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| − | {{Infobox Senator |name=Daniel Patrick Moynihan
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| − | |nationality=American
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| − | |image name=DanielPatrickMoynihan.jpg
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| − | |jr/sr=United States Senator
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| − | |state=[[New York]]
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| − | |party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
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| − | |term_start=January 3, 1977
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| − | |term_end=January 3, 2001
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| − | |preceded=[[James L. Buckley]]
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| − | |succeeded=[[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
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| − | |order2=12th<ref>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/12316.htm US ambassadors to the UN]</ref>
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| − | |ambassador_from2=United States
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| − | |country2= the United Nations
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| − | |term_start2 =1975
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| − | |term_end2 = 1976
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| − | |president2= [[Gerald R. Ford]]
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| − | |predecessor2 =[[John A. Scali]]
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| − | |successor2 = [[William Scranton|William W. Scranton]]
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| − | |date of birth={{birth date|1927|3|16|mf=y}}
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| − | |place of birth=[[Tulsa, Oklahoma]]
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| − | |dead=dead
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| − | |date of death={{death date and age|2003|03|26|1927|03|16}}
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| − | |place of death=[[Washington, DC]]
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| − | |spouse=Elizabeth Moynihan
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| − | |religion=[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
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| − | |alma_mater = [[Tufts University]] (BA, MA, Ph.D)<br/>[[London School of Economics]]
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| − | |branch=[[United States Navy]]
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| − | |serviceyears=1944-1947
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| − | }}
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| − | '''Daniel Patrick “Pat” Moynihan''' (March 16, 1927 – March 26, 2003) was an [[United States|American]] [[politics|politician]] and [[sociology|sociologist]]. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he was first elected to the [[United States Senate]] for [[New York]] in 1976, and was re-elected three times (in 1982, 1988, and 1994). He declined to run for re-election in 2000. Prior to his years in the Senate, Moynihan was the United States' ambassador to the [[United Nations]] and to [[India]], and was a member of four successive [[President of the United States|presidential]] administrations, beginning with the administration of [[John F. Kennedy]], and continuing through [[Gerald Ford]]'s government.
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| − | In addition to his government service, Moyihan was a distinguished scholar, and while working in the [[Department of Labor]] in the administration of President [[Lyndon Baines Johnson]], he authored "The Moynihan Report" as part of the administration's [[War on Poverty]]. Moynihan concluded that the breakdown in the structure of the "Negro Family" in inner city culture, which, due to problems of [[racism]] that were rooted in [[slavery]], marginalized the role of the father, was the source of much of the problem of [[juvenile delinquency]] and inner city [[crime]].
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| − | ==Early Life and Education==
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| − | Moynihan was born in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], and was brought by his family to [[New York City]] at the age of six. There he was brought up in a poor neighborhood, shined shoes for money, and attended various [[Public education|public]], private, and [[parochial school]]s before graduating from Benjamin Franklin High School in [[Harlem]]. He and his brother spent most of their childhood summers at his grandfather's farm in [[Bluffton, Indiana]]. After school, Moynihan worked as a [[longshoreman]] before entering [[City College of New York]], which at that time provided free [[higher education]]. After a year at CCNY, he then joined the [[U.S. Navy]], receiving [[V-12 Navy College Training Program|V-12]] officer training at [[Tufts University]], where he graduated with a BA. He served on active duty from 1944 to 1947, last serving as [[Gunnery officer]] of the [[USS Quirinus|USS ''Quirinus'']]. He received a [[masters degree|M.A.]], and [[Ph.D]] in sociology from the [[Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]] also at Tufts. Afterwards, he studied as a [[Fulbright fellow]] at the [[London School of Economics]]. He later received an Honorary Doctorate of Law from Tufts and has the distinction of being the only person to hold five degrees from Tufts.
