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| + | '''Jan Niecislaw Baudouin de Courtenay''' ([[March 13]], [[1845]] - [[November 3]], [[1929]]) was a [[Poland|Polish]] [[linguist]] and [[Slavistics|slavist]], best known for his theory of the [[phoneme]] and [[phonetic alternation]]s. For most of his life he worked at [[Imperial Russia]]n universities: [[Kazan University|Kazan]] (1874-1883), [[Tartu University|Yuryev]] (as [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]] was then known) (1883-1893), [[Jagiellonian University|Kraków]] (1893-1899) and [[St. Petersburg University|St. Petersburg]] (1900-1918)), In 1919-1929 he was a professor at the re-established [[Warsaw University]] in a once again independent [[Poland]]. | ||
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| + | ==Biography== | ||
He was born [[March 13]], [[1845]], in [[Radzymin]], near Warsaw, to a family of distant French extraction. One of his ancestors had been a French aristocrat who migrated to Poland during the reign of Polish King [[August II of Poland|August II the Strong]]. In 1862 Baudouin entered the "[[Warsaw University#1857-1869|Main School]]," a predecessor of [[Warsaw University]]. In [[1866]] he graduated from its historical and philological faculty and won a scholarship of the Russian Imperial Ministry of Education. Leaving Poland, he studied at various foreign universities, including those of [[University of Prague|Prague]], [[University of Jena|Jena]] and [[University of Berlin|Berlin]]. In 1870 he received a [[doctorate]] from the [[University of Leipzig]] for his [[Russian language|Russian-language]] dissertation ''On the Old Polish Language Prior to the 14th Century''. | He was born [[March 13]], [[1845]], in [[Radzymin]], near Warsaw, to a family of distant French extraction. One of his ancestors had been a French aristocrat who migrated to Poland during the reign of Polish King [[August II of Poland|August II the Strong]]. In 1862 Baudouin entered the "[[Warsaw University#1857-1869|Main School]]," a predecessor of [[Warsaw University]]. In [[1866]] he graduated from its historical and philological faculty and won a scholarship of the Russian Imperial Ministry of Education. Leaving Poland, he studied at various foreign universities, including those of [[University of Prague|Prague]], [[University of Jena|Jena]] and [[University of Berlin|Berlin]]. In 1870 he received a [[doctorate]] from the [[University of Leipzig]] for his [[Russian language|Russian-language]] dissertation ''On the Old Polish Language Prior to the 14th Century''. | ||
| − | Baudouin established the [[Kazan]] School of Linguistics in the mid-1870s and served as the professor at the | + | |
| + | Baudouin established the [[Kazan]] School of Linguistics in the mid-1870s and served as the professor at the Kazan university from 1875. He was the head of linguistics faculty at the University of Yuryev (now [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]]) (1883-1893). Between 1894 and 1898 he served in the same post at the [[Jagiellonian University]] in [[Kraków]] only to be appointed to [[St. Petersburg]], where he continued to refine his theory of phonetic alternations. After [[Poland]] regained her independence in 1918 he returned to [[Warsaw]], where he formed the core of the linguistics faculty of the Warsaw University. Since 1887 he had a permanent seat in the [[Polish Academy of Skills]] and since 1897 he was a member of the [[Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]. In 1925 he was one of the co-founders of the [[Polish Linguistic Society]]. | ||
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| + | His daughter, [[Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay Ehrenkreutz Jędrzejewiczowa]] was one of the founders of Polish school of ethnology and anthropology as well as a professor at the universities of [[University of Wilno|Wilno]] and Warsaw | ||
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| + | Outside of his scientific work, Baudouin de Courtenay was also a strong supporter of national revival of various national minorities and ethnic groups. In 1915 he was arrested by the [[Okhranka]], Russian [[secret service]], for publishing a brochure on autonomy of peoples under Russian rule. He spent 3 months in prison, but was released. In 1922, without his knowledge, he was proposed by the national minorities of Poland as a presidential candidate, but was defeated in the third round of voting in Polish parliament and eventually [[Gabriel Narutowicz]] was chosen. He died in Warsaw on November 3, 1929, and was buried at the Reformed Evangelical cemetery. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ==Major works== | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Quantity as a dimension of thought about language=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The origin and development of modern quantitative linguistics is associated with the structuralist revolution of the first decades of the 20th century, and particularly with J. N. Baudouin de Courtenay. This notion can be supported by the words of de Courtenay, who in fact did not apply mathematical methods himself, but who did, while conducting field studies, realize the virtues of a quantitative description of language and foresaw the advent of rigorous investigations into the laws of language in “Quantity as a Dimension of Thought about Language” . | ||
