]].
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| − | [[Image:Lake of da woods.jpg|thumb|Lake of the Woods from space]]
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| − | Lake of the Woods is over 70 miles long and wide and contains over 14,552 islands and 65,000 miles (105,000 km) of shoreline, which would amount to the longest coastline of any Canadian lake, except that the lake is not entirely within Canada. The lake's islands provide nesting habitat for the piping [[plover]] and large numbers of American white [[pelican]]s. There are also several hundred nesting pairs of bald [[eagle]]s in this area.
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| − |
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| − | ===Climate===
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| − | [[Image:Lake Ontario - Sandbanks Provincial Park 2001.jpg|thumb|275px|Enjoying summer at Sandbanks Provincial Park on Lake Ontario.]]
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| − | Ontario has three main [[Geographical zone|climate zone]]s. Most of southwestern Ontario has a moderate humid continental climate, similar to that of the inland [[Mid-Atlantic States]] and the lower [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes portion of the U.S. Midwest]]. The region has hot, humid summers and cold winters. It is considered a temperate climate when compared with most of Canada. Throughout the year, but especially in the fall and winter, temperatures are moderated somewhat by the lower Great Lakes, making it considerably milder than the rest of the provinces and allowing for a longer growing season than areas at similar latitudes in the continent's interior. Annual precipitation ranges from 30 inches (750 mm) to 40 inches (1,000 mm) and is well distributed throughout the year, with a summer peak.
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| − | [[Image:LondonOntarioSkyline.jpg|thumb|275px|The Thames River in London, Ontario.]]
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| − | The more northern parts of southern Ontario, all of central and eastern Ontario, and the southern parts of northern Ontario have a more severe humid continental climate. This region has warm to hot summers (although somewhat shorter than in southwestern Ontario) with cold and somewhat longer winters and a shorter growing season. Wind-whipped snow squalls or lake effect snow can affect areas as far as 62 miles (100 km) or greater from the shore of Lake Huron, but the heaviest snows usually occur within 12 miles (20 km) from the shoreline. Some snow belt areas receive an annual average of well over 120 inches (300 cm) of snow annually.
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| − | The northernmost parts of Ontario have a subarctic climate with long, very cold winters and short, warm summers and dramatic temperature changes from time to time. In the summer, hot weather occasionally reaches even the northernmost parts of Ontario, although humidity is generally lower than in the south. It is not uncommon to see snow on the ground from October to May.
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| − | Severe [[thunderstorm]]s peak in frequency in June and July in most of the province, although in southern Ontario they can occur at any time from March to November due to the collision of colder, Arctic air and warm, often moist Gulf air. The regions most prone to severe weather are southwestern and central Ontario. London has the most lightning strikes per year in Canada, and is also one of the most active areas in the country for storms. [[Tornado]]es are common throughout the province, especially in the southwestern/south-central parts, although they are rarely destructive.
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| − | [[Image:Toronto Downtown Core at Night.jpg|left|250px|thumb|[[Toronto]]: Ontario's capital city and Canada's largest metropolis.]]
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| − | ==History==
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| − | ===Pre-1867===
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| − | Before the arrival of the Europeans, the region was inhabited both by [[Algonquian]] ([[Ojibwa]], [[Cree]], and [[Algonquin]]) and [[Iroquoian]] ([[Iroquois]] and [[Huron]]) tribes. French explorer [[Étienne Brûlé]] explored part of the area in 1610-1612. [[Henry Hudson]] sailed into [[Hudson Bay]] in 1611 and claimed the area for [[England]], but [[Samuel de Champlain]] reached [[Lake Huron]] in 1615 and [[France|French]] [[missionary|missionaries]] began to establish posts along the [[Great Lakes]]. French settlement was hampered by their hostilities with the Iroquois, who allied themselves with the British.
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| − | The British established trading posts on Hudson Bay in the late seventeenth century and began a struggle for domination of Ontario. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the [[Seven Years' War]] by awarding nearly all of France's [[North America]]n possessions ([[New France]]) to Britain. The region was annexed to [[Quebec]] in 1774.
