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| − | :''"ICBM" redirects here.''
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| − | [[Image:minuteman3launch.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A [[LGM-30 Minuteman|Minuteman III]] ICBM test launch from [[Vandenberg Air Force Base|Vandenberg AFB]], California, [[United States]].]]
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| − | An '''intercontinental ballistic missile''', or '''ICBM''', is a long-range (greater than 5,500 km or 3,500 miles) [[ballistic missile]] typically designed for [[nuclear weapons delivery]], that is, delivering one or more [[nuclear weapon|nuclear warheads]]. Due to their great range and firepower, in an all-out [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], [[SLBM|submarine]] and land-based ICBMs would carry most of the destructive force, with nuclear-armed [[bomber]]s the remainder.
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| − | ICBMs are differentiated by having greater range and speed than other [[ballistic missile]]s: [[intermediate-range ballistic missile]]s (IRBMs), [[medium-range ballistic missile]]s (MRBMs), [[short-range ballistic missile]]s (SRBMs), and the newly-named [[theatre ballistic missile]]s. Categorizing missiles by range is necessarily subjective and the boundaries are chosen somewhat arbitrarily.
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| − | == History ==
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| − | ===World War II===
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| − | The development of the first two-staged ICBM, [[Aggregate series#A9|A9/10]], intended for use in bombing [[New York]] and other American cities, was undertaken in [[Nazi Germany]] by the team of [[Wernher von Braun]] under ''Projekt Amerika.'' The ICBM A9/A10 rocket initially was intended to be guided by [[radio]], but was changed to be a piloted craft after the failure of [[Operation Elster]]. The second stage of the A9/A10 rocket was tested a few times in January and February 1945. The progenitor of the A9/A10 was the German [[V-2 rocket]], also designed by von Braun and widely used at the end of [[World War II]] to bomb British and Belgian cities. All of these rockets used liquid propellants. Following the war, von Braun and other leading German scientists were secretly transferred to the United States to work directly for the U.S. Army through [[Operation Paperclip]], developing the [[IRBM]]s, ICBMs, and [[launch vehicle|launchers]].
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| − | ===Cold War===
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| − | In 1953, the USSR initiated, under the direction of the [[reactive propulsion]] [[engineer]] [[Sergey Korolyov]], a program to develop an ICBM. Korolyov had constructed the [[R-1 (missile)|R-1]], a copy of the V-2 based on some captured materials, but later developed his own distinct design. This rocket, the [[R-7 rocket|R-7]], was successfully tested in August 1957 and, on October 4, 1957, placed the first artificial [[satellite]] in space, [[Sputnik]].
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| − | In the USA, competition between the U.S. armed services meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The U.S. initiated ICBM research in 1946 with the [[MX-774]]. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches in 1948, of an intermediate rocket, were ever conducted. In 1951, the U.S. began a new ICBM program called MX-774 and B-65 (later renamed Atlas). The U.S.'s first successful ICBM, the [[Atlas (missile)|Atlas A]], was launched on December 17, 1957, four months after the Soviet R-7 flight.
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| − | Military units with deployed ICBMs would first be fielded in 1959, in both the [[Soviet Union]] and the United States. The R7 and Atlas both required a large launch facility, making them vulnerable to attack, and could not be kept in a ready state.
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| − | These early ICBMs also formed the basis of many space launch systems. Examples include Atlas, [[Redstone rocket]], [[Titan (rocket family)|Titan]], [[R-7 rocket|R-7]], and [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]], which was derived from the earlier ICBMs but never deployed as an ICBM. The Eisenhower administration supported the development of solid-fueled missiles such as the [[LGM-30 Minuteman]], [[Polaris ballistic missile|Polaris]] and [[Skybolt]]. Modern ICBMs tend to be smaller than their ancestors, due to increased accuracy and smaller and lighter warheads, and use solid fuels, making them less useful as orbital launch vehicles.
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| − | Deployment of these systems was governed by the strategic theory of [[Mutually Assured Destruction]]. In the 1950s and 1960s, development began on [[Anti-ballistic missile|Anti-Ballistic Missile]] systems by both the U.S. and USSR; these systems were restricted by the 1972 [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty|ABM treaty]].
