Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Frank Bunker Gilbreth (July 7, 1868 – June 14, 1924) was an American engineer, early advocate of scientific management and a pioneer of time and motion studies. Lillian Evelyn Moller Gilbreth, (May 24, 1878 – January 2, 1972) was one of the first working female engineers holding a Ph.D. A pioneer in ergonomics, she patented many kitchen appliances that made work in the kitchen much easier. The Gilbreths are considered the founders of modern industrial management, who sough to improve workers’ productivity and make their work easier.

Biography

Early life of Frank Gilbreth

Frank Gilbreth was born in Fairfield, Maine to John and Martha Bunker Gilbreth. His family had lived in New England for generations, and his father ran a local hardware business. After the death of his father in 1871, Frank's mother took her family first to Andover, Massachusetts, and then to Boston, in order to provide best education for her children. Gilbreth eventually graduated from English High School in Boston in 1885, and had passed an entrance exam to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but decided not to go to college.

Gilbreth started his career as a bricklayer’s apprentice. Through observation he learned about job by watching movements of senior workers. It was there that he first tried to find “the one best way” to complete a task. He quickly progressed on his job, becoming a foreman and eventually a superintendent.

In 1895, Gilbreth started his own contracting company. The motto of the company was "Speed Work," with the goal to eliminate all waste time and reduce the costs. As the bricklaying was gradually being replaced by the use of concrete, Gilbreth patented numerous innovations that helped in company’s business. For example, he invented a concrete mixer that sped up the process of making concrete. His firm was gradually able to significantly reduce the time for finishing its projects, becoming famous across the States. Its projects included dams, canals, factory buildings, and the entire town of Woodland, Maine. Gilbreth eventually expanded his business to England.

On October 19, 1904 Frank Gilbreth married Lillian Moller, with whom he shared common interest. The couple had 12 children, 11 of whom survived him.

Early life of Lillian Moller

Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972) in 1921

Lillian Evelyn Moller was born in Oakland, California oldest of nine children of William and Annie Delger Moller. After graduating from high school, she attended the University of California, Berkeley, graduating with a B.A. (1900) and M.A. (1902). Moller was the first woman in university's history to give a commencement speech in 1900. Her major was in modern languages and philosophy, and her goal was to teach English.

Moller completed her dissertation to obtain her Ph.D. from the University of California but did not receive the degree because she was not able to complete the residency requirements.

Moller married in 1904 to Frank Gilbreth.

The Gilbreths

The Gilbreths applied their management techniques in running of their large household. They created a Family Council, with a purchasing committee, a budget secretary, and a utility committee. Two of their children later wrote humorous accounts of their family life, Cheaper by the Dozen and Belles on Their Toes.

Under Lillian’s persuasion, Frank Gilbreth changed his career from construction to management. In 1908, Gilbreth published his first book, Field System.

After the marriage, Lillian Gilbreth had to handle several major responsibilities - her studies, her family, and their family business. She worked as a systems manager in her husband's consulting business and has helped her husband in his projects. In 1910, Gilbreths moved to Providence, Rhode Island, and Lillian Gilbreth decided to enter Brown University to continue her doctoral studies in psychology. She earned her Ph.D. in 1915; her dissertation entitled The Psychology of Management. It was the first degree granted in industrial psychology.

The Gilbreths started to apply their expertise – Lillian of psychology, and Frank of the expedience of motion – to find the link between psychology and management. The couple wrote numerous books and articles. In 1913, the Gilbreths started the Summer School of Scientific Management, where they taught about their method. The school was attended by academic and industry professionals from around the world.

In 1914 Frank Gilbreth went to Germany to visit industrial plants and establish new laboratories. He also spent time in teaching and consulting. At the beginning of the World War I, as the wounded soldiers started to arrive in hospitals, Gilbreth helped improve surgical procedures in hospitals and introduced motion-picture photography in the education of surgeons. He eventually became an expert in rehabilitation of injured. When the United States entered the war, Gilbreth enlisted and joined the Engineers Officers Reserve Corps. He however developed heart problems and his family moved to Nantucket, Massachusetts to facilitate his recovery.

