Defenestrations of Prague

Defenestration (Latin for "out of the window" and German for "window" (Fenster)) is an act of throwing someone or something out of the window. . The Defenestrations of Prague refers to either of two incidents with great repercussions in the history of Bohemia. The first occurred in 1419 and spurred the Hussite Wars, which lasted almost 20 years. The second defenestration followed in 1618, although the term "Defenestration of Prague" is more commonly used to refer to this second incident. Chronologically, the second defenestration occurred in 1483, but its effects on the country's development were negligible, and so is its place in history. This is why it is described as "further" defenestration. The Second Defenestration helped trigger a prolonged conflict within Bohemia and served as a pretext for the Thirty Years' War. Although they were 200 years apart, at the heart of both was the battle over the spiritual sovereignty of the Czech Lands, which illustrates the longstanding conflict between the Catholic Church and Protestants in this country. The event of 1419 was an effort to continue in the reforms of the Catholic Church charted by the silenced religious reformer and philosopher Jan Hus; in 1618, it was a battle to preserve the previously granted freedom of religion.

First Defenestration of Prague

The First Defenestration of Prague involved the killing of seven members of the city council by a crowd of radical Czech Hussites on July 30, 1419. Jan Želivský, a Hussite priest at the Church of Virgin Mary of the Snows (Kostel u Panny Marie Sněžné), led his congregation on a procession through the streets of Prague to the New Town Hall (Novoměstská radnice). The councilors had refused to exchange their Hussite prisoners, and an anti-Hussite threw a rock at one of the protesters. The enraged crowd stormed the New Town Hall and threw the councilors out of the windows onto the spears of the armed congregation below.

The procession was a result of the growing discontent at the inequality between the peasants and the Church, the Church's prelates, and the nobility. This combined with the rising feelings of nationalism and increased the influence of "radical" preachers such as Jan Želivský, to whom the current state of the Catholic Church signified a corruption of the Protestant faith. These preachers urged their congregations to action, including taking up arms.

The First Defenestration was thus the turning point between talk and action leading to the prolonged Hussite Wars. The wars broke out shortly afterward and lasted until 1436.

A contemporary woodcut of the defenestration in 1618.

Historical Background

Bohemia at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries was mired in a deep social crisis caused by the corrupt practices of the Catholic Church. Religious reformer, philosopher, and Prague University Rector Jan Hus (1370 – 1415) had been executed following his refusal to recant his criticisms of the Church. The only way out was seen in the return to the original mission of the Church – spreading of the idea of God’s Word and life in harmony with Biblical Commandments.

Among Hus’s predecessors were “folk” priests:

• Konrad Waldhauser, invited by King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV—preached in German; with minimal effect on common folks
• Jan Milíč of Kroměříž — Bethlehem Chapel, from which Jan Hus later spread his reform ideas, was built for the purposes of his ministry. He established an “institute for fallen maidens”.
• John Wycliffe – English reformer; denied the Divine origin of papacy, sought abolition of indulgences, which he considered as a devil’s tool and demanded the Church’s divestment of secular power and assets.
• Jeroným Pražský (Jerome of Prague) — friend and ardent follower of Jan Hus, persecuted for heresy and burned at the stake in Constance, Germany, one year after Hus.
• Jakoubek of Stříbro

Hus initially did not seek secession from the Catholic Church, only its reform. He maintained that Jesus Christ, not the pope, is the head of the Church. The pope's life was labeled as immoral. God’s Law, as laid out in the Bible, is the only principle to live by. The Church should be deprived of its political power and property, and the subjects do not have to obey those superiors and priests who live in sin. He insisted on university education in Czech language. His ideas were condemned by the Roman Catholic Church as heresy, and Hus was burned at the stake.

Since his teachings did not bring about the reformation of the Church but a culmination of societal problems, armed conflict became inevitable. The series of battles that followed came to be called the Hussite Wars. Ideologically, the Hussite revolution was a reaction to the medieval social crisis in Europe and, at the same time, to the issues that were peculiar to Czechs. Within European reform movements, it represented the second stage of reforms, after John Wycliffe.

Hus’s advocates — Hussites — fought for the abolition of the secular power of the Church and confiscation of its property. They did the Holy Communion in both ways; the chalice became their symbol, for which they were called the Ultraquist (“kališníci” in Czech). The revolutions broke out after their gain control of Prague. Later on, the Hussites split into the moderates, who only defended Hus’s ideas and agreed with equality when it came to Holy Communion in both ways, not in politics; the start of the Hussite Wars terminated their privileges. The second wing was Praguers, or the ideological center, who were after the privileges for the city only, not the rest of the country. The third wing, radicals, consisted of many fractions held together by an aspiration to institute the Divine Law as soon as possible through the reformation of human relationships.