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| − | ===Population growth===
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| − | From 1783 to 1796, the [[United Kingdom]] granted Loyalists leaving the [[United States]] following the [[American Revolution]] 200 acres (0.8 km²) of land and other items with which to rebuild their lives. This measure substantially increased the population of Canada west of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence during this period, a fact recognized by the Constitutional Act of 1791, which split [[Quebec]] into The Canadas: Upper Canada southwest of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence, and Lower Canada east of it.
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| − | American troops in the [[War of 1812]] invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River and the Detroit River but were successfully defeated and pushed back by British and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] forces. The Americans gained control of [[Lake Erie]] and [[Lake Ontario]], however, and during the Battle of York occupied the town of York (later named Toronto) in 1813. Not able to hold the town, the departing soldiers burned it to the ground.
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| − | After the War of 1812, relative stability allowed for increasing numbers of immigrants to arrive from Britain and [[Ireland]]. Despite affordable and often free land, many newcomers from Europe found frontier life and the harsh climate difficult, and some of those with the means eventually returned home or went south. However, population growth far exceeded emigration in the decades that would follow.
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| − | Ontario's numerous waterways aided travel into the interior and supplied water power for development. As population increased, so did the [[industry|industries]] and [[transportation]] networks. By the end of the century, Ontario vied with Quebec as the nation's leader in terms of growth in population, industry, arts, and communications.
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| − | Many in the colony, however, began to chafe against the aristocratic Family Compact that governed while benefiting economically from the region's resources, and who did not allow elected bodies the power to effect change. This resentment spurred republican ideals and sowed the seeds for early Canadian nationalism. Accordingly, rebellion in favor of responsible government rose in both Upper and Lower Canada.
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| − | Although both rebellions were put down in short order, the British government sent Lord Durham to investigate the causes of the unrest. He recommended that self-government be granted and that Lower and Upper Canada be rejoined in an attempt to assimilate the French Canadians. Accordingly, the two colonies were merged into the Province of Canada by the Act of Union (1840). [[Parliament]]ary [[self-government]] was granted in 1848.
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| − | Due to heavy waves of immigration in the 1840s, the population of the western region more than doubled by 1851 over the previous decade, and as a result for the first time the English-speaking population surpassed the French-speaking population in the east, tilting the representative balance of power.
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| − | An economic boom in the 1850s coincided with railway expansion across the province, further increasing the economic strength of central Canada.
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| − | A political stalemate between the French- and English-speaking legislators, as well as fear of aggression from the United States during the [[American Civil War]], led the political elite to hold a series of conferences in the 1860s to effect a broader federal union of all British North American colonies. The British North America Act took effect on July 1, 1867, establishing the Dominion of Canada, initially with four provinces: [[Nova Scotia]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Quebec]], and Ontario. The Province of Canada was divided at this point into Ontario and Quebec so that each linguistic group would have its own province. Both Quebec and Ontario were required to safeguard existing educational rights and privileges of their [[Protestant]] and [[Catholic]] minorities. Thus, separate Catholic schools and school boards were permitted in Ontario. However, neither province had a constitutional requirement to protect its French- or English-speaking minority. Toronto was formally established as Ontario's provincial capital at this time.
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| − | ===Decentralization (1867 to 1896)===
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| − | Once constituted as a province, Ontario proceeded to assert its economic and legislative power. In 1872, the lawyer Oliver Mowat became premier and remained as premier until 1896. He fought for provincial rights, weakening the power of the federal government in provincial matters. His battles with the federal government greatly decentralized Canada. He consolidated and expanded Ontario's educational and provincial institutions, created districts in northern Ontario, and fought tenaciously to ensure that those parts of northwestern Ontario not historically part of Upper Canada (the vast areas north and west of the [[Lake Superior]]-[[Hudson Bay]] watershed, would become part of Ontario, a victory embodied in the Boundary Act (1889). He also presided over the emergence of the province into the economic powerhouse of Canada.
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| − | ===Industrialization (1896 to the present)===
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| − | [[Mineral]] exploitation accelerated in the late nineteenh century, leading to the rise of important [[mining]] centers in the northeast. The province harnessed its water power to generate [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]]. The availability of cheap electric power facilitated the development of industry. Ford Motor Company of Canada was established in 1904. General Motors of Canada Ltd. was formed in 1918. The [[motor vehicle]] industry would go on to become the most lucrative industry for the Ontario economy.
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| − | In July 1912, the Conservative government severely limited the availability of French-language schooling to the province's French-speaking minority. French-Canadians reacted with outrage, and the move was repealed in 1927.