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| − | ==Political career==
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| − | Moynihan was a member of [[Averell Harriman]]'s New York gubernatorial campaign in 1954 and thereafter served four years on the Governor's staff, in positions including acting secretary to the Governor. He was a [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] delegate at the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]].
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| − | ===Assistant Secretary of Labor; controversy over the War on Poverty===
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| − | Moynihan was an [[United States Department of Labor|Assistant Secretary of Labor]] for policy in the Kennedy Administration and in the early part of the [[Lyndon Johnson]] Administration. In that capacity, he did not have operational responsibilities, allowing him to devote all of his time to trying to formulate national policy for what would become the [[War on Poverty]]. He had a small staff including [[Paul Barton]], Ellen Broderick, and [[Ralph Nader]] (who at 29 years of age, hitchhiked to [[Washington, D.C.]] and got a job working for Moynihan in 1963).
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| − | They took inspiration from the book ''Slavery'' written by [[Stanley Elkins]]. Elkins essentially contended that [[slavery]] had made black Americans dependent on the dominant society, and that that dependence still existed a century later, supporting a view that the government must go beyond simply ensuring that members of minority races have the same rights as everyone else, and offering minority members benefits that others did not get on the grounds that those benefits were necessary to counteract that lingering effects of past actions.
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| − | Moynihan found data at the Labor Department that showed that even as fewer people were unemployed, more people were joining the [[Welfare (financial aid)|welfare]] rolls–these recipients were families with children, but only one parent (almost invariably the mother). The welfare laws at that time permitted such families to receive welfare payments in certain parts of the United States.
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| − | Moynihan's report<ref>[http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/webid-meynihan.htm Moynihan's War on Poverty report] Retrieved January 19, 2009.</ref>, entitled "The Negro Family: The Case for National Action," assessed the causes and of inner city culture that were undermining the black family and its consequences. Following Elkins, it assessed the root of the problem as slavery and the loss of the strong black male figure in African-American culture. It analyzed the problem of unemployment, particularly of the black male, for family formation and warned that the matriarchal culture of inner city blacks failed to meet the needs of black children.
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| − | The Moynihan Report was seen by people on the left as "blaming the victim,"<ref>''The National Review''; March 27, 2003</ref> a slogan coined by [[William Ryan (psychologist)|William Ryan]].<ref>See Blaming the Victim, William Ryan, Random House 1971</ref> He was also seen as propagating the views of racists,<ref>Graebner, William. The End of Liberalism: Narrating Welfare's Decline, from the Moynihan Report (1965) to the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (1996). Journal of Policy History - Volume 14, Number 2, 2002, pp. 170-190</ref> because much of the press coverage of his reports focused on the discussion of children who were born out of wedlock. Despite Moynihan's warnings, the main welfare program, [[Aid to Families with Dependent Children]], had the "Man out of the house rule." Critics said that the nation was paying poor women to throw their husbands out of the house. Moynihan supported [[Richard Nixon]]'s idea of a [[Guaranteed minimum income|Guaranteed Annual Income]] (GAI). Daniel Patrick Moynihan had significant discussions concerning a [[Basic Income Guarantee]] with [[Russell B. Long]] and [[Louis O. Kelso]].
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| − | After the 1994 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] sweep of Congress, Moynihan agreed that something had to be done about the welfare system possibly encouraging women to raise their children without fathers: "The Republicans are saying we have a helluva problem, and we do."<ref name="time1994">{{cite news |first=Richard|last=Lacayo|title= Down on the Downtrodden |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982006,00.html |publisher=''Time Magazine'' |date=December 19, 1994 |accessdate=January 19, 2009}}</ref>
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| − | ===Local New York City and academic career===
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| − | By the [[United States presidential election, 1964|1964 election]], Moynihan was politically supporting [[Robert F. Kennedy]]. For this reason he was not favored by then-President Johnson, and he left the Johnson Administration in 1965. He ran for but did not win the presidency of the [[New York City Council]]. He then became Director of the Joint Center for Urban Studies at [[Harvard University]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. In the face of the turmoil and [[riots]] in the United States he wrote that the next administration would have to be able to unite the nation again.
