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| − | {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians —>
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| − | | Name = Jascha Heifetz
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| − | | Img = Heifetz.jpg.jpeg
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| − | | Img_size = 181
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| − | | Background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
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| − | | Born = {{birth date|1901|2|2}}<br/>[[Vilna]], [[Lithuania]],<br/> [[Russian Empire]]
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| − | | Died = {{death date and age|1987|12|10|1901|2|2}}<br/>[[Los Angeles, California]],<br/> [[United States]]
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| − | | Instrument = [[Violin]]
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| − | | Genre = [[Classical music|Classical]]
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| − | | Occupation = [[Pedagogue]], [[violin]]ist
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| − | | Years_active = ''[[fl. ca.]]'' 1910-1987
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| − | | URL = [http://www.jaschaheifetz.com/ www.JaschaHeifetz.com]
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| − | | Notable_instruments = '''Violin'''<br/>[[Dolphin Stradivarius|''Dolphin'' 1714 Stradivarius]] <br/>[[Stradivarius|''Heifetz-Piel'' 1731 Stradivarius]] <br/>[[Antonio Stradivari|Antonio Stradivari 1734]] <br/>[[Carlo Annibale Tononi|Carlo Tononi 1736]] <br/>[[Guarneri|''ex-David'' 1742 Guarneri]]
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| − | }}
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| − | '''Jascha Heifetz''' ({{IPA2|ˈhaɪfɪts}}) was a Jewish [[violin]] [[virtuoso]] born in Lithuania ({{OldStyleDate|February 2|1901|January 20}} – December 10, 1987). He is hailed as the greatest violinist of the 20th century.
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| − | == Early life ==
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| − | Heifetz was born of Jewish descent in [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]], then part of the [[Russian Empire]]. There is controversy over his birth year, which is sometimes placed a year or two earlier to 1899 or 1900. It is possible that his mother said he was two years younger to make him seem like more of a prodigy. His father, Reuven Heifetz, was a local violin teacher and served as the concertmaster of the Vilnius Theatre Orchestra for one season before the theatre closed down. Jascha took up the violin when he was three years old and his father was his first teacher. At five he started lessons with Ilya D. Malkin, a former pupil of [[Leopold Auer]]. He was a child prodigy, making his public debut at seven, in Kovno (now [[Kaunas]], Lithuania) playing the [[Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)|Violin Concerto in E minor]] by [[Felix Mendelssohn]]. In 1910 he entered the [[Saint Petersburg Conservatory]] to study under Leopold Auer.
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| − | He played in Germany and [[Scandinavia]], and met [[Fritz Kreisler]] for the first time in a Berlin private house together with other noted violinists in attendance. Kreisler, after accompanying the 12-year-old Heifetz at the piano in a performance of the Mendelssohn ''Concerto'', said to all present, "We may as well break our fiddles across our knees." Heifetz visited much of Europe while still in his teens. In April 1911, Heifetz performed in an outdoor concert in St Petersburg before 25,000 spectators; there was such a sensational reaction that police officers needed to protect the young violinist after the concert. In 1914, Heifetz performed with the [[Berlin Philharmonic]] conducted by [[Arthur Nikisch]]. The conductor was very impressed, saying he had never heard such an excellent violinist.<ref>Nikolaus de Palezieux, ''Jascha Heifetz - The Supreme'' (2000 RCA Victor compilation)</ref>
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| − | == Career ==
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| − | On October 27, 1917, Heifetz played for the first time in the United States at [[Carnegie Hall]] and became an immediate sensation. Fellow violinist [[Mischa Elman]] in the audience asked "Do you think it's hot in here?," whereupon [[Leopold Godowsky]], in the next seat, imperturbably replied, "Not for pianists."<ref>MCA Classics liner notes, 1988</ref>
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| − | Heifetz was elected as an honorary member of [[Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia]], the national fraternity for men in music, by the fraternity's Alpha chapter at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. As he was age 16 at the time, he was perhaps the youngest person ever elected to membership in the organization. Heifetz remained in the country and became an American citizen in 1925. When he told admirer [[Groucho Marx]] he had been earning his living as a musician since the age of seven, Groucho answered, "And I suppose before that you were just a bum."
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| − | === Technique and timbre ===
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| − | Heifetz is considered to be one of the greatest violinists of the twentieth century.
