Minaret of Jam

Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	Afghanistan
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iii, iv
Reference	211
Region**	Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription	2002  (26th Session)
Endangered	2002-
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO.

The Minaret of Jam is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in western Afghanistan. It is located in the Shahrak District, Ghor Province, by the Hari River. The 65-meter high minaret, surrounded by mountains that reach up to 2400m, is built entirely of baked-bricks. It is famous for its intricate brick, stucco and glazed tile decoration, which consists of alternating bands of kufic and naskhi calligraphy, geometric patterns, and verses from the Qur'an (the surat Maryam, relating to Mary, the mother of Jesus).

Exploration

For centuries, the Minaret was forgotten about by the outside world, until it was re-discovered in 1886, by Sir Thomas Holdich, working for the Afghan Boundary Commission. It did not come to world attention, however, until 1957 through the work of the French archaeologists André Maricq and Wiet. Herberg conducted limited surveys around the site in the 1970s, before the Soviet invasion of 1979 once again cut it off for the outside world.

The archaeological site of Jam was successfully nominated as Afghanistan's first World Heritage site in 2002. It was also inscribed in UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in Danger, due to the precarious state of preservation of the minaret, and results of looting at the site.

Site

The circular minaret rests on an octagonal base; it had 2 wooden balconies and was topped by a lantern. It is thought to have been a direct inspiration for the Qutub Minar in Delhi, which was also built by the Ghurid Dynasty. After the Qutub Minar, the Minaret of Jam is the second-tallest brick minaret in the world.

The Minaret of Jam belongs to a group of around 60 minarets and towers built between the 11th and the 13th centuries in Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan, ranging from the Kutlug Timur Minaret in Old Urgench (long considered the tallest in existence) to the tower at Ghazni. The minarets are thought to have been built as symbols of Islam's victory, while other towers were simply landmarks or watchtowers.

The minaret of Jam is currently threatened by erosion, water infiltration and floods, due to its proximity to the Hari and Jam rivers. Another threat are the earthquakes which happen frequently in the region. Looters and illegal excavations have also damaged the archaeological site surrounding the minaret. The tower has started to lean, but stabilisation work is in progress to halt this danger.

The archaeological landscape around Jam also includes the ruins of a 'palace', fortifications, a pottery kiln and a Jewish cemetery, and has been suggested to be the remains of the lost city of Turquoise Mountain.

History

The Minaret of Jam is probably located at the site of the Ghurid dynasty's summer capital, Firuzkuh (Firuz Koh). The 12th and 13th century Ghurids controlled not only Afghanistan, but also parts of eastern Iran, Northern India and parts of Pakistan.

The Arabic inscription dating the minaret is unclear - it could read 1193/4 or, more likely, 1174/5. It could thus commemorate the victory of the Ghurid sultan Ghiyas ud-Din over the Ghaznevids in 1192 in Delhi, or the defeat of the Ghuzz Turks at Ghazna in 1173. The assumption is that the Minaret was attached to the Friday Mosque of Firuzkuh, which the Ghurid chronicler Juzjani states was washed away in a flash-flood, some time before the Mongol sieges. Work at Jam by the Minaret of Jam Archaeological Project, has found evidence of a large courtyard building beside the minaret, and evidence of river sediments on top of the baked-brick paving.

The Ghurid Empire's glory waned after the death of Ghiyath ud-Din in 1202, as it was forced to cede territory to the Khwarezm Empire. Juzjani states that Firuzkuh was destroyed by the Mongols in 1222.

Gallery

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  Qasr Zarafshan, August 2005

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  Decorated exterior of the Minaret of Jam, August 2005

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  Baked-brick courtyard paving near the Minaret of Jam, August 2005

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Cruickshank, Dan (ed.). 1996. Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture, Twentieth edition, Architectural Press. ISBN 0750622679.
• Herberg, W. with D. Davary. 1976. "Topographische Feldarbeiten in Ghor: Bericht über Forschungen zum Problem Jam-Ferozkoh." Afghanistan Journal 3/2, 57-69.
• Maricq, André, and Gaston Wiet. 1959. Le minaret de Djâm: la découverte de la capitale des sultans ghorides (XIIe-XIIIe siècles). Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan, t. 16. Paris: C. Klincksieck. OCLC 4360149.
• Sourdel-Thomine, Janine. 2004. Le minaret ghouride de Jām: un chef d'oeuvre du XIIe siècle. Mémoires de l'académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, t. 29. Paris: Diffusion de Boccard. ISBN 9782877541503.
• Thomas, David, 2004. Looting, heritage management and archaeological strategies at Jam, Afghanistan. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
• Thomas, D., G. Pastori, I. Cucco, and R. Giunta. 2005. "Excavations at Jam, Afghanistan". EAST AND WEST -ROME-. 54 (1/4): 87-120. OCLC 208978555.
• Thomas, D.C., G. Pastori & I. Cucco, 2005. The Minaret of Jam Archaeological Project at Antiquity
• Thomas, D.C., & A. Gascoigne, in press. Recent Archaeological Investigations of Looting at Jam, Ghur Province, in J. van Krieken (ed.) Afghanistan’s Cultural Heritage: its Fall and Survival. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

• Hillenbrand, Robert. 1994. Islamic architecture: form, function, and meaning. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231101332.
• Stewart, Rory. 2006. The places in between. Orlando: Harcourt, Inc. ISBN 9780156031561.

External links

• Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977): An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. 1st Edition: 1970. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization. [1]. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
• Minaret of Jam Archaeological Project. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
• UNESCO site on threats to the minaret. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
• UNESCO World Heritage Center-Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
• Quicktime VR at the World Heritage Tour website. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
• www.orientalarchitecture.com. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
• www.thewalt.de. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
• World Heritage Tour - panoramic photos of Jam. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
• Turquoise Mountain Foundation. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
• Hidden jewel of Afghan culture BBC News 3 May 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2008.

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