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| − | ===Nixon Administration===
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| − | Connecting with [[President-elect]] [[Richard Nixon]] in 1968, he joined Nixon's [[White House Staff]] as Counselor to the President for Urban Affairs. He was very influential at that time, as one of the few people in Nixon's inner circle who had done academic research related to social policies.
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| − | 1969, on Initiative of Nixon, [[NATO]] tried to establish a third civil column and establishing itself as a hub of research and initiatives in the civil region, dealing as well with environmental topics <ref name= "Hüne"/>. Moynihan<ref name= "Hüne"/> named [[Acid Rain]] and the [[Greenhouse effect]] as suitable international challenges to be dealt by NATO. NATO was chosen, since the organization had suitable expertise in the field and as well experience with international research coordination. The German government was skeptical and saw the initiative as an attempt to regain international terrain after the lost Vietnam War. The topics however gained momentum in civil conferences and institutions<ref name= "Hüne">Die Frühgeschichte der globalen Umweltkrise und die Formierung der deutschen Umweltpolitik(1950-1973) (Early history of the environmental crisis and the setup of German environmental policy 1950-1973), [[Kai F. Hünemörder]], Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004 ISBN 3515081887</ref>.
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| − | In 1970, he wrote a memo to President Nixon saying: "the issue of race could benefit from a period of '[[benign neglect]].' The subject has been too much talked about… We need a period in which [[Negro]] progress continues and racial rhetoric fades." He argued that Nixon's conservative tactics (meaning particularly the speeches of Vice-President Agnew) were playing into the hands of the radicals, but he regretted that he was misinterpreted as advocating that the government should neglect minorities.
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| − | ===U.N. Ambassador===
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| − | He later served as the [[United States Ambassador to India]] from 1973 to 1975, and as the [[United States Ambassadors to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative]] to the [[United Nations]], serving a rotation as President of the [[United Nations Security Council]] in 1976.
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| − | As ambassador, Moynihan took a very hardline [[anti-communism|anti-communist]] stance, in line with the agenda of the White House at the time. He was also consistently a strong supporter of [[Israel]].<ref>[http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0694/9406044.html Daniel Moynihan], WRMEA. Retrieved January 19, 2009.</ref>condemning the 1975 resolution that declared [[Zionism]] to be a form of [[racism]].<ref name="'70s 320">{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|coauthors= |year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0465041957|page= 320|pages= |url= }}</ref>
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| − | Perhaps the most controversial action of Moynihan's career was his response, as Ambassador to the UN, to the [[Indonesia]]n invasion of [[East Timor]] in 1975. The [[Gerald Ford|Ford]] Administration considered Indonesia, then under a military dictatorship, a key ally in the struggle against [[Communism|communist expansionism]]. Moynihan ensured that the [[UN Security Council]] took no action against this annexation of a small country by a larger one, which would involve massacres that killed over 200,000 Timorese. As he put it in his memoirs:
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| − | "The United States wished things to turn out as they did, and worked to bring this about. The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with no inconsiderable success."<ref>''A Dangerous Place'', Little Brown, 1980, p. 247</ref> Later, he admitted that he had defended a "shameless" [[Cold War]] policy toward East Timor.<ref>p. 153, ''Pandaemonium: Ethnicity in International Politics'', Oxford University Press 1993.</ref>
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| − | The above passage ("no inconsiderable success") is cited by [[Noam Chomsky]] in ''A New Generation Draws the Line'', as part of Chomsky's popular thesis that the United States was culpable in the Indonesian invasion, and subsequent massacres, an argument sustained by Moynihan's subsequent admission of moral failure.
