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| − | [[Image:Prus portrait 1897.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bolesław Prus. Jubilee portrait by Antoni Kamieński, 1897.]]
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| − | {{TOCleft}}'''Bolesław Prus''' (pronounced: [[Image:Ltspkr.png]][[Media:Prus.ogg|<nowiki>[bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]</nowiki>]]; [[Hrubieszów]], August 20, 1847 – May 19, 1912, [[Warsaw]]), born '''Aleksander Głowacki''', was a [[Poland|Polish]] [[journalist]] and [[novelist]] known especially for his novels, ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'' and ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]''.
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| − | An indelible mark was left on Prus by his experiences as a 15-year-old soldier in the [[January Uprising|1863 Uprising]], in which he suffered severe battle contusions, followed by [[imprison]]ment at [[Lublin]] by [[Tsarist Russia]]n [[authority|authorities]]. At age 25, in [[Warsaw]], he settled into a distinguished 40-year [[journalism|journalistic]] career that helped prepare his compatriots to be competitive in a modern world increasingly dominated by [[science]] and [[technology]], as technological achievement became synonymous with both prosperity and self-mastery in the modern age. As a sideline, in an effort to appeal to Poles through their [[aesthetics|aesthetic]] sensibilities, he began writing [[short story|short stories]].
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| − | Achieving success with the short stories, Prus decided to employ a broader canvas. Between 1886 and 1895, he completed four major [[novel]]s on great societal questions. Perennial favorites with his countrymen are ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'' (Lalka) and ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'' (Faraon). ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'' describes the romantic infatuation of a man of action who is frustrated by the backwardness of his society. ''[[Faraon|Pharaoh]]'', Prus' only [[historical novel]], is a study of [[political power]]; and while reflecting the [[Poland|Polish]] national experience of the previous century, it also offers a unique vision of [[ancient Egypt]] at the fall of its [[20th Dynasty]] and [[New Kingdom]].
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| − | ===Life===
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| − | [[Image:Lublin Castle 5 Lublin 28.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Lublin Castle]], where Prus was held after his capture in the [[January Uprising|January 1863 Uprising]].]]
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| − | A quarter-century after Bolesław Prus' death at age 64, writer and translator [[Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński]] observed: "Prus has no biography, he is one of the best-[[camouflage]]d of writers, for even his eyes are concealed, in portraits, by dark glasses." Today Prus' essential biography is still to be found in his [[nonfiction]] and [[fiction]] writings.<ref>Edward Pieścikowski, ''Bolesław Prus'', p. 5.</ref> Nevertheless, his life ''is'' marked by some prominent events.
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| − | [[Image:Warszawa Uniwersytet.png|thumb|right|150px|Main gate to [[Warsaw University]], on ''[[Krakowskie Przedmieście]]''.]]
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| − | Born ''Aleksander Głowacki'', Bolesław Prus fought in Poland's [[January Uprising|1863 Uprising]], the orphaned younger brother of an insurgent leader, Leon Głowacki. During the Uprising, Leon developed a mental illness that would end only with his death in 1907. On September 1, 1863, Prus, twelve days after his sixteenth birthday, suffered severe battle [[contusion]]s and was captured by [[Tsarist Russia]]n forces.<ref>Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, ''Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912'', pp. 45-46. The contusions may have caused his subsequent lifelong [[agoraphobia]]: Stanisław Fita, ed., ''Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie'', p. 113, note 7.</ref> Eventually released on account of his youth, in 1866 he completed [[high school]] and enrolled in science at [[Warsaw University]].
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| − | [[Image:Pulawy swiatynia sybilli.jpg|thumb|left|125px|[[Temple]] of the [[Sibyl]] at [[Puławy]], featured in Prus' "[[Mold of the Earth]]."]]
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| − | His studies were cut short by financial constraints and dissatisfaction with the educational experience. In 1869 he enrolled at the newly opened Agricultural and Forestry Institute in [[Puławy]], in which town he had spent part of his childhood; he was, however, soon expelled after a classroom confrontation with a Russian professor. Henceforth he studied on his own while supporting himself as a tutor, factory worker, and from 1872 on as a journalist. Journalism would become his school of writing.