On Gilbreth’s proposal, the first international management congress in history was held in Prague in 1924.

Frank Gilbreth died suddenly of heart failure at age 55 in Montclair, New Jersey.

On her own

After her husband’s death, Lillian Gilbreth moved her family to California and continued their family business. Numerous famous firms, such as Macy’s, Johnson & Johnson, Sears, and Dennison Co. hired her consulting company to train their employees. She also started a new school called Gilbreth Research Associates but closed it several years later.

She received 22 honorary degrees from schools such as Princeton University, Brown University and the University of Michigan. She was lecturing professor at Stanford, Harvard, Yale, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1935, she joined the Purdue University faculty as a professor of management, becoming the first woman professor in the engineering school.

During the World War II, she worked as a consultant at the Arma Plant in Brooklyn, New York, which handled Navy contracts. In 1948, she started teaching at the Newark College of Engineering in New Jersey. She also taught in Formosa from 1953 to 1954 and at the University of Wisconsin in 1955.

She received Hoover Medal from the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1966. She was a Fellow of the American Psychological Association. She was awarded the Gantt Gold Medal from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Management Association

Lillian Gilbreth died in Phoenix, Arizona on January 2, 1972.

Work

The Gilbreths were pioneers in the field of industrial engineering. Frank Gilbreth discovered his vocation when, as a young building contractor, he sought ways to make bricklaying (his first trade) faster and easier. This grew into collaboration with his eventual spouse, Lillian Moller, who studied the work habits of manufacturing and clerical employees in all sorts of industries to find ways to increase output and make their jobs easier. He and Lillian founded a management consulting firm, Gilbreth, Inc., focusing on such endeavors. Their Summer School of Scientific Management trained professionals to implement new ideas about management

Gilbreths were concerned with the mental and physical health of the workers. They analyzed complex machinery and invented new tools and methods to simplify their use. Their work led to a better understanding of the importance of the well-being of individual in business setting.

Gilbreths were able to reduce all motions of the hand into some combination of 17 basic motions. These included grasp, transport loaded, and hold. Frank Gilbreth named the motions therbligs, "Gilbreth" spelled backwards with the th transposed. He used a motion picture camera that was calibrated in fractions of minutes to time the smallest of motions in workers.

Work with physically challenged

During the World War I, Frank Gilbreth worked to improve treatment of injured soldiers. He first observed the motions of the injured soldiers, and then taught them new methods to manage their daily activities.

Gilbreth also helped improve surgical procedures in hospitals. He was the first to propose that a surgical nurse serve as "caddy" (Gilbreth's term) to a surgeon, by handing surgical instruments to the surgeon as called for. Gilbreth also devised the standard techniques used by armies around the world to teach recruits how to rapidly disassemble and reassemble their weapons even when blindfolded or in total darkness. These innovations have arguably helped save millions of lives.

Pioneer in ergonomics

After the death of her husband, Lillian Gilbreth turned her attention toward household work and increasing the efficiency of kitchen appliances. Working for General Electric, she interviewed over 4,000 women and collected data on simple household chores, such as collecting garbage or washing dishes. She then used those data to design the proper height for sinks, stoves and other kitchen appliances. She patented numerous appliances that made work in the kitchen easier. In her two works The Homemaker and Her Job (1927) and Living with Our Children (1928) she wrote that home needs to be happy place to live, where everyone would achieve fulfillment. Since wives and mothers need to be effective managers of their homes, Gilbreth tried to find optimal combination of things in a typical home to make their lives easier.