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| − | Heifetz had an immaculate technique and a tonal beauty that many violinists still regard as unequalled. Yet, from time to time his near-perfect technique and conservative stage demeanor caused some critics to accuse him of being overly mechanical, even cold. [[Virgil Thomson]] called Heifetz' style of playing "silk underwear music," a term he did not intend as a compliment. Even so, many other critics agree he infused his playing with feeling and reverence for the composers' intentions. His style of playing was highly influential in defining the way modern violinists approach the instrument. His use of rapid [[vibrato]], emotionally charged [[portamento]], fast tempos, and superb bow control coalesced to create a highly distinctive sound that make Heifetz's playing instantly recognizable to aficionados. The violinist [[Itzhak Perlman]], who himself is noted for his rich warm tone and expressive use of portamento, describes Heifetz's tone as like "a tornado" because of its emotional intensity. In creating his sound, Heifetz was very particular about his choice of strings. For his entire career he used a silver wound tricolore gut g-string, plain gut unvarnished d- and a-strings, and a Goldbrokat steel e-string medium including clear hill rosin sparingly. Heifetz believed that playing on gut strings was important in rendering an individual sound.
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| − | === Early recordings ===
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| − | [[Image:Heifetz LOC 38890u.jpg|thumb|Jascha Heifetz around 1920]]
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| − | Heifetz made his first recordings in Russia during 1910-11, while still a student of Auer. The existence of these recordings was not widely known until after Heifetz's death, when several sides (most notably [[Schubert]]'s ''L'Abeille'') were reissued on an [[LP album|LP]] included as a supplement to [[The Strad]] magazine.
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| − | Shortly after his Carnegie Hall debut on November 7, 1917, Heifetz made his first recordings for the [[Victor Talking Machine Company]]; he would remain with Victor and its successor, [[RCA Victor]], for most of his career. For several years, in the 1930s, Heifetz recorded primarily for [[HMV]] in the UK because RCA cut back on classical recordings during the [[Great Depression]]; these discs were issued in the US by RCA Victor. Heifetz often enjoyed playing [[chamber music]]. Various critics have blamed his limited success in chamber ensembles to the fact that his artistic personality tended to overwhelm his colleagues. Some notable collaborations include his 1940 recordings of [[piano trio]]s by [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Franz Schubert]], and [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] with cellist [[Emanuel Feuermann]] and pianist [[Arthur Rubinstein]] as well as a later collaboration with Rubinstein and cellist [[Gregor Piatigorsky]], with whom he recorded trios by [[Maurice Ravel]], [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]], and [[Felix Mendelssohn]]. Both formations were sometimes referred to as the ''Million Dollar Trio''.
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| − | He recorded the Beethoven ''[[Violin Concerto (Beethoven)|Violin Concerto]]'' in 1940 with the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by [[Arturo Toscanini]], and again in stereo in 1955 with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by [[Charles Münch]]. A live performance of Heifetz playing the Mendelssohn ''[[Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)|Violin Concerto]]'', again with Toscanini and the NBC Symphony, has also been released.
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| − | He performed and recorded [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]]'s violin concerto, at a time when many classical musicians avoided Korngold's music because they did not consider him a "serious" composer after he wrote many film scores for [[Warner Brothers]].
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| − | == Wartime ==
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| − | Heifetz commissioned a number of pieces, perhaps most notably the ''[[Violin Concerto (Walton)|Violin Concerto]]'' by Sir [[William Walton]]. He also arranged a number of pieces, such as ''[[Hora staccato|Hora Staccato]]'' by [[Grigoraş Dinicu]], a Romanian gypsy whom Heifetz is rumoured to have called the greatest violinist he had ever heard. Heifetz also played and composed for the piano; he performed mess hall jazz for soldiers at Allied camps across Europe during the Second World War, and under the alias Jim Hoyle he wrote a hit piano song, "When you make love to me, don't make believe."