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| − | The 1972 [[SALT]] treaty froze the number of ICBM launchers of both the USA and the USSR at existing levels, and allowed new submarine-based [[SLBM]] launchers only if an equal number of land-based ICBM launchers were dismantled. Subsequent talks, called SALT II, were held from 1972 to 1979 and actually reduced the number of nuclear warheads held by the USA and USSR. SALT II was not ever ratified by the [[United States Senate]], but its terms were nevertheless honored by both sides until 1986, when the Reagan administration "withdrew" after accusing the USSR of violating the pact.
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| − | In the 1980s, President [[Ronald Reagan]] launched the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] as well as the [[LGM-118A Peacekeeper|MX]] and [[Midgetman]] ICBM programs.
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| − | ===Post-Cold War===
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| − | In 1991, the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] agreed in the [[START I]] treaty to reduce their deployed ICBMs and attributed warheads.
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| − | {{As of|2008}}, all five of the nations with permanent seats on the [[United Nations Security Council]] have operational ICBM systems: all have submarine-launched missiles, and [[Russia]], the [[United States]] and [[People's Republic of China|China]] also have land-based missiles. In addition, Russia and China have mobile land-based missiles.
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| − | [[India]] is reported to be developing a new variant of the [[Agni missile system|Agni missile]], called the [[Agni missile system#Agni-IV|Agni 4]], which is reported to have a strike range of 6,000 km.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_plans_6000-km_range_Agni-IV_missile/articleshow/2618413.cms India plans 6,000-km range Agni-IV missile]. ''Times of India''. Retrieved January 11, 2009.</ref> There have also been speculations that India is developing another class of ICBMs called the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program#Surya missile system|''Surya'']]. No credible sources however can confirm if the 'Surya' program actually exists.
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| − | It is speculated by some [[intelligence agencies]] that [[North Korea]] is developing an ICBM;<ref>[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/dprk/missile/td-2.htm Taep'o-dong 2 (TD-2) - North Korea]. ''fas.org''. Retrieved January 11, 2009.</ref> two tests of somewhat different developmental missiles in 1998 and 2006 were not fully successful.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/07/04/korea.missile/ U.S. officials: North Korea tests long-range missile] ''CNN.com''. Retrieved January 10, 2009.</ref>
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| − | Most countries in the early stages of developing ICBMs have used liquid propellants, with the known exceptions being the planned [[South African]] RSA-4 ICBM and the now in service Israeli [[Jericho_missile#Jericho_III|Jericho 3]].<ref>[http://www.astronautix.com/lvfam/jericho.htm Jericho.] astronautix.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.</ref>
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| − | == Flight phases ==
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| − | {{seealso|Missile Defense#Classified by trajectory phase|Depressed trajectory}}
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| − | The following flight phases can be distinguished:
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| − | * [[boost phase]] — 3 to 5 minutes (shorter for a [[solid rocket]] than for a [[Liquid rocket propellants|liquid-propellant rocket]]); altitude at the end of this phase is typically 150 to 400 km depending on the trajectory chosen, typical burnout speed is 7 km/s.
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| − | * midcourse phase — approx. 25 minutes — [[sub-orbital spaceflight]] in an [[elliptic orbit]]; the orbit is part of an [[ellipse]] with a vertical major axis; the [[apogee]] (halfway the midcourse phase) is at an altitude of approximately 1200 km; the [[semi-major axis]] is between 3,186 km and 6,372 km; the projection of the orbit on the Earth's surface is close to a [[great circle]], slightly displaced due to earth rotation during the time of flight; the missile may release several independent warheads, and [[penetration aids]] such as metallic-coated balloons, aluminum [[Chaff (radar countermeasure)|chaff]], and full-scale warhead [[decoy]]s.
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| − | * [[reentry]] phase (starting at an altitude of 100 km) — 2 minutes — impact is at a speed of up to 4 km/s (for early ICBMs less than 1 km/s); see also [[maneuverable reentry vehicle]].
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| − | == Modern ICBMs ==
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| − | [[Image:TridentMissileSystem.png|right|thumb|300px|External and cross sectional views of a Trident II D5 nuclear missile system. It is a submarine launched missile capable of carrying multiple nuclear warheads up to 8,000 km. Trident missiles are carried by fourteen active [[US Navy]] [[Ohio class]] [[submarines]] and four [[Royal Navy]] [[Vanguard class]] submarines.]]