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| − | The post-[[World War II]] period was one of exceptional prosperity and growth. Ontario, and the Greater Toronto Area in particular, have been the recipients of most immigration to Canada, largely immigrants from war-torn [[Europe]] in the 1950s and 1960s and, after changes in federal immigration law, a massive influx of non-Europeans since the 1970s. From a largely [[Ethnicity|ethnically]] British province, Ontario has rapidly become quite culturally diverse.
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| − | The nationalist movement in Quebec, particularly after the election of the ''[[Parti Québécois]]'' in 1976, contributed to driving many businesses and English-speaking people out of Quebec into Ontario. As a result [[Toronto]] surpassed [[Montreal]] as the largest city and economic center of Canada. Depressed economic conditions in the Maritime Provinces also resulted in depopulation of those provinces in the twentieth century, with heavy migration into Ontario.
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| − | ==Government and politics==
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| − | [[Image:Ontario Legislative Assembly, Toronto, May 2006.jpg|thumb|The Ontario Legislature Building at Queen's Park.]]
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| − | The British North America Act 1867 stipulated a unicameral legislature for Ontario. The Legislative Assembly has 103 seats representing ridings elected in a first-past-the-post system across the province. Following the [[Westminster system]], the leader of the party currently holding the most seats in the assembly is known as the premier. The premier chooses the cabinet or Executive Council.
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| − | ===Politics===
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| − | Ontario has traditionally operated under a three-party system. In the last few decades the liberal Ontario Liberal Party, conservative Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, and social-democratic Ontario New Democratic Party have all ruled the province at different times. Currently the Liberal government is headed by Premier Dalton McGuinty.
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| − | Ontario is known as the province that offers the strongest support for the Liberal Party of Canada. The majority of the party's present 106 seats in the Canadian House of Commons represent Ontario ridings. As the province has the most seats of any province in Canada, earning support from Ontario voters is considered a crucial matter for any party hoping to win a Canadian federal election.
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| − | ==Economy==
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| − | Ontario's rivers, including its share of the [[Niagara River]], make it rich in [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric energy]]. Despite its diverse range of power options, because of problems related to increasing consumption, lack of energy efficiency, and aging nuclear reactors Ontario has been forced in recent years to purchase power from its neighbors, [[Quebec]] and [[Michigan]], to supplement its power needs during peak consumption periods.
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| − | [[Image:OneLondonPlace.JPG|right|thumb|200px|One London Place, London, Ontario.]]
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| − | [[Image:Toronto's CN Tower.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The CN Tower in Toronto is the world's tallest freestanding structure on land.]]
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| − | An abundance of natural resources, excellent [[transportation]] links to the American heartland and the inland [[Great Lakes]], making ocean access possible via ship containers, have all contributed to making [[manufacturing]] the principal [[industry]], found mainly in the "Golden Horseshoe" region, which is the largest industrialized area in Canada. Important products include [[motor vehicles]], [[iron]], [[steel]], [[food]], electrical appliances, [[machinery]], [[chemical]]s, and [[paper]].
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| − | As a result of steeply declining sales, General Motors and Ford Motor Co. have made thousands of layoffs. In January 2009, GM said it was reducing production at its Oshawa, Ontario, facility. Toyota, however, has built a new plant in Woodstock, and Honda opened a state-of-the art engine plant at its facility in Alliston in September 2008.
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| − | Some economists believe that the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] contributed to a decline in manufacturing. The biggest contributing factor is increased [[globalization]], particularly increased manufacturing from [[China]] and [[India]], which has led to the de-industrialization of Ontario and the gradual shift to a dominant service-oriented economy. These factors considered, Ontario remains an industrial giant within North America; therefore, its overall economic health is still responsive to changes that occur in this sector.
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| − | Toronto, the capital of Ontario, is the center of Canada's financial services and [[bank]]ing industry. Suburban cities in the Greater Toronto Area are large product distribution centers, in addition to having manufacturing industries. The [[information technology]] sector is also important, particularly in Markham, Waterloo, and Ottawa. Hamilton is the largest steel manufacturing city in Canada, and Sarnia is a center for petrochemical production. [[Construction]] employs at least 7 percent of the work force, but due to undocumented workers, the figure is likely over 10 percent. This sector thrived due to steadily increasing new house and condominium construction combined with low mortgage rates and climbing prices, particularly in the Greater Toronto area.