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| − | In 1873 Prus delivered two public lectures whose subjects illustrate the breadth of his scientific interests: "On the Structure of the Universe," and "On Discoveries and Inventions."<ref>Edward Pieścikowski, ''Bolesław Prus'', p. 148.</ref>
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| − | As a newspaper [[columnist]], Prus commented on the achievements of scientists and scholars such as [[John Stuart Mill]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Alexander Bain]], [[Herbert Spencer]] and [[Henry Thomas Buckle]]<ref>[[Zygmunt Szweykowski]], ''Twórczość Bolesława Prusa'', pp. 18-23, 31-32, 293-94 and ''[[passim]]''.</ref>; urged Poles to study [[science]] and [[technology]] and to develop [[industry]] and [[commerce]]; encouraged the establishment of [[charitable]] institutions to benefit the underprivileged; described the [[fiction]] and [[nonfiction]] works of fellow [[writer]]s such as [[H.G. Wells]]<ref>[[Christopher Kasparek]], "A Futurological Note: Prus on H.G. Wells and the Year 2000," ''[[The Polish Review]]'', 2003, no. 1.</ref>; and extolled man-made and natural wonders such as the [[Wieliczka Salt Mine]]<ref>[[Christopher Kasparek]], "Prus' ''Pharaoh'' and the Wieliczka Salt Mine," ''[[The Polish Review]]'', 1997, no. 3.</ref>, [[Nałęczów]], and an 1887 [[solar eclipse]] that he witnessed at [[Mława]].<ref>[[Christopher Kasparek]], "Prus' ''Pharaoh'' and the Solar Eclipse," ''[[The Polish Review]]'', 1997, no. 4.</ref> His "Weekly Chronicles," spanning forty years (and since reprinted in twenty volumes), would help prepare the ground for the extraordinary [[20th-century]] blossoming of Polish [[Timeline of Polish science and technology|science]] and especially [[Polish School of Mathematics|mathematics]].
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| − | [[Image:Herbert Spencer.jpg|thumb|left|80px|[[Herbert Spencer]].]]
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| − | Of contemporaneous thinkers, the one who exerted the greatest influence on Prus and on other thinkers of the Polish "[[Positivism in Poland|Positivist]]" period (roughly 1864–90) was [[Herbert Spencer]], the British [[sociologist]] who coined the phrase, "[[survival of the fittest]]." Prus would call Spencer "the [[Aristotle]] of the 19th century" and would write: "I grew up under the influence of Spencerian [[evolution]]ary [[philosophy]] and heeded its counsels, not those of [[Idealism|Idealist]] or [[Auguste Comte|Comte]]an [philosophy]."<ref>[[Zygmunt Szweykowski]], ''Twórczość Bolesława Prusa'', pp. 21–22.</ref> Prus interpreted "survival of the fittest," in the [[societal]] sphere, as involving not only [[competition]] but also [[cooperation]]; and he adopted Spencer's [[metaphor]] of [[society]] as an [[organism]].
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| − | After Prus began writing regular weekly newspaper columns, his finances stabilized, permitting him on January 14, 1875, to marry a distant cousin on his mother's side, Oktawia Trembińska. The couple never had children of their own. A foster son, Emil Trembiński, the model for Rascal in chapter 48 of ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'', would in 1904 at age eighteen shoot himself dead on the doorstep of an unrequited love.<ref>Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, p. 604.</ref> Prus may have had a son in 1906 at age fifty-nine who would die in a [[Germany|German]] camp after the suppression of the 1944 [[Warsaw Uprising]].<ref>Gabriela Pauszer-Klonowska, ''Ostatnia miłość w życiu Bolesława Prusa''.</ref>
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| − | [[Image:Herb Prus.jpg|thumb|right|80px|[[Prus coat of arms|'''''Prus I''''']], Aleksander Głowacki's hereditary [[coat-of-arms]], from which he borrowed the [[pen-name]], "Bolesław '''Prus'''."]]
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| − | An exponent of a Polish version of [[Auguste Comte]]'s [[Positivism|Positivist]] [[philosophy]], Prus (although he was a talented writer at first best known for his [[humorist]] writing) early on thought little of his journalistic and literary productions. Hence at the inception of his journalistic career in 1872 at age 25 he had adopted the [[pen name]] "Prus" as "''[[Prus Coat of Arms|Prus I]]''" was his family [[coat-of-arms]].<ref>Edward Pieścikowski, ''Bolesław Prus'', p. 148.</ref>
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| − | In 1882 he assumed the editorship of a [[Warsaw]] daily, resolving to make it "an observatory of societal facts," an instrument for fostering the development of his country, which between 1772 and 1795 had been [[Partitions of Poland|partitioned out of political existence]] by three of its neighbors. After less than a year, however, ''Nowiny'' (News) folded and Prus resumed writing [[column (newspaper)|column]]s.
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| − | [[Image:Hippolyte taine.jpg|thumb|left|100px|[[Hippolyte Taine]].]]
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| − | In time he adopted the [[France|French]] [[sociological positivism|sociological positivist]] [[Hippolyte Taine]]'s concept of the [[art]]s, including [[literature]], as a second means, alongside the [[science]]s, of studying reality<ref>[[Zygmunt Szweykowski]], ''Twórczość Bolesława Prusa'', p. 109.</ref>; and as a sideline he turned his hand to [[short story|short stories]]. His stories, which met with great acclaim, owed much to the Polish novelist [[Józef Ignacy Kraszewski]] and, among foreign writers, to [[Charles Dickens]] and [[Samuel Clemens|Mark Twain]].<ref>[[Czesław Miłosz]], ''The History of Polish Literature'', p. 293.</ref> His fiction would also be influenced by [[Victor Hugo]], [[Gustave Flaubert]], [[Alphonse Daudet]] and [[Emile Zola|Émile Zola]].<ref>[[Zygmunt Szweykowski]], ''Twórczość Bolesława Prusa'', pp. 66, 84, 122 and ''[[passim]]''.</ref>
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| − | Eventually Prus would compose four major [[novel]]s on great questions of the day: ''[[The Outpost (novel)|The Outpost]]'' (1886) on the Polish [[peasant]]; ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'' (1889) on the [[aristocracy]] and [[townspeople]] and on [[Ideal (ethics)|idealist]]s struggling to bring about [[social reform]]s; ''[[The New Woman (novel)|The New Woman]]'' (1893) on [[feminism|feminist]] concerns; and his only [[historical novel]], ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'' (1895), on the mechanisms of [[political power]].