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| − | Modern ICBMs typically carry [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]]s ''(MIRVs),'' each of which carries a separate [[nuclear weapon|nuclear]] warhead, allowing a single missile to hit multiple targets. MIRV was an outgrowth of the rapidly shrinking size and weight of modern warheads and the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties which imposed limitations on the number of launch vehicles ([[SALT I]] and [[SALT II]]). It has also proved to be an "easy answer" to proposed deployments of [[Anti-ballistic missile|ABM]] systems{{ndash}} it is far less expensive to add more warheads to an existing missile system than to build an ABM system capable of shooting down the additional warheads; hence, most ABM system proposals have been judged to be impractical. The first operational ABM systems were deployed in the 1970s, the U.S. Safeguard ABM facility was located in North Dakota and was operational from 1975–1976. The USSR deployed its Galosh ABM system around Moscow in the 1970s, which remains in service. Israel deployed a national ABM system based on the Arrow missile in 1998,<ref>[http://www.ishitech.co.il/1102ar1.htm Israeli Arrow ABM System is Operational as War Clouds Darken.] ''Israeli High-Tech and Investment Report,'' (November 2002) ''ishitech.co.il''. Retrieved January 11, 2009.</ref> but it is mainly designed to intercept shorter-ranged theater ballistic missiles, not ICBMs. The U.S. Alaska-based National Missile Defense system attained initial operational capability in 2004.
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| − | ICBMs can be deployed from multiple platforms:
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| − | * in [[missile silo]]s, which offer some protection from military attack (including, the designers hope, some protection from a nuclear [[first strike]])
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| − | * on [[submarine]]s: [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]]s (SLBMs); most or all SLBMs have the long range of ICBMs (as opposed to IRBMs)
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| − | * on heavy trucks; this applies to one version of the [[RT-2UTTH Topol M]] which may be deployed from a self-propelled [[Mobile launcher vehicle|mobile launcher]], capable of moving through roadless terrain, and launching a missile from any point along its route
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| − | * mobile launchers on rails; this applies, for example, to РТ-23УТТХ "Молодец" ([[RT-23 Molodets|RT-23UTTH "Molodets"]]—SS-24 "Sсаlреl")
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| − | The last three kinds are mobile and therefore hard to find.
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| − | During storage, one of the most important features of the missile is its serviceability. One of the key features of the first [[embedded system|computer-controlled]] ICBM, the [[Minuteman missile]], was that it could quickly and easily use its computer to test itself.
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| − | In flight, a booster pushes the warhead and then falls away. Most modern boosters are [[solid rocket|solid-fueled rocket motor]]s, which can be stored easily for long periods of time. Early missiles used [[liquid rocket|liquid-fueled rocket motor]]s. Many liquid-fueled ICBMs could not be kept fuelled all the time as the cryogenic liquid oxygen boiled off and caused ice formation, and therefore fueling the rocket was necessary before launch. This procedure was a source of significant operational delay, and might cause the rockets to be destroyed before they could be used. To resolve this problem the British invented the [[missile silo]] that protected the missile from a [[first strike]] and also hid fuelling operations underground.
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| − | Once the booster falls away, the warhead falls on an unpowered path much like an orbit, except that it hits the earth at some point. Moving in this way is stealthy. No rocket gases or other emissions occur to indicate the missile's position to defenders. Additionally, it is the fastest way to get from one part of the Earth to another. This increases the element of surprise by giving the enemy less time to try to intercept it. The high speed of a ballistic warhead (near 5 miles per second) also makes it difficult to intercept.
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| − | Many authorities say that missiles also release aluminized balloons, electronic noisemakers, and other items intended to confuse interception devices and radars (see [[penetration aid]]).
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| − | As the nuclear warhead reenters the earth's atmosphere its high speed causes friction with the air, leading to a dramatic rise in temperature which would destroy it if it were not shielded in some way. As a result, warhead components are contained within an [[aluminum]] honeycomb substructure, sheathed in [[pyrolytic graphite]]-[[epoxy resin]] composite, with a heat-shield layer on top which comprises of [[3-Dimensional Quartz Phenolic]].