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| − | [[Mining]] and the forest products industry, notably [[pulp]] and [[paper]], are vital to the economy of northern Ontario. More than any other region, [[tourism]] contributes heavily to the economy of central Ontario, peaking during the summer months owing to the abundance of fresh water recreation and wilderness found in reasonable proximity to the major urban centers. At other times of the year, [[hunting]], [[skiing]], and [[snowmobiling]] are among the draws. This region has some of the most vibrant fall color displays anywhere on the continent and tours directed at overseas visitors are organized to see them. Tourism also plays a key role in border cities with large [[casino]]s, among them Windsor and Niagara Falls, which attract many U.S. visitors.
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| − | [[Image:Niagara falls aerial.id.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Niagara Falls]] is a major tourist attraction in Ontario as well as a huge supplier of hydroelectric energy.]]
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| − | ===Transportation===
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| − | Historically, the province has used two major east-west routes, both starting from [[Montreal]] in the neighboring province of [[Quebec]]. The northerly route, which was pioneered by early French-speaking fur traders, travels northwest from Montreal along the Ottawa River, then continues westward toward [[Manitoba]]. The much more heavily traveled southerly route, which was popularized by English-speaking Loyalists from the American colonies and later other [[Europe]]an immigrants, travels southwest from Montreal along the [[Saint Lawrence River]], [[Lake Ontario]], and [[Lake Erie]] before entering the [[United States]] in [[Michigan]]. Most of Ontario's major transportation infrastructure is oriented east-west and roughly follows one of these two original routes.
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| − | ===Water transportation===
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| − | The [[St. Lawrence Seaway]], which extends across most of the southern portion of the province and connects to the [[Atlantic Ocean]], is the primary water transportation route for cargo, particularly [[iron]] ore and [[grain]]. In the past, the [[Great Lakes]] and [[Saint Lawrence River]] were also a major passenger transportation route, but over the past half century they have been nearly totally supplanted by vehicle, rail, and air travel.
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| − | ===Rail transportation===
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| − | [[Image:otrain.jpg|thumb|The [[O-Train]], Ottawa's light rail train system (LRT).]]
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| − | Via Rail operates the inter-regional passenger train service on the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. In addition Amtrak connects Ontario with key [[New York]] cities, including [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Albany, New York|Albany]], and [[New York City]]. Ontario Northland provides rail service to destinations as far north as Moosonee near James Bay. [[Freight train|Freight rail]] is dominated by the founding cross-country CN and CP rail companies, which during the 1990s sold many short rail lines from their vast network to private companies operating mostly in the south. Regional commuter rail is limited to the provincially owned GO Transit, which serves a train/bus network spanning the Golden Horseshoe region, with its hub in Toronto. The TTC in Toronto operates the province's only subway and streetcar system, one of the busiest in North America. Outside of Toronto, the O-Train LRT line operates in [[Ottawa]], with ongoing expansion of the current line and proposals for additional lines.
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| − | ===Air transportation===
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| − | Lester B. Pearson International [[Airport]] is the nation's busiest and the world's 29th busiest, handling over 30 million passengers per year. Other important airports include Ottawa International Airport and John C. Munro International Airport in Hamilton, which is an important courier and freight aviation center. Most Ontario cities have regional airports. Isolated towns and settlements in the northern areas of the province rely partly or entirely on air service for travel, goods, and even ambulance services, since much of the far northern area of the province cannot be reached by road or rail.
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| − | ===Agriculture===
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| − | Once the dominant industry, [[agriculture]] occupies a small percentage of the population. The number of farms decreased from 68,633 in 1991 to 59,728 in 2001, but farms have increased in average size and many are becoming more mechanized. [[Cattle]], [[grain]]s, and [[dairy]] were the common types of farms in the 2001 census. The [[fruit]], [[grape]], and [[vegetable]] growing industry is located primarily on the Niagara Peninsula and along [[Lake Erie]], where [[tobacco]] farms are also situated. Tobacco production has decreased leading to an increase in some other new crop alternatives gaining popularity, such as [[hazelnut]]s and [[ginseng]]. The Ontario origins of Massey-Ferguson Ltd., once one of the largest farm implement [[manufacturing|manufacturers]] in the world, indicate the importance agriculture once had to the Ontario economy.