Relation to Taylorism

Although the Gilbreths' work is often associated with that of Frederick Winslow Taylor, there was a substantial philosophical difference between the Gilbreths and Taylor. The symbol of Taylorism was the stopwatch, and Taylorism was primarily concerned with reducing the time of processes. The Gilbreths sought to make processes more efficient by reducing the motions involved. They saw their approach as more concerned with workers' welfare than was Taylorism, which workers often perceived as primarily concerned with profit. This led to a personal rift between Taylor and the Gilbreths, which after Taylor's death turned into a feud between the Gilbreths and Taylor's followers. After Frank's death, Lillian Gilbreth took steps to heal the rift, although some friction remains over questions of history and intellectual property. [1]

Legacy

Gilbreths were, above all, scientists who sought to teach managers that all aspects of the workplace should be constantly questioned, and improvements constantly adopted. Their emphasis on the "one best way" and the therbligs predates the development of continuous quality improvement (CQI) (George 1968: 98), and the late 20th century understanding that repeated motions can lead to workers experiencing repetitive motion injuries.

Lillian Gilbreth is considered "The First Lady of Engineering" and was the first woman elected into the National Academy of Engineering. She was among the first theorists of industrial management to emphasize the importance of psychological variables in management.

In 1984, the United States Postal Service issued a stamp in her honor. She and husband Frank have a permanent exhibit in The Smithsonian National Museum of American History and her portrait hangs in the National Portrait Gallery.

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth often used their large family as a sort of an experiment. Their family exploits are lovingly detailed in the 1948 book Cheaper by the Dozen, written by his son Frank Jr. and daughter Ernestine. The book inspired two films of the same name.

Publications

• Gilbreth, Frank B. 1973 (original published 1912). Primer of scientific management. Hive Pub. Co. ISBN 0879600241
• Gilbreth, Frank B. 1974 (original published 1909). Bricklaying system. Hive management history series, no. 31. Hive Pub. Co. ISBN 0879600349
• Gilbreth, Frank B., & Gilbreth, Lillian M. 1973 (original published 1916). Fatigue study: the elimination of humanity's greatest unnecessary waste, a first step in motion study. Hive management history series, no. 29. Hive Pub. Co. ISBN 0879600284
• Gilbreth, Frank B., & Gilbreth, Lillian M. 1973 (original published 1917). Applied motion study; a collection of papers on the efficient method to industrial preparedness. Hive management history series, no. 28. Hive Pub. Co. ISBN 0879600292
• Gilbreth, Frank B., & Gilbreth, Lillian M. 1973 (original published 1920). Motion study for the handicapped. Hive Pub. Co. ISBN 087960025X
• Gilbreth, Lillian M. 1927. The home-maker and her job. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
• Gilbreth, Lillian M. 1928. Living with our children. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
• Gilbreth, Lillian M. 1973 (original published 1914). The psychology of management: The function of the mind in determining, teaching and installing methods of least waste. Hive Pub. Co. ISBN 0879600268

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Frank Gilbreth. Encyclopedia of World Biography, on <http://www.bookrags.com>. Retrieved on November 18, 2007, from <http://www.bookrags.com/biography/frank-gilbreth/>
• George, Claude S. 1968. The History of Management Thought. Prentice Hall.
• Gilbreth, Frank Jr., & Ernestine Gilbreth Carey. 1948. Cheaper by the Dozen. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. ISBN 006008460X
• Kelly, R. M., & Kelly, V. P. 1990. Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972). In A. N. O'Connell & N. F. Russo (Eds.), Women in psychology: A bio-bibliographic sourcebook (pp. 118-124). New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313260915
• Price, Brian. 1990. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and the Motion Study Controversy, 1907-1930. In Daniel Nelson (ed.), A Mental Revolution: Scientific Management since Taylor. The Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0814205674
• Sullivan, Sherry. 1995. Management's Unsung Theorist: An Examination of the Works of Lillian M. Gilbreth. Biography 18, 31-41.

External links

• Ergonomics – What is ergonomics?
• Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Web Site at the Purdue University website
• The Gilbreth Network – On Gilbreth’s work
• Lillian Gilbreth’s biography in National Women’s Hall of Fame
• Lillian Moler Gilbreth – On Lillian Gilbreth’s life and work
• Scientific Management of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth – Article on productivity improvement

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