| + | |||
| + | Citing J. Rozwadowski’s concept of the quantitative rules of language development (Rozwadowski 1960), he presented his view on the emerging relationships between the realm of numbers and "…linguistic thought…." ( de Courtenay 1927, p. 549). | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | His concept principally involved the semantic, syntactic, and morphologic representation of the number, dimensions, and intensities of attributes, and thus does not touch upon the concept of statistical linguistics operating with frequencies or other expressly numerical features of language elements. Nonetheless, this scholar perceived analogies between the physical domain, defined by precise and formalised laws, and language. He realised that the contemporary level of linguistic and mathematical knowledge was inadequate for the formulation of exact linguistic laws. | ||
| + | |||
| + | "…..''I, personally, having considered the rigour and functional dependency of the laws of the world of physics and chemistry, would hesitate to call that a ‘law’ which I consider merely an exceptionally skilful generalisation applied to phenomena at large''….." (ibid. 547). | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | However, he anticipated such laws also being formulated for linguistic relationships in future: "... ''the time for genuine laws in the psycho-social realm in general, and first and foremost in the linguistic realm, is approaching: laws which can stand proudly beside those of the exact sciences, laws expressed in formulae of the absolute dependency of one quantity on another''….." (ibid. 560). | ||
| + | |||
His work had a major impact on 20th century linguistic theory, and it served as a foundation for several schools of phonology. He was an early champion of synchronic [[linguistics]], the study of contemporary spoken languages, and he had a strong impact on the [[structuralism|structuralist]] linguistic theory of [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[linguist]] [[Ferdinand de Saussure]]. Among the most notable of his achievements is the distinction between statics and dynamics of languages and between a [[language]], that is an abstract group of elements) and [[speech]] (its implementation by individuals). Together with his student [[Mikołaj Kruszewski]] he also coined the term of [[phoneme]]. | His work had a major impact on 20th century linguistic theory, and it served as a foundation for several schools of phonology. He was an early champion of synchronic [[linguistics]], the study of contemporary spoken languages, and he had a strong impact on the [[structuralism|structuralist]] linguistic theory of [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[linguist]] [[Ferdinand de Saussure]]. Among the most notable of his achievements is the distinction between statics and dynamics of languages and between a [[language]], that is an abstract group of elements) and [[speech]] (its implementation by individuals). Together with his student [[Mikołaj Kruszewski]] he also coined the term of [[phoneme]]. | ||
| − | Three major schools of 20th century [[phonology]] arose directly from his distinction between ''physiophonetic'' ([[phonology|phonological]]) and ''psychophonetic'' ([[morphophonology|morphophonological]]) alternations: the [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] School of Phonology, the [[Moscow]] School of Phonology, and the [[ | + | Three major schools of 20th century [[phonology]] arose directly from his distinction between ''physiophonetic'' ([[phonology|phonological]]) and ''psychophonetic'' ([[morphophonology|morphophonological]]) alternations: the [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] School of Phonology, the [[Moscow]] School of Phonology, and the [[Prague linguistic circle|Prague School]] of Phonology. All three schools developed different positions on the nature of Baudouin's alternational dichotomy. The Prague School was the best known outside of the field of [[slavic languages|Slavic]] linguistics. Throughout his life he published hundreds of scientific works in Polish, Russian, Czech, Slovenian, Italian, French and German. |
| + | |||