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| − | Accuracy is crucial, because doubling the accuracy decreases the needed warhead energy by a factor of four. Accuracy is limited by the accuracy of the navigation system and the available geophysical information.
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| − | Strategic missile systems are thought to use custom [[integrated circuit]]s designed to calculate [[navigation]]al [[differential equation]]s thousands to millions of times per second in order to reduce navigational errors caused by calculation alone. These circuits are usually a network of binary addition circuits that continually recalculate the missile's position. The inputs to the navigation circuit are set by a general purpose computer according to a navigational input schedule loaded into the missile before launch.
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| − | One particular weapon developed by the Soviet Union ([[FOBS]]) had a partial [[orbit]]al trajectory, and unlike most ICBMs its target could not be deduced from its orbital flight path. It was decommissioned in compliance with arms control agreements, which address the maximum range of ICBMs and prohibit orbital or fractional-orbital weapons.
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| − | Low-flying guided [[cruise missile]]s are an alternative to [[ballistic missile]]s.
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| − | == Specific missiles ==
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| − | === Land-based ICBMs ===
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| − | [[Image:Peacekeeper-missile-testing.jpg|thumb|380px|right|Testing at the [[Kwajalein Atoll]] of the [[LGM-118A Peacekeeper|Peacekeeper]] re-entry vehicles, all eight fired from only one missile. Each line, were its warhead live, represents the potential explosive power of about 375 [[kiloton]]s of TNT.]]
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| − | The [[U.S. Air Force]] currently operates 450 ICBMs around three air force bases located primarily in the northern Rocky Mountain states and North Dakota. These are of the [[LGM-30 Minuteman]] III ICBM variant only. Peacekeeper missiles were phased out in 2005.<ref>[http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123011845 Peacekeeper missile mission ends during ceremony]. ''af.mil''. Retrieved January 11, 2009.</ref>
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| − | All USAF [[Minuteman II]] missiles have been destroyed in accordance with START, and their launch silos have been sealed or sold to the public. To comply with the [[START II]] most U.S. multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, or [[MIRV]]s, have been eliminated and replaced with single warhead missiles. However, since the abandonment of the START II treaty, the U.S. is said to be considering retaining 800 warheads on 450 missiles.
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| − | MIRVed land-based ICBMs are considered destabilizing because they tend to put a premium on [[first-strike|striking first]]. If we assume that each side has 100 missiles, with 5 warheads each, and further that each side has a 95 percent chance of neutralizing the opponent's missiles in their silos by firing 2 warheads at each silo, then the side that strikes first can reduce the enemy ICBM force from 100 missiles to about 5 by firing 40 missiles at the enemy silos and using the remaining 60 for other targets. This first-strike strategy increases the chance of a nuclear war, so the MIRV weapon system was banned under the [[START II]] agreement.
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| − | The United States Air Force awards two badges for performing duty in a nuclear missile silo. The [[Missile Badge]] is presented to enlisted and commissioned maintainers while the [[Space and Missile Badge|Space and Missile Pin]] is awarded to enlisted and commissioned operators.
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| − | === Sea-based ICBMs ===
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| − | [[Image:Trident II missile image.jpg|thumb|[[Trident missile]] launch at sea from a [[Royal Navy]] [[Vanguard class submarine|''Vanguard''- class]] [[ballistic missile submarine]].]]
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| − | *The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] currently has 14 [[Ohio class submarine|''Ohio''-class]] [[SSBN]]s deployed.<ref>There are a total of 18 ''Ohio''-class submarines in the US Navy inventory; however four of these submarines have been retrofitted to carry and fire cruise missiles, and are no longer considered ballistic missile subs.</ref> Each submarine is equipped with a complement of 24 Trident II missiles, for a total of 288 missiles equipped with 1152 nuclear warheads.
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| − | *The [[Russian Navy]] currently has 13 [[SSBN]]s deployed, including 6 [[Delta III class submarine]]s, 6 [[Delta IV class submarine]]s and 1 [[Typhoon class submarine]], for a total of 181 missiles equipped with 639 nuclear warheads. Missiles includes the [[R-29R]], [[R-29RM/Sineva]] and [[Bulava (missile)|Bulava]] SLBMs (deployed on the single Typhoon SSBN as a test bed for the next generation [[Borei class submarine]]s being built).