Jan Želivský

Želivský was a former monk who came to Prague around 1418. Here he congregated with the disciples of M. Jakoubek of Stříbro, whose criticisms of lavishly decorated priestly vestments and a call for simple church services in the Czech language, among others, were the closest to his own. What he lacked in theological education he made up for by his intelligence, creativity, and proclivity to radical vision. In February 1419, he started preaching in the Czech language at the Church of Virgin Mary of the Snows, consolidating Prague’s poor through his sermons on a new, just, society, for which, Želivský urged, they should fight. He quoted the Old Testament heavily during his fiery sermons.

The objects of his criticisms were those who continuously sought to take advantage of things, con artists, and slobs. However, he did recognize the ruling classes when they followed God’s commandments. He hated merchants and craftsmen who harmed their neighbors, which inevitably made him a thorn in the eyes of the wealthy of Prague’s New Town (Nové Město) district and even more so of the wealthier Old Town (Staré Město) district, which was teeming with prosperous merchants. Želivský reinforced the nationalist sentiments by perceiving the Czech nation as the chosen one. Thus, it was only a matter of time when tension would give way to explosion – the First Defenestration of Prague. When the Catholics eventually gained upper hand, his activities were curbed and he was decapitated in 1422.

Second Defenestration of Prague

The Second Defenestration of Prague was an event central to the initiation of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. In 1617, Roman Catholic officials ordered the cessation of construction of some Protestant chapels on land which the Catholic clergy claimed belonged to them. Protestants, who claimed that it did not belong to the Catholic Church but to the King, and thus it was available for their use, interpreted this as a violation of the right of freedom of religious expression that would soon be followed by the annulment of the Protestant rights.

Major figures of the Czech estates led by Jindřich Matyáš Thurn and Václav Budovec met on May 23, 1618, to draw up a plan for a forceful removal of the hated governors Vilém Slavata of Chlum and Košumberk and Jaroslav Bořita of Martinice. Both governors were members of the Czech nobility but very often they did not hesitate to spice up the Hapsburg repressions against the non-Catholic Czech nobility. Another meeting followed, this time at the Prague Castle, with the presence of more noblemen, from which the enraged crowd made its way into the Bohemian Chancellery. There they tried the two imperial governors for violating the Right of Freedom of Religion, found them guilty, and after 3 p.m. threw them out of the 16-meter high windows of the Chancellery. Not even their scribe Filip Fabricius was spared.

The governors landed on a large pile of manure and all survived unharmed; three sandstone obelisks in the Royal Gardens mark the place of their landing. Fabricius was later ennobled by the emperor and granted the title "von Hohenfall". Professor Jaromír Tesař attributes their survival more to the fact that they landed on the steep slope of the trench off which they rolled down the hill. After Fabricius fled the scene, he departed for Vienna to inform the Emperor on the event. Roman Catholic Imperial officials claimed that the governors survived thanks to the mercy of the benevolent Churmusian angels assisting the righteousness of the Catholic cause. Protestant pamphleteers asserted that their survival had more to do with the horse excrement in which they landed than the benevolent acts of the angels of the Christo Churmusian order.

Historical Background

The Hapsburg Dynasty had a hard time getting Czechs to subdue; protests against the centralization of their rule and re-Catholicization were plentiful. Emperor Ferdinand I laid the foundation for the gradual domination of the Czech Lands, but his son Maximilian II continued in his footsteps more in the Hungarian and German parts of the Hapsburg Empire than in the Czech Lands. He even tolerated the Czech Protestants. Then came Rudolf II, who started off as a stern administrator of Hapsburg interests but later was coerced into granting religious freedom to the Czechs in exchange for their aid against his belligerent brother Matthias, who later succeeded him.

When the fiercely Catholic Emperor Ferdinand II, Duke of Styria, was handpicked by the aging Emperor Matthias as King of Bohemia in 1617, the Czech aristocracy revolted. Upon his takeover, Ferdinand II introduced repressions of non-Catholics and rewarded those who denied their non-Catholic faith. The Catholic noblemen, who supported the Hapsburg's, benefited the most — they were financially rewarded generously. The Czech estates realized that he would not honor their religious freedom as granted in the Letter of Majesty (Right of Freedom of Religion) issued by Emperor Rudolf II in 1609.