| + | ===Relationship and affinities between Slavonic languages and nations=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Jan Baudouin de Courtenay devoted much of his attention to the mutual relationships and affinities between East Slavonic languages and the specific characteristic features of each of them (Great Russian, Belarusian and Little Russian, i.e. Ukrainian). | ||
| + | |||
| + | In small villages in the Polish-Belarusian border areas, people were using both languages. Polish more often, others Belarusian. In any case, Belarusian seemed to prevail in these regions. In spite of this, small gentry tended to consider itself Polish, and not only on account of religion, for they were almost all Catholic, but also because of the traditions of Polish gentry. The Polish language used there was quite standard, though the local population were also speaking quite good „peasant” language, i.e. Belarusian. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | Taking into account the above observations, he wrote: “…..''Although the local villagers and parishioners tend to identify „Polishness” with „Catholicism”, „Germanness” with „Protestantism” and „Russianness” with „Greek Orthodoxy” ..., it does not require much effort, even on the part of the narrow minded and quite unenlightened, to understand that even a non-Catholic could be Polish, while Catholicism is not totally located within the confines of the Polish village…''.”( De Courtenay 1983). | ||
| + | |||
| + | Baudouin treated religion and creed as a personal and exceedingly intimate matter. “…..''What right has any ruffian from the street to rummage in my soul and to paw around for my religious affiliation? Hands off! And that goes also for my beliefs, for what I hold holy, for what I cherish in the depths of my spirit! [...] I personally treat any question about my religious affiliation as a personal insult, as humiliation, as an offence against human dignity''……”( De Courtenay 1923 ). | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | Baudouin de Courtenay, who strongly condemned the official imperial Russian policy of russification of Poles, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Lithuanians, could not accept either attempts to polonize Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania. "...''Panpolonism or ultra-Polishness have set before themselves the task of forcing all non-Poles who live among Poles or in, so called, ‘Polish’ lands, to recognize themselves as Poles or to retreat''...." ( ibid.). | ||
| + | |||
| + | For example, Ruthenians and Lithuanians are merely ‘ethnographic material’, merely mutum et turpe pecus, who may be granted the privilege of assimilation into ‘Polishness’. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | In consequence, Baudouin distinguished two types of patriotism: | ||
| − | + | "..….''1) The patriotism of hoodlums and international expropriators, that is nationalistic patriotism, with its slogan of ‘national egoism’, slogan of mutual extermination of bipeds differing in creed, language, traditions, convictions, a patriotism which transforms ‘fatherland’ into a prison for convicts, a cage for different species of wild beasts, into hell populated by madmen obsessed with nationalism..... 2) Territorial patriotism, under the banner of equal rights for all citizens, a common fatherland for all people of different creeds, different languages, different convictions, under the slogan of solidarity in the name of common work for the benefit of common fatherland, work in the sphere of material possessions and all the things which could be attained here on earth''……”( De Courtenay 1911). | |
| − | + | ==Legacy== | |
| − | + | He made a lasting contribution to phonology and foreshadowed the development of mathematical linguistics, pioneered scientific approach to contrastive and applied linguistics, inspired new theoretical and cognitive trends in lexicology, semantics, onomastics and anthroponymy, as well as in dialectology, sociolinguistics and logopedics. | |
| + | |||
| + | Jan Baudouin de Courtenay’s role in the struggle for a civic and open society, both in imperial Russia and later in the Republic of Poland, which had regained its independence, could be hardly overdramatized. It must be concluded that Jan Baudouin de Courtenay as a thinker, social activist and journalist was engaged both in the central dilemmas of his epoch and in mundane problems of everyday life. He strongly objected against any form of national exclusiveness and earned himself the reputation of a staunch spokesman for peaceful and brotherly coexistence, cooperation and development of all ethnic groups, nations and nationalities, and in particular Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Germans and Jews. And it is absolutely not a coincidence that in 1922 representatives of national minorities in the Polish parliament, after consulting each other, proposed him as their candidate for President of Poland. | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | *De Courtenay, J.N.B, Vessuch einer Theorie phonetischer Alternationen ; ein Kapital aus der Psychophonetic, Truebner, Strassburg 1895 | ||