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| − | *The [[French Navy]] constantly maintains at least four active units, relying on two classes of nuclear-powered ballistic submarines ([[SSBN]]): the older [[Redoutable class submarine|''Redoutable'' class]], which are being progressively decommissioned, and the newer [[le Triomphant class submarine|''le Triomphant'' class]]. These carry 16 [[M45 SLBM|M45]] missiles with TN75 warheads, and are scheduled to be upgraded to [[M51 SLBM|M51]] nuclear missiles around 2010.
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| − | *The UK's [[Royal Navy]] has four [[Vanguard class submarine]]s, each armed with 16 Trident II SLBMs.
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| − | *[[China]]'s [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] (PLAN) has one [[Xia class submarine]] with 12 single-warhead JL-1 [[SLBM]]s. The PLAN has also launched at least two of the new [[Type 094 submarine|Type 094]] [[SSBN]] that will have 12 [[JL-2]] SLBMs (possibly [[MIRV]]) which are in development.
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| − | === Current and former U.S. ballistic missiles ===
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| − | * [[Atlas (missile)|Atlas]] (SM-65, CGM-16) former ICBM launched from silo, the rocket is now used for other purposes
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| − | * [[Titan I]] (SM-68, HGM-25A) Based in underground launch complexes.
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| − | * [[Titan II]] (SM-68B, LGM-25C) — former ICBM launched from silo, the rocket is now used for other purposes
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| − | * [[Minuteman (missile)|Minuteman I]] (SM-80, LGM-30A/B, HSM-80)
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| − | * [[Minuteman (missile)|Minuteman II]] (LGM-30F)
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| − | * [[LGM-30 Minuteman|Minuteman III]] (LGM-30G) — launched from silo — as of November, 2006, there are 500 Minuteman III missiles in active inventory
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| − | * [[LGM-118A Peacekeeper]] / MX (LGM-118A) — silo-based; decommissioned in May 2006
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| − | * [[Midgetman missile|Midgetman]] — has never been operational — launched from mobile launcher
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| − | * [[Polaris missile|Polaris]] A1, A2, A3 — (UGM-27/A/B/C) former SLBM
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| − | * [[Poseidon missile|Poseidon]] C3 — (UGM-73) former SLBM
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| − | * [[Trident missile|Trident]] — (UGM-93A/B) SLBM — Trident II (D5) was first deployed in 1990 and is planned to be deployed past 2020.
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| − | === Soviet/Russian===
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| − | Specific types of Soviet ICBMs include:
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| − | *[[MR-UR-100 Sotka]] / 15A15/ SS-17 Spanker
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| − | *[[R-7 Semyorka|R7]] Semyorka / 8K71 / SS-6 Sapwood
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| − | *[[R-9 Desna]] / SS-8 Sasin
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| − | *[[R-16]] SS-7 Saddler
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| − | *[[R-36 (missile)|R-36]] SS-9 Scarp
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| − | *[[R-36 (missile)|R-36M2]] Voevoda / SS-18 Satan
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| − | *[[RS-24]] is MIRV-equipped and thermonuclear. It has two tests since 2005.
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| − | *[[RT-23 Molodets]] / SS-24 Scalpel
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| − | *[[RT-2PM Topol]] / 15Zh58 / SS-25 Sickle
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| − | *[[RT-2UTTH Topol M|RT-2UTTKh]] Topol M / SS-27
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| − | *[[UR-100]] 8K84 / SS-11 Sego
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| − | *[[UR-100N]] 15A30 / SS-19 Stiletto
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| − | === People's Republic of China ===
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| − | Specific types of Chinese ICBMs called Dong Feng ("East Wind").
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| − | *[[DF-3]] — cancelled. Program name transferred to a [[MRBM]].
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| − | *[[DF-5]] [[CSS-4]] — silo based, 15,000+ km range.
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| − | *[[DF-6]] — cancelled
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| − | *[[DF-22]] — cancelled by 1995.