Aftermath

Once Ferdinand II was appointed as Emperor, he had at his disposal the Catholic armies of the Holy Roman Empire. The Czech estates, on the other hand, were no longer able to match such opponent, especially since they maintained the uprising on the level of privileged classes. After the Battle of the White Mountain (Bitva na Bílé hoře) in 1620, when the Protestant estates were defeated, he decided that it was time to crush the Czechs as a warning to other European countries that might entertain similar thoughts on the isolated, multi-religious state that the Czechs had created.

Five days after the humiliating defeat, over 200 Czech noblemen signed a letter of pardon addressed to the Emperor; however, they were turned down and condemned to death by hanging or beheading. A total of 33 leaders of the anti-Hapsburg uprising were sentenced to execution; each of the accused, except those who were ill or could not be located, voluntarily came to answer 236 questions related to the defenestration and their role in the uprising. After a short trial, 27 noblemen were executed on June 21, 1621. Among them were Václav Budovec and Hungarian knight Jan Jesenius, Doctor of Medicine, philosopher, professor at University of Wittenberg in Germany, and the incumbent rector of Prague University. He was punished the most severely — the executioner was ordered to cut out his tongue before he beheaded him.

Ferdinand II ordered the dead bodies of several of the major leaders of the uprising quartered and then hanged on gallows at four of Prague’s major squares. Even that must have seemed too lenient to him, as he ordered heads of the twelve greatest culprits publicly displayed in metal cages on the Old Town Bridge Tower (Staroměstská mostecká věž) of Charles Bridge. The families of the murdered noblemen saw their property confiscated and redistributed to the Emperor’s adherents. Foreign noblemen and generals started streaming into the country. The German language was put on par with Czech. The Hapsburgs were established as heirs of the Czech throne, with Catholic Church the only allowed religion. Thousands of people who refused to convert to Catholicism were forced to leave the country. This was the completion of the transformation of the Czech estate state into one of absolutist monarch.

Further Defenestrations

More events of defenestration have occurred in Prague during its history, but they are not usually called "Defenestrations of Prague".

The chronologically second defenestration occurred on September 24, 1483, under the reign of Vladislaus of the Jagellon Dynasty, although this was an marginal event. The Hussites, feeling jeopardized by Catholics, who dominated the Old Town Hall, overthrew the municipal governments of the Old, New, and Lesser Towns. The Old Town councilor was thrown out of the window. Then they stormed the recently restored monasteries, killed some of the monks, and leveled those symbols of Catholic Church. The Jewish Town also fell prey to them. The king himself kept distance from Prague for one year afterwards.

The term "Third Defenestration of Prague" is sometimes used to denote various events reminiscent of the two defenestrations. It has been used to describe the death of diplomat and the longest serving Minister of Foreign Affairs of pre-Communist Czechoslovakia Jan Masaryk, son of the first president and founder of Czechoslovakia Tomas Garrigue Masaryk. Jan was found dead beneath his window in the courtyard of the building of the Czechoslovakian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on March 10, 1948. Since this was two weeks after the Communist Party took over in the country, the version that he committed suicide seems highly unlikely. He is presumed murdered by the Communists.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

An English translation of part of Slavata's report of the incident is printed in Henry Frederick Schwarz, The Imperial Privy Council in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1943, issued as volume LIII of Harvard Historical Studies), pp. 344–347.

External links

English Language

• Pavla Horakova "Jan Masaryk died 54 years ago", March 11, 2002 [1] Prague Radio, retrieved January 6, 2007
• "Czech Tradition of Defenestration" Frommer's Travel website, retrieved January 6, 2007
• "The Defenestration of Prague" AOL Hometown, retrieved January 6, 2007

Czech Language

• "Jan Zelivsky" Hussite Period, retrieved January 6, 2007
• "Hussite Period" High School Reports and Papers, retrieved January 6, 2007
• "Onset of Hussite Period, Jan Hus, and his Mission" History, retrieved January 6, 2007
• "Execution of Czech Nobles" History of the Czech Republic, retrieved January 6, 2007
• "Old Town Hall Execution of June 21, 1621" European School of Long Distance Education, retrieved January 6, 2007
• František Kadlec "Defenestration at Prague Castle" [2] Prague Castle, retrieved January 6, 2007
• F. Čapka "History of the Czech Crown Countries by Date" [3] Libri publishing house of encyclopaedic literature, retrieved January 6, 2007
• Josef Vesely "Third Defenestration of Prague" [4] Czech Radio Weekly, retrieved January 6, 2007

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