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| − | Moynihan's thinking began to change during his tenure at the U.N. In his 1993 book on [[nationalism]], ''Pandaemonium'', he writes that as time progressed, he began to view the [[Soviet Union]] in less ideological terms, viewing it less as an expansionist, imperialist Marxist state, and more as a weak [[realist]] state in decline, not motivated by any strong ideology other than self-preservation. This view would influence his thinking in subsequent years, when he became an outspoken proponent of the then-unpopular view that the Soviet Union was a [[failed state]] headed for implosion.
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| − | Nevertheless, for the duration of his tenure as ambassador, Moynihan continued his hardline rhetoric, which he describes in ''Pandaemonium'' as extreme to the point where "I became something of an embarrassment to my own government, and fairly soon left before I was fired.''
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| − | ===Career in the Senate===
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| − | In 1976, Moynihan was elected to the U.S. Senate from the State of New York, defeating U.S. Representative [[Bella Abzug]], [[Ramsey Clark]], [[Paul O'Dwyer]] and [[Abraham Hirschfeld]] in the Democratic Primary, and [[Conservative Party of New York State|Conservative Party]] incumbent [[James L. Buckley]] in the general election. Shortly after election Moynihan ran a query on the State of New York's budget and whether it was paying out more in [[Federal spending and taxation across states|federal taxes than it received in spending]]. The further implications of this led to a yearly report known as the FISC. Moynihan's strong support for Israel while U.N. Ambassador may have increased support among the state's [[Jewish]] population.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/daniel-patrick-moynihan Daniel Patrick Moynihan], Oxford University Press Political Biography. Retrieved January 19, 2009.</ref>
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| − | While considered by many to be a liberal, Moynihan did break with the orthodox positions of his party on numerous occasions. As chairman of the [[Senate Finance Committee]] he strongly opposed President Clinton's proposal to expand health care coverage to all Americans. Seeking to focus the debate on health insurance and the financing of health care costs, Moynihan created controversy by stating that "there is no health care crisis in this country."
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| − | Moynihan continued to be interested in foreign policy as a Senator, sitting on the Select Committee on Intelligence. His strongly anti-Soviet views became far more moderate, as he emerged as a critic of the [[Reagan]] Administration's hawkish [[Cold War]] policies, such as support for the [[Contras]] in [[Nicaragua]]. Moynihan argued that there was no active Soviet-backed conspiracy in Latin America, or anywhere, instead suggesting that the U.S.S.R. was suffering from massive internal problems, such as rising ethnic nationalism and a collapsing economy. In a December 21, 1986 editorial in the ''[[New York Times]]'', Moynihan penned an editorial predicting the imminent collapse of the Soviet Union, and blasting the Reagan Administration's "consuming obsession with the expansion of Communism—which is not in fact going on."
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| − | In the mid-1990s, Moynihan was one of the Democrats to support the ban on the procedure known as [[partial-birth abortion]]. He said of the procedure: "I think this is just too close to [[infanticide]]. A child has been born and it has exited the [[uterus]]. What on Earth is this procedure?" Earlier in his career in the Senate, Moynihan had expressed his annoyance with the adamantly pro-choice interest groups petitioning him and others on the issue. He complained to them saying, "you women are ruining the Democratic Party with your insistence on [[abortion]]."<ref>Human Life Review, Summer 2003, page 13.</ref>
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| − | Moynihan was a political liberal. He voted against the [[death penalty]], the [[flag desecration amendment]],<ref>{{USBill|106|SJ|14}}, 106th Congress, 2nd Session, [http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=106&session=2&vote=00048#position Record Vote Number: 48] Retrieved January 19, 2009.</ref> the [[balanced budget amendment]], the [[Private Securities Litigation Reform Act]], the [[Defense of Marriage Act]], the [[Communications Decency Act]], and the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]]. He was critical of proposals to replace the progressive income tax with a [[flat tax]]. Moynihan surprised many in 1991 when he voted against authorization of the [[Gulf War]]. Despite his earlier writings on the negative effects of the welfare state, he surprised many people again by voting against [[welfare reform]] in 1996. He was sharply critical of the bill and certain [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] who crossed party lines to support it.