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| − | *[[DF-31]] [[CSS-9]] — silo and road mobile, 7,200+ km range.
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| − | *[[DF-31A]] [[CSS-9]] — silo and road mobile, 11,200+ km range.
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| − | *[[DF-41]] [[CSS-X-10]] — entering service soon
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| − |
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| − | === France ===
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| − | France only deploys submarine launched ICBMs, with all land based ones decommissioned
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| − | *[[M4 SLBM|M4]] — Decommissioned in 2003.
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| − | *[[M45 SLBM|M45]] — In service.
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| − | *[[M51 SLBM|M51.1]] — Expected to enter service in 2010.
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| − | *[[M51 SLBM|M51.2]] — Expected to enter service in 2015.
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| − | == Ballistic missile submarines ==
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| − | Specific types of [[ballistic missile]] [[submarine]]s include:
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| − | *[[George Washington class submarine|''George Washington'' class]] - {{flagicon|USA}}
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| − | *[[Ethan Allen class submarine|''Ethan Allen'' class]] - {{flagicon|USA}}
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| − | *[[Lafayette class submarine|''Lafayette'' class]] - {{flagicon|USA}}
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| − | *[[Benjamin Franklin class submarine|''Benjamin Franklin'' class]] - {{flagicon|USA}}
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| − | *[[Ohio class submarine|''Ohio'' class]] - {{flagicon|USA}}
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| − | *[[Resolution class submarine|''Resolution'' class]] - {{flagicon|UK}}
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| − | *[[Vanguard class submarine|''Vanguard'' class]] - {{flagicon|UK}}
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| − | *[[Borei class submarine|''Borei'' class]] - {{flagicon|Russia}}
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| − | *[[Typhoon class submarine|''Typhoon'' class]]- {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} {{flagicon|Russia}}
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| − | *[[Delta IV class submarine|''Delta IV'' class]] - {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
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| − | *[[Redoutable class submarine|''Redoutable'' class]] - {{flagicon|France}}
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| − | *[[Triomphant class submarine|''Triomphant'' class]] - {{flagicon|France}}
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| − | *[[Xia class submarine|Type 092 (''Xia'' class)]] - {{flagicon|China}}
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| − | *[[Type 094 submarine|Type 094 (''Jin'' class)]] - {{flagicon|China}}
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| − | *[[List of NATO reporting names for ballistic missile submarines|Additional Soviet/Russian ballistic missile submarines]]
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| − | ----
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| − | {{Missile types}}
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| − | {{Aviation lists}}
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| − |
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| − | == See also ==
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| − |
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| − | * [[Missile]]
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| − | * [[Nuclear weapon]]
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| − | * [[Submarine]]
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| − | * [[Weapons of mass destruction]]
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| − |
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| − | * [[SLBM]]
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| − | * [[Anti-ballistic missile]]
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| − | * [[Atmospheric reentry]]
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| − | * [[nuclear disarmament]]
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| − | * [[nuclear warfare]]
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| − |
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| − | == Notes ==
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| − | <references/>
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| − |
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Berhow, Mark, and Chris Taylor. 2005. ''US Strategic and Defensive Missile Systems 1950-2004.'' Oxford, UK: Osprey. ISBN 1841768383.
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| − | * Mann, Robert T. 2002. ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Cold War.'' Indianapolis, IN: Alpha. ISBN 0028642465.
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| − | * Stocker, Jeremy. 2004. ''Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence, 1942-2002.'' London, UK; New York, NY: Frank Cass. ISBN 0714656968.
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| − |
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | * [http://www.mda.mil/mdalink/bcmt/bm_char_1.htm Ballistic Missile Characteristics]. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
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| − | * [http://es.rice.edu/projects/Poli378/Nuclear/f04.stratg_invent.html Estimated Strategic Nuclear Weapons Inventories (September 2004)]. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
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| − | * [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/icbm/index.html Intercontinental Ballistic and Cruise Missiles]. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
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| − | * [http://www.RC135.com "A Tale of Two Airplanes"] by Ltc. Kingdon R. Hawes. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
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| − | [[Category:Physical sciences]]
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| − | [[Category:Military technology]]
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| − | [[Category:Weapon]]
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| − | {{credit|262036352}}
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