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| − | Southern Ontario's limited supply of agricultural land is going out of production at an increasing rate. Urban sprawl and farmland severances (authorized separations into smaller adjoining properties) contribute to the loss of thousands of acres of productive agricultural land in Ontario each year.
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| − | ==Demographics==
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| − | [[Image:Visible Minorities of Ontario.png|thumb|300px|Visible minorities of Ontario in 2001.]]
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| − | [[Image:Religion in Ontario.png|thumb|300px|Religion in Ontario.]]
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| − |
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| − | ===Ethnic groups===
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| − | {| class="wikitable" align="right"
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| − | |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
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| − | !Ethnic origin
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| − | !Population
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| − | !Percent
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| − | |-
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| − | |Canadian
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| − | |align=right|3,350,275
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| − | |align=right|29.70%
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| − | |-
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| − | |English
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| − | |align=right|2,711,485
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| − | |align=right|24.04%
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| − | |-
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| − | |Scottish
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| − | |align=right|1,843,110
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| − | |align=right|16.33%
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| − | |-
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| − | |Irish
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| − | |align=right|1,761,280
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| − | |align=right|15.61%
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| − | |-
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| − | |French
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| − | |align=right|1,235,765
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| − | |align=right|10.95%
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| − | |-
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| − | |German
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| − | |align=right|965,510
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| − | |align=right|8.56%
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| − | |-
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| − | |Italian
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| − | |align=right|781,345
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| − | |align=right|6.92%
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| − | |-
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| − | |South Asian
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| − | |align=right|597,553
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| − | |align=right|5.24%
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| − | |-
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| − | |Chinese
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| − | |align=right|518,550
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| − | |align=right|4.59%
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| − | |-
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| − | |Black
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| − | |align=right|442,713
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| − | |align=right|3.92%
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| − | |-
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| − | |Dutch (Netherlands)
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| − | |align=right|436,035
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| − | |align=right|3.86%
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| − | |-
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| − | |Polish
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| − | |align=right|386,050
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| − | |align=right|3.42%
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| − | |-
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| − | |Ukrainian
| |
| − | |align=right|290,925
| |
| − | |align=right|2.58%
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |North American First Nations
| |
| − | |align=right|248,940
| |
| − | |align=right|2.21%
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Portuguese
| |
| − | |align=right|248,265
| |
| − | |align=right|2.20%
| |
| − | |}
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| − |
| |
| − | The information regarding [[ethnicity|ethnicities]] below is from the 2001 Canadian census.<ref>''Statistics Canada''. [http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo26g.htm Population by selected ethnic origins, by province and territory (2001 census) (Ontario)] Retrieved January 26, 2009.</ref> The percentages add to more than 100 percent because of dual responses (e.g., "French-Canadian" generates an entry in both the category "French" and the category "Canadian"). Groups with greater than 200,000 responses are included. The majority of Ontarians are of British (English, Scottish, Welsh) and Irish ancestry.
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| − |
| |
| − | The major religious groups in Ontario are:<ref name="census-religion">''Statistics Canada''. [http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo30b.htm Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 census) (Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan)] Retrieved January 26, 2009.</ref>
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| − |
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| − | * 34.9 percent [[Protestant]]
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| − | * 34.7 percent [[Roman Catholic]]
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| − | * 16.3 percent No religious affiliation ([[Atheism]], [[Agnosticism]], etc)
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| − | * 3.1 percent [[Muslim]]
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| − | * 2.7 percent Other [[Christian]]
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| − | * 2.3 percent [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christian]]
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| − | * 1.9 percent [[Hindu]]
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| − | * 1.7 percent [[Judaism|Jewish]]
| |
| − | * 1.1 percent [[Buddhist]]
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| − | * 0.9 percent [[Sikh]]
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| − |
| |
| − | The vast majority of Ontarians are of British or other European descent. Slightly less than 5 percent of the population of Ontario is Franco-Ontarian, that is those whose native tongue is French, although those with French ancestry account for 11% of the population. Ontario has no official language, but English is considered the de facto language. Numerous French-language services are available under the French Language Services Act of 1990 in designated areas where sizable francophone populations exist.