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| − | In 2003, Moynihan died at the age of 76 after complications suffered from an emergency [[appendectomy]] about a month earlier. He was survived by his wife of 39 years, [[Elizabeth Brennan Moynihan]], three grown children, Timothy Patrick Moynihan, Maura Russell Moynihan, and John McCloskey Moynihan, and two grandchildren, Michael Patrick and Zora Olea.
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| − | ==Commission on Government Secrecy==
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| − | {{main|Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy}}
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| − | In the Post–[[Cold War]] Era, the 103rd Congress enacted legislation directing an inquiry into the uses of government secrecy. Moynihan chaired the Commission. The Committee studied and made recommendations on the "culture of secrecy" that pervaded the United States government and its intelligence community for 80 years, beginning with the [[Espionage Act of 1917]], and made recommendations on the statutory regulation of classified information.
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| − | The Committee's findings and recommendations were presented to the President in 1997. As part of the effort, Moynihan secured release from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] of its classified [[Venona]] file. This file documents the FBI's joint [[counterintelligence]] investigation, with the United States [[Arlington Hall|Signals Intelligence Service]], into Soviet espionage within the United States. Much of the information had been collected and classified as secret information for over fifty years.
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| − | After release of the information, Moynihan authored ''Secrecy: The American Experience''<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0300080794 Secrecy: The American Experience] Retrieved January 19, 2009.</ref> in which he discussed the impact government secrecy has had on the domestic politics of America for the past half century, and how myths and suspicion created an unnecessary partisan chasm.
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| − | ==Career as scholar==
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| − | In addition to his career as a politician and diplomat, Moynihan worked as a [[sociologist]]. He was Director of the Joint Center for Urban Studies at [[Harvard University]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], as well as a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies at [[Wesleyan University]] from 1964 to 1967. During this time he continued to write about the problems of the poor in cities of the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]].
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| − | Moynihan coined the term "professionalization of reform" by which the government bureaucracy thinks up problems for government to solve rather than simply responding to problems identified elsewhere.<ref>''The Public Interest'', volume 1 Issue 1 1965</ref>
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| − | Soon after his 1971 return to Harvard, having served two years in the Nixon White House as Counselor to the President, he became a professor in the Department of Government. He was the 1983 recipient of the [[Hubert H. Humphrey]] Award given by the American Political Science Association "in recognition of notable public service by a political scientist." He authored 19 books, leading his personal friend, columnist and former professor [[George F. Will]], to remark that Dr. Moynihan "wrote more books than most senators have read." He also joined [[Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs]] as a [[public administration]] faculty after retiring from the Senate.
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| − | His scholarly accomplishments led Michael Barone, writing in the ''Almanac of American Politics'' to describe Moynihan as "the nation's best thinker among politicians since Lincoln and its best politician among thinkers since Jefferson."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Almanac of American Politics 2000 |last=Barone |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Barone |coauthors=Grant Ujifusa |year=1999 |publisher=National Journal |location=Washington D.C. |isbn=0-8129-3194-7 |pages=1090–1091 |quote=Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the nation's best thinker among politicians since Lincoln and its best politician among thinkers since Jefferson, now approaches the end of a long career in public office. }}</ref>
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| − | ===Selected books===
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| − | ''Beyond the Melting Pot'', an influential study of [[American (ethnicity)|American ethnicity]], which he co-authored with [[Nathan Glazer]] (1963)
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| − | *[[The Negro Family: The Case for National Action]] otherwise known as the Moynihan Report (1965)
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| − | *Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty (1969) ISBN 0029220009
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| − | *Violent Crimes (1970) ISBN 0807660531
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| − | *Coping: Essays on the Practice of Government (1973) ISBN 0394483243
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| − | *The Politics of a Guaranteed Income (1973)
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| − | *The Politics of a Guaranteed Income: The Nixon Administration and the Family Assistance Plan (1973) ISBN 0394463544.