| + | *De Courtenay J. N. B. W sprawie «antysemityzmu postepowego» [On so called „progressive antisemitism”]. Sklad Glówny w Ksiegarni G. Gebethnera i Spólki [The Main Warehouse of G. Gebethner and Company Bookstore], Kraków 1911, p. 43. | ||
| + | *De Courtenay J. B.N., Tolerancja. Równouprawnienie. Wolnomyslicielstwo. Wyznanie paszportowe, Biblioteka Stowarzyszenia Wolnomyslicieli Polskich [Tolerance. Equal rights. Freethinking. Passport creed, Library of the Association of Polish Freethinkers], no. 1, Warszawa 1923, p. 18. | ||
| + | *De Courtenay, J. N. B., Quantity as a dimension of thought about language, ( in: Symbolae gramaticae in honor J. Rozwadowski, Vol.I, Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagielloñskiego, Kraków 1927, pp. 3-18. | ||
| + | *De Courtenay, J. N. B., Dziela wybrane [Selected works], vol. VI, PWN, Warszawa 1983, 1990, p.221 | ||
| + | *De Courtenay, J.B.N., Sravnitel'naja grammatika slavjanskix jazykov v svjazi z drugimi indoevropejskimi jazykami, Sint-Petersburg 1902, and in: E. Stankiewicz (ed.) A Baudouin de Courtenay Anthology, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1972 , pp. 319-322. | ||
| + | *De Courtenay, J.B.N., A Baudouin de Courtenay anthology: The beginnings of structural linguistics, Stankiewicz, E. (ed.). Rev. by W. K. Percival. 43.233-37, 1977 | ||
| + | *Rozwadowski J. M., O pewnym prawie ilo¶ciowym rozwoju jêzyka [On a certain frequency law of language development]. In: Jan Micha³ Rozwadowski (1960), Wybór pism [Selected writings] vol.3. Warszawa: b.d., 96-105. | ||
{{Credit1|Jan_Niecisław_Baudouin_de_Courtenay|64263807|}} | {{Credit1|Jan_Niecisław_Baudouin_de_Courtenay|64263807|}} | ||
Revision as of 18:44, 16 September 2006
Jan Niecislaw Baudouin de Courtenay (March 13, 1845 - November 3, 1929) was a Polish linguist and slavist, best known for his theory of the phoneme and phonetic alternations. For most of his life he worked at Imperial Russian universities: Kazan (1874-1883), Yuryev (as Tartu, Estonia was then known) (1883-1893), Kraków (1893-1899) and St. Petersburg (1900-1918)), In 1919-1929 he was a professor at the re-established Warsaw University in a once again independent Poland.
Biography
He was born March 13, 1845, in Radzymin, near Warsaw, to a family of distant French extraction. One of his ancestors had been a French aristocrat who migrated to Poland during the reign of Polish King August II the Strong. In 1862 Baudouin entered the "Main School," a predecessor of Warsaw University. In 1866 he graduated from its historical and philological faculty and won a scholarship of the Russian Imperial Ministry of Education. Leaving Poland, he studied at various foreign universities, including those of Prague, Jena and Berlin. In 1870 he received a doctorate from the University of Leipzig for his Russian-language dissertation On the Old Polish Language Prior to the 14th Century.
Baudouin established the Kazan School of Linguistics in the mid-1870s and served as the professor at the Kazan university from 1875. He was the head of linguistics faculty at the University of Yuryev (now Tartu, Estonia) (1883-1893). Between 1894 and 1898 he served in the same post at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków only to be appointed to St. Petersburg, where he continued to refine his theory of phonetic alternations. After Poland regained her independence in 1918 he returned to Warsaw, where he formed the core of the linguistics faculty of the Warsaw University. Since 1887 he had a permanent seat in the Polish Academy of Skills and since 1897 he was a member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1925 he was one of the co-founders of the Polish Linguistic Society.
His daughter, Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay Ehrenkreutz Jędrzejewiczowa was one of the founders of Polish school of ethnology and anthropology as well as a professor at the universities of Wilno and Warsaw
Outside of his scientific work, Baudouin de Courtenay was also a strong supporter of national revival of various national minorities and ethnic groups. In 1915 he was arrested by the Okhranka, Russian secret service, for publishing a brochure on autonomy of peoples under Russian rule. He spent 3 months in prison, but was released. In 1922, without his knowledge, he was proposed by the national minorities of Poland as a presidential candidate, but was defeated in the third round of voting in Polish parliament and eventually Gabriel Narutowicz was chosen. He died in Warsaw on November 3, 1929, and was buried at the Reformed Evangelical cemetery.
