Morley, Edward
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[[Image:Edward-Morley-1887.jpg|right|thumb|200 px|Edward Morley (1887).]] | [[Image:Edward-Morley-1887.jpg|right|thumb|200 px|Edward Morley (1887).]] | ||
| − | '''Edward Williams Morley''' (January 29, 1838 - February 24 1923) was an [[United States|American]] [[scientist]] who, in collaboration with Albert Michelson, performed an experiment that led to | + | '''Edward Williams Morley''' (January 29, 1838 - February 24 1923) was an [[United States|American]] [[scientist]] who, in collaboration with Albert Michelson, performed an experiment that led to rejection of the theory that light is transmitted through a medium or ''ether''. The implications of the Michelson-Morley experiment have been widely discussed from the time its results were published in 1887 to the present day. Michelson was a seminary graduate as well as a scientist, and for a time was a Congregational Church minister. |
== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
| − | Morley was born in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the eldest son of Sardis Brewster Morley and Anna Clarissa Treat. | + | Morley was born in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the eldest son of Sardis Brewster Morley and Anna Clarissa Treat. He was schooled at home until he was almost 20, when his family moved to Williamstown, [[Massachusetts]], so that he and his three brothers could attend [[Williams College]], his father's alma mater. Morley graduated from Williams College with a bachelor of science in 1860, and the following year entered Andover Theological Seminary. He continued studying at Williams, earning a masters in 1863, and graduated from Andover in 1864. As the American [[Civil War]] had not yet ended, Morley traveled to Fort Monroe, [[Virginia]], where he was assigned duty on the Sanitary Commission, which took care of the medical needs of troops. |
===Teaching career=== | ===Teaching career=== | ||
| − | |||
| − | When he arrived at the college, the only equipment available in the college laboratory was an alcohol lamp and a Wollaston's logarithmic slide rule for calculating atomic weights, along with a few bottles and flasks. He was supplied some funding to upgrade the laboratory, and laboratory classes became mandatory for all chemistry students. Morley's duties also required him to teach all mathematics for the | + | After the Civil War, Morley taught at South Berkshire Academy in Marlboro, Massachusetts, and married Isabella Ashley Birdsall in 1868. Although a man of deep personal faith, he did not sermonize with enthusiasm. He remained an active supporter of the Congregational Church throughout his life, and was often asked to address congregations (Hamerla 2006, 4). At his father's prompting, he accepted a position as minister at a Congregational Church in Twinsburg, Ohio. In 1869, he became the Hurlbut Professor of Chemistry and Natural History at Western Reserve College in nearby Hudson, Ohio. |
| + | |||
| + | When he arrived at the college, the only equipment available in the college laboratory was an alcohol lamp and a Wollaston's logarithmic slide rule for calculating atomic weights, along with a few bottles and flasks. He was supplied some funding to upgrade the laboratory, and laboratory classes became mandatory for all chemistry students. Morley's duties also required him to teach all mathematics for the freshman year.<ref>Anonymous. 1900. ''Western Reserve University: reports of the president and faculties (1899-1900)''. Cleveland: Western Reserve University. 64-66.</ref> | ||
===Composition of the Atmosphere=== | ===Composition of the Atmosphere=== | ||
| − | Morley's first important experiments related to the conjecture by the astronomer Elias Loomis, who had also been a professor at Western Reserve, that cold spells are due to an exchange between the lower and upper atmosphere, rather than to cooler currents from colder regions of the | + | |
| + | Morley's first important experiments related to the conjecture by the astronomer Elias Loomis, who had also been a professor at Western Reserve, that cold spells are due to an exchange between the lower and upper atmosphere, rather than to cooler currents from colder regions of the Earth migrating to warmer regions. [[John Dalton]], father of the chemical atomic theory, had suggested that the percentage of oxygen in the lower atmosphere should be greater than in the upper atmosphere, since oxygen had a higher density than other atmospheric components such as nitrogen. Although this difference had not been detected, Morley believed that if Loomis's conjecture were true, the atmosphere in a cold spell would contain less oxygen than otherwise. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Morley refined some equipment originally developed by Regnault and Frankland, and was able to make more accurate determinations of the oxygen content. He found that during cold spells measured in Hudson, there was indeed a fluctuation in the oxygen content as predicted by Dalton. His equipment enabled him to make measurements with an error of less than one-hundredth of one percent. The results of his work were reported at a meeting of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in Saratoga Springs, in 1879.<ref>Summarized proceedings and a directory of members. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, August 1880.</ref> | ||
===The Michelson-Morley collaboration=== | ===The Michelson-Morley collaboration=== | ||
| + | |||