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| − | *Business and Society in Change (1975) ISBN 0884390022
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| − | *A Dangerous Place (1978) ISBN 0316586994
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| − | *Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year, 1980 (1980) ISBN 1565545168
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| − | *Family and Nation: The Godkin Lectures (1986) ISBN 0156301407
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| − | *Came the Revolution (1988)
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| − | *On the Law of Nations (1990) ISBN 0674635760
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| − | *Pandaemonium: Ethnicity in International Politics (1994) ISBN 0198279469
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| − | *Miles to Go: A Personal History of Social Policy (1996) ISBN 0674574419
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| − | *Secrecy: The American Experience (1998) ISBN 0300080794
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| − | *Future of the Family (2003) ISBN 0871546280
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| − | ==Legacy==
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| − | Moynihan was among the most important public intellectuals of his era. Scholar and statesman, he eschewed the partisan battles of his day and defies easy classification. During his time as a [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] and U.S. Ambassador to the [[United Nations]], he took many positions that were controversial. However, his most enduring and probably most controversial position came during the [[Lyndon Baines Johnson|Johnson]] administration's [[War on Poverty]]. His assessment of the trends of the African-American family and its role in creating and perpetuating poverty were widely criticized as "blaming the victim," but are widely accepted today as a fundamental problem that has been addressed by black organizations such as The Fatherhood Initiative of Dr. Charles Ballard, and were the target of programs of the Department of Health and Human Services during the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] administration.
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| − | ===Honors===
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| − | *In 2004, [[Michael Bloomberg]], the Mayor of [[New York City]], announced plans to replace [[Penn Station (New York)|Penn Station]] as the city's railroad hub. Built a block away within the historic landmark [[James Farley Post Office]] building, the new station would be named for Moynihan.
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| − | *In 2005, the [[Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs]] renamed their Global Affairs Institute the [[Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs]].
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Benign neglect]]
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| − | *[[The Public Interest]]
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | This article draws from the book ''The Promised Land'' by [[Nicholas Lemann]], [[Bill Clinton]]'s statements when awarding Moynihan the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] in 2000, and statements by senators on the occasion of his death in 2003, as well as the sources noted below.
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | *Frum, David (2000). ''How We Got Here: The '70s''. New York, New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0465041957.
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| − | *Barone, Michael and Grant Ujifusa (1999). ''The Almanac of American Politics 2000''. Washington D.C.: National Journal, 1090–1091. ISBN 0-8129-3194-7.
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| − | *Hünemörder, Kai F. ''Franz Steiner''. Verlag, 2004 ISBN 3515081887
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | All links Retrieved January 19, 2009.
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| − | *[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/03/27/politics/printable546301.shtml AP obituary]
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| − | *[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001054 Senator Moynihan's congressional biography]
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| − | *[http://newpennstation.org/site MoynihanStation.org]
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| − | *[http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/index.html Moynihan Commission Report]
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| − | *[http://www.townhall.com/columnists/GeorgeWill/2003/03/27/pat_moynihan,_rip George Will Tribute Column]
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| − | *[http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/default.html Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs]
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| − | {{succession box |before=[[Kenneth Keating]] |after=[[William B. Saxbe]] |title=[[United States Ambassador to India]] |years=1973 – 1975}}
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| − | {{succession box|before=[[John A. Scali]]|title=[[United States Ambassadors to the United Nations|U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations]] |years=1975–1976|after=[[William Scranton|William W. Scranton]]}}
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| − | |after=[[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
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| − | |alongside=[[Jacob K. Javits]], [[Al D'Amato|Alfonse D'Amato]], [[Chuck Schumer|Charles Schumer]]}}
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| − | |title=Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Senate Environment and Public Works Committee]]
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| − | |title=Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Finance|Senate Finance Committee]]
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| − | |after=[[Bob Packwood|Robert W. Packwood]]<br/>Oregon
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