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| − | === Decca recordings ===
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| − | From 1944 to 1946, largely a result of the [[American Federation of Musicians]] recording ban (which actually began in 1942), Heifetz went to American [[Decca Records]] to make recordings because Decca settled with the union in 1943, well before RCA Victor resolved their dispute with the musicians. He recorded primarily short pieces, including his own arrangements of music by [[George Gershwin]] and [[Stephen Foster]]; these were pieces he often played as encores in his recitals. He was accompanied on the piano by Emanuel Bay or Milton Kaye. Among the more uncommon discs featured one of Decca's most popular artists, [[Bing Crosby]], in the "Lullaby" from [[Benjamin Godard]]'s opera ''[[Jocelyn (Godard)|Jocelyn]]'' and ''Where My Caravan Has Rested'' (arranged by Heifetz and Crosby) by Hermann Lohr (1872-1943); Decca's studio orchestra was conducted by [[Victor Young]] in the July 27, 1946, session. Recorded mostly in small studios, the digitally remastered performances have remarkably clear, high fidelity sound. However, Heifetz soon returned to [[RCA Victor]], where he continued to make recordings until the early 1970s.<ref>''Jascha Heifetz: The Decca Masters'' digitally remastered by MCA Classics in 1988, RCA Victor liner notes</ref>
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| − | == Later recordings ==
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| − | Returning to RCA in 1946, Heifetz continued to make a number of 78-rpm discs for the company, including solo, chamber, and orchestral recordings.
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| − | RCA began releasing long-playing recordings in 1950, including concertos taken from 78-rpm masters. The company began to make new high fidelity recordings with Heifetz, primarily with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] under [[Charles Münch]] and the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] under [[Fritz Reiner]]. Beginning in early 1954, most classical sessions were also taped on triple track stereophonic tape recorders.
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| − | A 2000 two-CD RCA compilation titled ''Jascha Heifetz - The Supreme'' gives a sampling of Heifetz's major recordings, including the 1955 recording of [[Johannes Brahms]]' violin concerto with Reiner and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra; the 1957 recording of [[Peter Tchaikovsky]]'s violin concerto (with the same forces); the 1959 recording of [[Jean Sibelius]]' violin concerto with [[Walter Hendl]] and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra; the 1961 recording of [[Max Bruch]]'s ''[[Scottish Fantasy]]'' with Sir [[Malcolm Sargent]] and the [[New Symphony Orchestra]] of London; the 1963 recording of [[Alexander Glazunov]]'s A minor concerto with Walter Hendl and the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra (drawn from New York musicians); the 1965 recording of [[George Gershwin]]'s ''Three Preludes'' (transcribed by Heifetz) with pianist Brooks Smith; and the 1970 recording of [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]'s unaccompanied ''Chaconne'' from the second ''Partita'' in D minor.
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| − | === Musical reformation ===
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| − | After moving to the United States, Heifetz's style saw drastic reformation{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. Whereas the recordings of 1930-1945 depicted a typical neo-Romantic violinist of the Russian school{{Fact|date=March 2008}}, post-war recordings were more tempered, objective and aristocratic{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. He reduced the use of his portamento, and his vibrato was rationed into a searing tool which lent dramatic effect to his fiery sound{{Fact|date=March 2008}}.
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| − | === Third Israel tour ===
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| − | On his third tour to [[Israel]] in 1953, Heifetz included in his recitals the Violin Sonata by [[Richard Strauss]]. At the time, Strauss was considered by many to be a Nazi composer, and his works were unofficially banned in Israel along with those of [[Richard Wagner]]. Despite the fact that the [[Holocaust]] had occurred less than ten years earlier and a last-minute plea from the Israeli Minister of Education, the defiant Heifetz argued, "The music is above these factors....I will not change my program. I have the right to decide on my repertoire." Throughout his tour the performance of the ''Strauss Sonata'' was followed by dead silence.
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| − | Heifetz was attacked after his recital in [[Jerusalem]] outside his hotel by a young man who struck blows aiming toward Heifetz's double-violin case and using his right hand to protect his priceless violins from the crowbar. As the attacker started to flee, Heifetz alerted his companions, who were armed, "Shoot that man, he tried to kill me." The assailant escaped and was never found. The incident made headlines in the press and Heifetz defiantly announced that he would not stop playing the Strauss. Threats continued to come, however, and he omitted the Strauss from his next recital without explanation. His last concert was cancelled after his swollen right hand began to hurt. He left Israel and did not return until 1970.