In 1882, Western Reserve was moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and Morley continued his teaching duties there. On the way back from a scientific meeting in Montreal, Morley and Alfred Michelson, who taught at Case, also in Cleveland, discussed collaborating on an experiment that Michelson had performed in the early 1880s to determine whether the speed of light was affected by the earth's movement through the hypothetical medium that was believed to transmit light waves. Michelson had set up an elaborate apparatus to test this hypothesis, but it was wanting in accuracy and the circumstances under which he performed the experiments were less than ideal. Their work was delayed when in 1885, Michelson suffered a mental breakdown and spent time in New York City recovering. In 1886, a fire at Case destroyed Michelson's laboratory facilities, and Morley offered his for the experiment. The two received funding to complete an improved apparatus, which was constructed by Morley, rather than outcontracted to a firm as Michelson had been in the habit of doing. In 1887 they succeeded in establishing results that showed no change in the speed of light, regardless of the direction in which it was measured relative to the earth's orbital motion. | In 1882, Western Reserve was moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and Morley continued his teaching duties there. On the way back from a scientific meeting in Montreal, Morley and Alfred Michelson, who taught at Case, also in Cleveland, discussed collaborating on an experiment that Michelson had performed in the early 1880s to determine whether the speed of light was affected by the earth's movement through the hypothetical medium that was believed to transmit light waves. Michelson had set up an elaborate apparatus to test this hypothesis, but it was wanting in accuracy and the circumstances under which he performed the experiments were less than ideal. Their work was delayed when in 1885, Michelson suffered a mental breakdown and spent time in New York City recovering. In 1886, a fire at Case destroyed Michelson's laboratory facilities, and Morley offered his for the experiment. The two received funding to complete an improved apparatus, which was constructed by Morley, rather than outcontracted to a firm as Michelson had been in the habit of doing. In 1887 they succeeded in establishing results that showed no change in the speed of light, regardless of the direction in which it was measured relative to the earth's orbital motion. | ||
Revision as of 01:50, 25 November 2007
<<This article is too short and needs to be fleshed out. One source is Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. It mentions that he attended Andover Theological Seminary and hoped to become a Congregational minister someday. When he was given the post of professor at Western Reserve College, he took it on condition that he could preach at the University chapel.>>
Edward Williams Morley (January 29, 1838 - February 24 1923) was an American scientist who, in collaboration with Albert Michelson, performed an experiment that led to rejection of the theory that light is transmitted through a medium or ether. The implications of the Michelson-Morley experiment have been widely discussed from the time its results were published in 1887 to the present day. Michelson was a seminary graduate as well as a scientist, and for a time was a Congregational Church minister.
Early life
Morley was born in Newark, New Jersey, the eldest son of Sardis Brewster Morley and Anna Clarissa Treat. He was schooled at home until he was almost 20, when his family moved to Williamstown, Massachusetts, so that he and his three brothers could attend Williams College, his father's alma mater. Morley graduated from Williams College with a bachelor of science in 1860, and the following year entered Andover Theological Seminary. He continued studying at Williams, earning a masters in 1863, and graduated from Andover in 1864. As the American Civil War had not yet ended, Morley traveled to Fort Monroe, Virginia, where he was assigned duty on the Sanitary Commission, which took care of the medical needs of troops.
Teaching career
After the Civil War, Morley taught at South Berkshire Academy in Marlboro, Massachusetts, and married Isabella Ashley Birdsall in 1868. Although a man of deep personal faith, he did not sermonize with enthusiasm. He remained an active supporter of the Congregational Church throughout his life, and was often asked to address congregations (Hamerla 2006, 4). At his father's prompting, he accepted a position as minister at a Congregational Church in Twinsburg, Ohio. In 1869, he became the Hurlbut Professor of Chemistry and Natural History at Western Reserve College in nearby Hudson, Ohio.
When he arrived at the college, the only equipment available in the college laboratory was an alcohol lamp and a Wollaston's logarithmic slide rule for calculating atomic weights, along with a few bottles and flasks. He was supplied some funding to upgrade the laboratory, and laboratory classes became mandatory for all chemistry students. Morley's duties also required him to teach all mathematics for the freshman year.[1]
Composition of the Atmosphere
Morley's first important experiments related to the conjecture by the astronomer Elias Loomis, who had also been a professor at Western Reserve, that cold spells are due to an exchange between the lower and upper atmosphere, rather than to cooler currents from colder regions of the Earth migrating to warmer regions. John Dalton, father of the chemical atomic theory, had suggested that the percentage of oxygen in the lower atmosphere should be greater than in the upper atmosphere, since oxygen had a higher density than other atmospheric components such as nitrogen. Although this difference had not been detected, Morley believed that if Loomis's conjecture were true, the atmosphere in a cold spell would contain less oxygen than otherwise.