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| − |
| |
| − | Immigration is a huge population growth force in Ontario as it has been over the last two centuries, in relation to natural increase or inter-provincial migration. More recent sources of immigrants, with already large or growing communities in Ontario include [[Caribbean]]s (a majority of whom are [[Jamaica]]ns), [[South Asia]]ns (for example, [[Pakistan]]is, [[India]]ns, [[Bangladesh]]is and [[Sri Lanka]]ns), East Asians (mostly [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Philippines|Filipinos]]), [[Central America|Central]]/South Americans, [[Eastern Europe]]ans such as [[Russia]]ns and [[Bosnia]]ns, and groups from [[Iran]], [[Somalia]], and [[West Africa]]. Most groups have settled in the Greater Toronto area. A smaller number have settled in other cities such as London, Kitchener, Hamilton, and Ottawa.
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| − |
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| − | ==Education==
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| − | ===Elementary and secondary===
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| − | The Ministry of Education has three core priorities: providing higher levels of student achievement, reducing gaps in achievement, and increasing confidence in publicly funded education.
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| − |
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| − | More than 540,000 primary students are now in classes of 20 or fewer, compared to only 166,000 students five years ago. Elementary teachers receive more support for teaching reading, writing, and math. Focused high school programs will give students more choices and opportunities to explore careers. This includes specialist high skills majors and dual credits, which have helped raise the graduation rate to 75 percent. Since 2003, the ministry has funded more than 200 new schools and nearly 12,000 renovation projects.
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| − |
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| − | ===Higher education===
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| − | In Ontario, higher education includes postsecondary education and skills training regulated by the Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities and provided by universities, colleges of applied arts and technology, and private career colleges. The ministry administers laws covering 22 public [[university|universities]], 17 privately funded degree-granting institutions, 24 [[college]]s, and over 500 private career colleges.
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| − |
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| − | The Canadian constitution provides each province with the responsibility for [[higher education]], and there is no corresponding national federal ministry of higher education.
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| − |
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| − | Ontario has two types of publicly funded [[community college]]s: Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology and Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning. Some courses of study lead to official certifications in skilled trades that are regulated by professional associations. Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning offer a limited number of degree programs, either in conjunction with a nearby university or on their own.
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| − |
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| − | Most of these colleges were founded in the 1960s, after Ontario's then Minister of Education, William Grenville Davis, announced a plan to create a post-secondary educational system different from that of universities. As of the early 2000s, these colleges may—and many do—offer one or more bachelor's programs in an applied area of study.
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| − |
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| − | ==Culture==
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| − | The National Arts Centre in Ottawa is Canada's largest showcase for the performing arts. Home of the National Arts Centre Orchestra, it also features [[opera]], [[ballet]], and contemporary [[dance]] as well as [[theater]] in both English and French.
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| − |
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| − | Toronto attracts the third largest theater-going audience in the English-speaking world. [[Drama]], [[Broadway]] shows, and major international [[musical]]s are all performed in downtown theaters. Toronto also boasts a world-class [[symphony]] as well as outstanding opera and ballet companies.
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| − |
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| − | The Art Gallery of Ontario is the tenth largest [[art]] [[museum]] in North America, home to more than 40,000 works representing almost 2,000 years of extraordinary art. It also houses the world's largest public collection of [[Henry Moore]] [[sculpture]]s. The National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa maintains a collection of historic and contemporary works of art, many with special reference to Canada. Hundreds of museums throughout the province provide diverse cultural experiences and showcase special interests.
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| − |
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| − | Each year, [[jazz ]] festivals are held in Orillia and Toronto and classical music festivals in Elora. Theater productions are presented at the Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake and at the Stratford Festival, North America's largest classical repertory theater.
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| − |
| |
| − | Ontario's ethnic diversity is celebrated with many local festivals, such as the Scottish Highland Games in Fergus and Maxville, Toronto International Carnival (one of North America's biggest cultural street festivals, attracting one million revelers each year) and the Oktoberfest in Kitchener-Waterloo.