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| − | == Russian defector ==
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| − | The consensus within the Soviet musical caste was that Heifetz and his teacher [[Leopold Auer]] were traitors to their home country. This was primarily due to the fact that they had emigrated from Russia to the US, Heifetz at a very young age. The Soviets were inclined to brand any American collaboration as infidelity due to the political circumstances following World War II and the ensuing Cold War. Thus [[David Oistrakh]] was seen as a compatriot, whereas Heifetz was considered a traitor. Heifetz also greatly criticized the Soviet regime; he condemned the [[International Tchaikovsky Competition]] for being biased against Western competitors. During the Carl Flesch Competition in London, Oistrakh tried to persuade [[Erick Friedman]], Heifetz's star student, to enter the Tchaikovsky Competition, of which he was the principal juror. Hearing of this, Heifetz strongly advised against it, warning Friedman, "You will see what will happen there." Consequently, the competition received international outrage after Friedman, already a seasoned performer and recording artist for RCA, who had performed with the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]], [[London Symphony Orchestra]], and the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], among many others, placed sixth behind players (some of which were student level players) who had no established careers either before or after the competition. [[Joseph Szigeti]] later informed Heifetz himself that he had given his student top scores.
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| − | == Later life ==
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| − | After an only partially successful operation on his right shoulder in 1972 Heifetz ceased giving concerts and making records. Although his prowess as a performer remained intact and he continued to play privately until the end, his bow arm was affected and he could never again hold the bow as high as before.
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| − | [[Image:Koelman & Heifetz 1979.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Rudolf Koelman]] (left) with Jascha Heifetz]]
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| − | Heifetz taught the violin extensively, first at [[UCLA]], then at the [[University of Southern California]], with his friend [[Gregor Piatigorsky]]. For a few years in the eighties he also held classes in his private studio at home in Beverly Hills. His teaching studio can be seen today in the main building of the [[Colburn school]], where it is now used for masterclasses and serves as an inspiration to the students there. During his teaching career Heifetz taught, among others, Erick Friedman, Carol Sindell, Adam Han-Gorsky, Robert Witte, Yuval Yaron, Elizabeth Matesky, Claire Hodgkins, [[Yukiko Kamei]], [[Rudolf Koelman]], Varujan Kojan, Sherry Kloss, Elaine Skorodin, Eugene Fodor, and Ayke Agus.
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| − | Heifetz died at [[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] in [[Los Angeles, California]]. It was rumored that Heifetz was such a strict discipline observer that the main gate of his Beverly Hills home were closed sharp at the appointment time of his classes to shut out students who arrived late.
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| − | Heifetz owned the 1714 ''[[Dolphin Stradivarius|Dolphin]] [[Stradivarius]]'', the 1731 "Piel" Stradivarius, the 1736 Carlo Tononi, and the 1742 ''ex David'' [[Guarneri]], del Gesù, the latter of which he preferred and kept until his death. The Dolphin Strad is currently owned by the Nippon Music Foundation. The Heifetz Tononi violin used at his 1917 Carnegie Hall debut was left in his will to Sherry Kloss, Master-Teaching Assistant to Heifetz, with "one of my four good bows" (Violinist/Author Kloss wrote "Jascha Heifetz Through My Eyes, and is Co-Founder of the Jascha Heifetz Society). The famed Guarneri is now in the San Francisco Legion of Honor Museum, as instructed by Heifetz in his will, and may only be taken out and played "on special occasions" by deserving players. The instrument has recently been on loan to [[San Francisco Symphony]] [[concertmaster]] [[Alexander Barantschik]].<ref> {{cite press release
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| − | |url = http://www.sfacademyorchestra.org/10-23-06.html
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| − | |title = SF Symphony Concertmaster Alexander Barantschik to lead the Academy Orchestra
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| − | |publisher = The San Francisco Academy Orchestra
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| − | |date = 23 October 2006
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| − | |accessdate = 2007-04-02
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | In 1989, Heifetz received a posthumous [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]].
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| − | == Family life ==
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| − | Heifetz was married in 1928 to the silent motion picture actress [[Florence Vidor]], ex-wife of [[King Vidor]], whose seven year old daughter, Suzanne, Heifetz adopted. The couple had two more children, Josefa (born 1930) and Robert (1932-2001) before divorcing in 1945. In 1947, Heifetz took a sabbatical during which he married Frances Spiegelberg, with whom he had another son, Joseph. The second marriage ended in divorce in 1962.