Major works
Quantity as a dimension of thought about language
The origin and development of modern quantitative linguistics is associated with the structuralist revolution of the first decades of the 20th century, and particularly with J. N. Baudouin de Courtenay. This notion can be supported by the words of de Courtenay, who in fact did not apply mathematical methods himself, but who did, while conducting field studies, realize the virtues of a quantitative description of language and foresaw the advent of rigorous investigations into the laws of language in “Quantity as a Dimension of Thought about Language” .
Citing J. Rozwadowski’s concept of the quantitative rules of language development (Rozwadowski 1960), he presented his view on the emerging relationships between the realm of numbers and "…linguistic thought…." ( de Courtenay 1927, p. 549).
His concept principally involved the semantic, syntactic, and morphologic representation of the number, dimensions, and intensities of attributes, and thus does not touch upon the concept of statistical linguistics operating with frequencies or other expressly numerical features of language elements. Nonetheless, this scholar perceived analogies between the physical domain, defined by precise and formalised laws, and language. He realised that the contemporary level of linguistic and mathematical knowledge was inadequate for the formulation of exact linguistic laws.
"…..I, personally, having considered the rigour and functional dependency of the laws of the world of physics and chemistry, would hesitate to call that a ‘law’ which I consider merely an exceptionally skilful generalisation applied to phenomena at large….." (ibid. 547).
However, he anticipated such laws also being formulated for linguistic relationships in future: "... the time for genuine laws in the psycho-social realm in general, and first and foremost in the linguistic realm, is approaching: laws which can stand proudly beside those of the exact sciences, laws expressed in formulae of the absolute dependency of one quantity on another….." (ibid. 560).
His work had a major impact on 20th century linguistic theory, and it served as a foundation for several schools of phonology. He was an early champion of synchronic linguistics, the study of contemporary spoken languages, and he had a strong impact on the structuralist linguistic theory of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. Among the most notable of his achievements is the distinction between statics and dynamics of languages and between a language, that is an abstract group of elements) and speech (its implementation by individuals). Together with his student Mikołaj Kruszewski he also coined the term of phoneme.
Three major schools of 20th century phonology arose directly from his distinction between physiophonetic (phonological) and psychophonetic (morphophonological) alternations: the Leningrad School of Phonology, the Moscow School of Phonology, and the Prague School of Phonology. All three schools developed different positions on the nature of Baudouin's alternational dichotomy. The Prague School was the best known outside of the field of Slavic linguistics. Throughout his life he published hundreds of scientific works in Polish, Russian, Czech, Slovenian, Italian, French and German.
Relationship and affinities between Slavonic languages and nations
Jan Baudouin de Courtenay devoted much of his attention to the mutual relationships and affinities between East Slavonic languages and the specific characteristic features of each of them (Great Russian, Belarusian and Little Russian, i.e. Ukrainian).
In small villages in the Polish-Belarusian border areas, people were using both languages. Polish more often, others Belarusian. In any case, Belarusian seemed to prevail in these regions. In spite of this, small gentry tended to consider itself Polish, and not only on account of religion, for they were almost all Catholic, but also because of the traditions of Polish gentry. The Polish language used there was quite standard, though the local population were also speaking quite good „peasant” language, i.e. Belarusian.
Taking into account the above observations, he wrote: “…..Although the local villagers and parishioners tend to identify „Polishness” with „Catholicism”, „Germanness” with „Protestantism” and „Russianness” with „Greek Orthodoxy” ..., it does not require much effort, even on the part of the narrow minded and quite unenlightened, to understand that even a non-Catholic could be Polish, while Catholicism is not totally located within the confines of the Polish village….”( De Courtenay 1983).
Baudouin treated religion and creed as a personal and exceedingly intimate matter. “…..What right has any ruffian from the street to rummage in my soul and to paw around for my religious affiliation? Hands off! And that goes also for my beliefs, for what I hold holy, for what I cherish in the depths of my spirit! [...] I personally treat any question about my religious affiliation as a personal insult, as humiliation, as an offence against human dignity……”( De Courtenay 1923 ).