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| − |
| |
| − | ===Tourism and recreation===
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| − | Northern Ontario offers the visitor [[lake]]s and [[river]]s, the boreal [[forest]], [[mountain]]s and hills, [[skiing]], snowshoeing, [[hiking]] trails, and other outdoor pursuits. In 2007, tourism to Northern Ontario generated:
| |
| − | * 7.8 million visits, with 71 percent coming from Ontario and 15 percent from U.S. border states;
| |
| − | * $1.3 billion in visitor spending;
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| − | * 22,000 jobs in the region and $1.3 billion towards the region's GDP; and
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| − | * $717 million in tax revenue from the region for all three levels of government.<ref>''Canada Ministry of Tourism''. January 20, 2009. [http://www.tourism.gov.on.ca/english/about/Northern_Strategy_NR.pdf Boosting Tourism in Northern Ontario] Retrieved January 23, 2009.</ref> As of mid-2008, however, the worsening recession in the United States had taken its toll. The number of visitors, hotel occupancy rates, and employment in tourist-related industries had all fallen.<ref>''Ontario Ministry of Tourism.'' [http://www.tourism.gov.on.ca/english/research/performance/index.html Current Performance Indicators for Ontario’s Tourism Industry] Retrieved January 23, 2009.</ref>
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Looking ahead==
| |
| − | Ontario is being hard hit by the global economic downturn. Employment dropped by 66,000 jobs in November 2008, the largest monthly decline in 34 years. The province accounted for most of the 70,600 job losses nationwide. Unemployment jumped to 7.1 percent in November 2008, well above the
| |
| − | national rate of 6.3 percent. The largest decline was in [[manufacturing]], but other sectors also lost jobs, including business, building and other support services, public administration, and educational services.<ref>''Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey''. [http://www.ontario.ca/ontprodconsume/groups/content/@gopsp/@lmi/documents/document/ont06_017719.pdf Labour Market Information & Research] Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>
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| − |
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| − | The government's economic development plan focuses on new technologies through a Next Generation of Jobs program. "Part of the Ontario government's economic strategy is to support companies that are creating jobs in the green and high-tech sectors," said Michael Bryant, Minister of Economic Development. "These sectors are creating the jobs people want and helping to secure Ontario's position as a premiere destination for investment and innovation." <ref>''Ontario Ministry of Economic Development''. January 16, 2009. [http://www.ontariocanada.com/ontcan/page.do?page=6194 Green Auto Parts Jobs Coming to Windsor] Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>
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| − |
| |
| − | For example, Ontario is providing financial assistance to encourage [[ethanol]] producers and is trying to promote electric vehicles. California-based Better Place will build an electric car demonstration and education center in Toronto to lay the groundwork to help get electric vehicles running on Ontario roads.<ref>''Government of Ontario''. January 15, 2009. [http://www.premier.gov.on.ca/news/Product.asp?ProductID=2754 Ontario Paves the Way for Electric Car] Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>
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| − |
| |
| − | == Notes ==
| |
| − | <references/>
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| − |
| |
| − | ==References==
| |
| − | * Ciment, James ed. 2006. ''Colonial America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History''. New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0521232287.
| |
| − | * ''Library and Archives Canada''. [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/ Virtual Vault] Retrieved January 26, 2009.
| |
| − | * Taylor, Alan. 2006. ''The divided ground: Indians, settlers and the northern borderland of the American Revolution''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780679454717
| |
| − | * Tobin, Jacqueline, and Hettie Jones. 2007. ''From Midnight to Dawn: the last tracks of the underground railroad''. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385514316
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| − |
| |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | All Links Retrieved January 26, 2009.
| |
| − | *[http://www.gov.on.ca/ Government of Ontario]
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| − | *[http://www.tourism.gov.on.ca/ Tourism Ontario]
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| − | *[http://globalgenealogy.com/countries/canada/ontario/searchable-on.htm Historical and Genealogical Resources of Ontario]
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| − | *[http://www.historicbridges.org/map_ont.htm Historic Bridges in Ontario]
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| − | *[http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/provincesterritories/ontario/referencemap_image_view Map]
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| − | *[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-893/politics_economy/elections_ontario/ CBC Digital Archives - Ontario Elections: Twenty Tumultuous Years]
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| − | *[http://www.embargo.ca/highway11 Ontario's Highway 11 Homepage - A Virtual Town-by-Town Trip along the World's Longest Street]
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| − | {{Provinces and territories of Canada}}
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| − |
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| − | [[Category:Geography]]
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| − | [[Category:North America]]
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| − | [[Category:Canada]]
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| − | {{credit|137838714}}
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