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| − | Heifetz's son Jay is a professional photographer. He was formerly head of marketing for the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] and [[Hollywood Bowl]], and the Chief Financial Officer of [[Paramount Pictures]]' Worldwide Video Division. He lives and works in [[Fremantle]], [[Western Australia]]. Heifetz's daughter, Josefa Heifetz Byrne, is a lexicographer, author of ''Dictionary of Unusual, Obscure and Preposterous Words''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Heifetz | first=Josefa | title=Mrs. Byrne's dictionary of unusual, obscure, and preposterous words | location=Secaucus, NJ | publisher=University Books | year=1974 | isbn=0821602039}}</ref>
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| − | Heifetz's grandson [[Danny Heifetz]] is an accomplished drummer/percussionist and has played with [[Mr. Bungle]], [[Dieselhed]], [[Secret Chiefs 3]] and [[Link Wray]].
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| − | == Filmography ==
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| − | Heifetz played a featured role in the movie ''[[They Shall Have Music]]'' (1939) directed by [[Archie Mayo]] and written by John Howard Lawson and Irmgard von Cube. He played himself, stepping in to save a music school for poor children from foreclosure. He later appeared in the 1947 film, ''Carnegie Hall'', performing an abridged version of the first movement of [[Tchaikovsky]]'s violin concerto, with the orchestra led by [[Fritz Reiner]], and consoling the star of the picture, who had watched his performance. Heifetz later recorded the complete Tchaikovsky concerto with Reiner and the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] as one of RCA Victor's "Living Stereo" discs.<ref>RCA Victor liner notes</ref> In 1951, he appeared in the film ''Of Men and Music''. In 1962 he appeared in a televised series of his master classes, and in 1971 ''Heifetz on Television'' aired, an hour-long special that featured the violinist performing a series of short works, the "Scottish Fantasy" by [[Max Bruch]], and the Chaconne from the Partita No. 2 by [[Bach]].
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| − | == Bibliography ==
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| − | *[[Alberto Cantù]], ''Jascha Heifetz / L'imperatore solo'', [[Zecchini Editore]], [[Varese]], 2007, ISBN 88-87203-61-X
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| − | == In popular culture ==
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| − | * Heifetz is referenced in ''[[The Muppet Show]]'' (1977) where [[Rowlf the Dog]] opposite [[George Burns]] mentions "Oh listen, I can play any key. I'm another Jascha Heifetz," to which George replies, "Jascha Heifetz played the violin." Rowlf then replies, "Nobody will know the difference, George."
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| − | * Heifetz is later mentioned in ''[[The Muppet Movie]]'' (1979) when [[Rowlf the Dog]], after being praised by [[Kermit the Frog]] for playing an impressive piece of music on the piano, shrugged modestly and replied, "I'm no Heifetz, but I get by."
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| − | * Heifetz is mentioned by [[Woody Allen]] in ''[[Broadway Danny Rose]]'' (1984). As one of Danny Rose's clients plays a [[glass harmonica]] Danny remarks "She's the Jascha Heifetz of her instrument!"
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| − | * He was mentioned by the character, [[Data (Star Trek)|Data]], on the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode "[[The Ensigns of Command (TNG episode)|The Ensigns of Command]]" (1989) as one of the violinists he studied prior to his concert in [[Ten-Forward]] aboard the ''[[USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)|USS Enterprise]]''.
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| − | * From [[Woody Allen]]'s ''[[Hollywood Ending]]'' (2002): "If there's a brownout, Heifetz will still be on key, but your guitarist won't be."
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | * [[Lithuanian Jews]]
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| − | * [[Richard Strauss#Strauss and the Nazis|Strauss and the Nazis]]
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | {{wikiquote|Jascha Heifetz}}
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| − | {{Commons|Jascha Heifetz}}
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| − | * Jascha Heifetz [http://www.jaschaheifetz.com/ official website]
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| − | * [http://www.prominentpeople.co.za/people/62.php Prominent People - Jascha Heifetz]
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| − | * [http://www.sonybmgmasterworks.com/artists/jaschaheifetz/ Jascha Heifetz] at [[Sony BMG Masterworks]]
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| − | * [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6467452 NPR Classical Music: Heifetz at War: Behind the Scenes, Near the Front]
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| − | *[http://www.adventuresinmusic.biz/Archives/Music_Makers/Heifetz1.htm "The Violinist of the Century" - 3-part series on AdventuresInMusic.biz]
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Heifetz, Jascha}}
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| − | [[Category:musicians]]
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| − | [[Category:biography]]
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