Baudouin de Courtenay, who strongly condemned the official imperial Russian policy of russification of Poles, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Lithuanians, could not accept either attempts to polonize Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania. "...Panpolonism or ultra-Polishness have set before themselves the task of forcing all non-Poles who live among Poles or in, so called, ‘Polish’ lands, to recognize themselves as Poles or to retreat...." ( ibid.).
For example, Ruthenians and Lithuanians are merely ‘ethnographic material’, merely mutum et turpe pecus, who may be granted the privilege of assimilation into ‘Polishness’.
In consequence, Baudouin distinguished two types of patriotism:
"..….1) The patriotism of hoodlums and international expropriators, that is nationalistic patriotism, with its slogan of ‘national egoism’, slogan of mutual extermination of bipeds differing in creed, language, traditions, convictions, a patriotism which transforms ‘fatherland’ into a prison for convicts, a cage for different species of wild beasts, into hell populated by madmen obsessed with nationalism..... 2) Territorial patriotism, under the banner of equal rights for all citizens, a common fatherland for all people of different creeds, different languages, different convictions, under the slogan of solidarity in the name of common work for the benefit of common fatherland, work in the sphere of material possessions and all the things which could be attained here on earth……”( De Courtenay 1911).
Legacy
He made a lasting contribution to phonology and foreshadowed the development of mathematical linguistics, pioneered scientific approach to contrastive and applied linguistics, inspired new theoretical and cognitive trends in lexicology, semantics, onomastics and anthroponymy, as well as in dialectology, sociolinguistics and logopedics.
Jan Baudouin de Courtenay’s role in the struggle for a civic and open society, both in imperial Russia and later in the Republic of Poland, which had regained its independence, could be hardly overdramatized. It must be concluded that Jan Baudouin de Courtenay as a thinker, social activist and journalist was engaged both in the central dilemmas of his epoch and in mundane problems of everyday life. He strongly objected against any form of national exclusiveness and earned himself the reputation of a staunch spokesman for peaceful and brotherly coexistence, cooperation and development of all ethnic groups, nations and nationalities, and in particular Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Germans and Jews. And it is absolutely not a coincidence that in 1922 representatives of national minorities in the Polish parliament, after consulting each other, proposed him as their candidate for President of Poland.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- De Courtenay, J.N.B, Vessuch einer Theorie phonetischer Alternationen ; ein Kapital aus der Psychophonetic, Truebner, Strassburg 1895
- De Courtenay J. N. B. W sprawie «antysemityzmu postepowego» [On so called „progressive antisemitism”]. Sklad Glówny w Ksiegarni G. Gebethnera i Spólki [The Main Warehouse of G. Gebethner and Company Bookstore], Kraków 1911, p. 43.
- De Courtenay J. B.N., Tolerancja. Równouprawnienie. Wolnomyslicielstwo. Wyznanie paszportowe, Biblioteka Stowarzyszenia Wolnomyslicieli Polskich [Tolerance. Equal rights. Freethinking. Passport creed, Library of the Association of Polish Freethinkers], no. 1, Warszawa 1923, p. 18.
- De Courtenay, J. N. B., Quantity as a dimension of thought about language, ( in: Symbolae gramaticae in honor J. Rozwadowski, Vol.I, Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagielloñskiego, Kraków 1927, pp. 3-18.
- De Courtenay, J. N. B., Dziela wybrane [Selected works], vol. VI, PWN, Warszawa 1983, 1990, p.221
- De Courtenay, J.B.N., Sravnitel'naja grammatika slavjanskix jazykov v svjazi z drugimi indoevropejskimi jazykami, Sint-Petersburg 1902, and in: E. Stankiewicz (ed.) A Baudouin de Courtenay Anthology, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1972 , pp. 319-322.
- De Courtenay, J.B.N., A Baudouin de Courtenay anthology: The beginnings of structural linguistics, Stankiewicz, E. (ed.). Rev. by W. K. Percival. 43.233-37, 1977
- Rozwadowski J. M., O pewnym prawie ilo¶ciowym rozwoju jêzyka [On a certain frequency law of language development]. In: Jan Micha³ Rozwadowski (1960), Wybór pism [Selected writings] vol.3. Warszawa: b.d., 96-105.
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