Morley refined some equipment originally developed by Regnault and Frankland, and was able to make more accurate determinations of the oxygen content. He found that during cold spells measured in Hudson, there was indeed a fluctuation in the oxygen content as predicted by Dalton. His equipment enabled him to make measurements with an error of less than one-hundredth of one percent. The results of his work were reported at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Saratoga Springs, in 1879.[2]
The Michelson-Morley collaboration
In 1882, Western Reserve was moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and Morley continued his teaching duties there. On the way back from a scientific meeting in Montreal, Morley and Alfred Michelson, who taught at Case, also in Cleveland, discussed collaborating on an experiment that Michelson had performed in the early 1880s to determine whether the speed of light was affected by the earth's movement through the hypothetical medium that was believed to transmit light waves. Michelson had set up an elaborate apparatus to test this hypothesis, but it was wanting in accuracy and the circumstances under which he performed the experiments were less than ideal. Their work was delayed when in 1885, Michelson suffered a mental breakdown and spent time in New York City recovering. In 1886, a fire at Case destroyed Michelson's laboratory facilities, and Morley offered his for the experiment. The two received funding to complete an improved apparatus, which was constructed by Morley, rather than outcontracted to a firm as Michelson had been in the habit of doing. In 1887 they succeeded in establishing results that showed no change in the speed of light, regardless of the direction in which it was measured relative to the earth's orbital motion.
Around the same time, Morley worked with Michelson to study the feasibility of using the wavelength of sodium light as a standard of length.
Measuring Oxygen's atomic weight
During this period, Morley had developed a strong interest in Prout's hypothesis,<<<British scientist William Prout proposed early in the nineteenth century that all atoms consist of hydrogen atoms, since their weights are roughly multiples of the weight of the hydrogen atom.>>> that the atomic weights of the elements were simple integral multiples of that of Hydrogen. To test this hypothesis, Morley experimentally determined the quantity of hydrogen that combined with oxygen to form water through a new apparatus designed specifically for the purpose. He reported his results at the 1890 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the density of oxygen being 15.884 times that of hydrogen, and thus failing to meet the criteria of Prout's hypothesis by a small amount. This discrepancy was later resolved by positing that more than one form of oxygen existed, each having the same chemical properties but a different atomic weight, those atomic weights, howeer, being integral multiples of that of hydrogen, as Prout had suggested.
Morley also tested the laws of combining volumes of hydrogen and oxygen, and found that the ratio of one to the other in the formation of water was 2.0005. This result not being consistent with other determinations of the density of oxygen and hydrogen, Morley revised his experiments and reported a measure of 15.879 for the atomic weight of oxygen, and 2.00269 for the ratio of hydrogen gas to oxygen gas that combine to form water.
Later research
Morley continued to conduct research on the speed of light apart from Michelson, and found that light travels faster in the presence of a magnetic field. He was given a grant by the AAAS to continue his experiments. <<<Nature, v. 42. Sep. 25, 1890. New York: Macmillan and Co. 528-530.>>>
Morley collabroated with W.A. Rogers to determine the expansion of steel using the Michelson interferometer.
In 1904-1905 Morley collaborated with Dayton C. Miller to repeat the 1887 measurement of the ether drift. Results were the same as those achieved in the earlier experiment.
He retired from Western Reserve in 1906, from then on undertaking minor research from a laboratory in his home, where He performed chemical analyses of minerals. He was awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society, the Elliot Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute, and the Willard Gibbs Medal of the Chicago section of the American Chemical Society. His name was constantly in the literature because of the historic experiments he performed with Michelson, due to the rise in importance of the theory of relativity.
Morley died in West Hartford, Connecticut, on February 24,1923.
Legacy
While Morley accomplished important work on his own, including the determination of the atomic weight of oxygen and the development of laboaratory apparatus, he will ever be remembered for his work with Albert Michelson. It was his good fortune to live in the same city as Michelson, and to have the experimental background and the facility to build laboratory equipment that were required. Michelson was constantly pitching his idea to other scientists with the hope that one or another would understand its importance. Morley, perhaps out of Christian charity as much as because he had the expertise, was willing to lend a hand. He did not win the Nobel Prize as Michelson did, but Michelson's fame also rests with his collaboration with Morley.
If there is a lesson in this, it is that we do not live in a vacuum, and that by finding the right partner, it is often possible to accomplish what would otherwise be merely an intention or a hope.
See also
- Albert Abraham Michelson
- Light
- Optics
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Asimov, Isaac. 1982. Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. 2nd ed. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0385177712.
- Gillispie, Charles Coulston. 1981. Edward Morley. In Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0684101149.
- Hamerla, R. R. 2006. An American Scientist on the Research Frontier: Edward Morley, Community, and Radical Ideas in Nineteenth-Century Science. Archimedes (Dordrecht, Netherlands), v. 13. Dordrecht: Springer. 4. ISBN 1402040881.
- Thwing, Charles Franklin. 1933. Edward William Morley: Chemist, Invesigator, Teacher. In Friends of Men; Being a Second Series of Guides, Philosophers, and Friends. New York: Macmillan. 230-234. OCLC 697810.
External links
- Edward Williams Morley from the Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
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