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| − | [[Image:Paris-HotelDeVille-PontNotreDame.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Due to his [[agoraphobia]], Prus could not cross the [[Seine River|Seine]] to [[Paris]]' [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]].]][[Image:StefanZeromski.jpg|thumb|left|100px|[[Stefan Żeromski]].]]
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| − | Having sold ''Pharaoh'' to a publisher, Prus on May 16, 1895, embarked on a four-month journey abroad. He visited [[Berlin]], [[Dresden]], [[Karlsbad]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Stuttgart]] and [[Rapperswil]]. At the latter [[Switzerland|Swiss]] town he nursed his [[agoraphobia]] and spent much time with his friends, the promising young writer [[Stefan Żeromski]] and his wife, who sought Prus' help for the [[Polish National Museum]] that was in Żeromski's charge.
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| − | The final stage of Prus' journey took him to [[Paris]], where he was prevented by his [[agoraphobia]] from crossing the [[Seine River]] to visit the city's southern [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]].<ref>Edward Pieścikowski, ''Bolesław Prus'', p. 157.</ref> He was nevertheless pleased to find that his descriptions of Paris in ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'' had been on the mark (he had based them mainly on French-language publications).<ref>Oral account by Prus' widow, Oktawia Głowacka, cited by Tadeusz Hiż, "''Godzina u pani Oktawii''" ("An Hour at Oktawia [Głowacka]'s"), in Stanisław Fita, ed., ''Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie'', p. 278.</ref> From Paris he hurried home to recuperate at [[Nałęczów]] from his journey, the first and last that he would make abroad.<ref>Edward Pieścikowski, ''Bolesław Prus'', pp. 157-58.</ref>
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| − | Thirteen years later, in 1908, Prus published in the Warsaw ''Illustrated Weekly'' (Tygodnik Ilustrowany) his novel, ''Children'' (Dzieci), describing the young [[revolution|revolutionaries]], [[terrorism|terrorist]]s and [[anarchism|anarchist]]s of the period. Three years later a final novel, ''Changes'' (Przemiany), was to have been a [[panorama]] of the society and of its vital concerns, not unlike ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]''; but barely the beginnings had been serialized in the ''Illustrated Weekly'' in 1911-12 when the novel's composition was cut short by Prus' death.<ref>Edward Pieścikowski, ''Bolesław Prus'', pp. 142-43, 165-67.</ref> Neither of the two late novels is regarded as part of the essential Prus [[canon]].
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| − | [[Image:Warsaw8zr.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[St. Alexander's Church]].]]
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| − | Prus' last novel to meet with popular acclaim was ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'', completed in 1895. ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'', depicting the demise of [[Egypt]]'s [[New Kingdom]] three thousand years earlier, had also reflected [[Poland]]'s loss of independence a century before in 1795: an independence whose post-[[World War I]] restoration Prus would not live to see. On May 19, 1912, at his [[Warsaw]] apartment on ''ulica Wilcza'' (Wolf Street), Prus' forty-year journalistic and literary career ended with his death.
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| − | The beloved [[agoraphobia|agoraphobic]] author was mourned by the nation that he had striven, as soldier, thinker and writer, to rescue from oblivion.<ref>Zbigniew Wróblewski, ''To samo ramię''.</ref> Thousands attended his May 22, 1912, [[funeral]] service at [[St. Alexander's Church]] on nearby [[Triple Cross Square]] (''Plac Trzech Krzyży'') and his interment at [[Powązki Cemetery]]. His tomb, designed by a relative, sculptor Stanisław Jackowski, bears the novelist's [[pen name]], ''Bolesław Prus'', and a slightly mawkish inscription borrowed from [[Gabriele d'Annunzio]]: "Heart of hearts" ("''Serce serc''").<ref>Edward Pieścikowski, ''Bolesław Prus'', pp. 140-41.</ref>
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| − | ===Legacy===
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| − | Half a century later, on December 3, 1961, a museum devoted to Prus was opened in the [[18th-century]] Małachowski Palace at [[Naleczow|Nałęczów]], near [[Lublin]]. It was at Nałęczów that Prus had vacationed for thirty years from 1882 until his death, and that he had met the young [[Stefan Żeromski|Żeromski]]; Prus had served as witness at Żeromski's 1892 wedding and had helped foster the younger man's writing career.
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| − | It has been observed that, while Prus espoused a [[Positivism|Positivist]] and [[Realism|Realist]] outlook, much in his fiction shows qualities compatible with pre-[[January Uprising|1863-Uprising]] [[Poland|Polish]] [[Romanticism|Romantic literature]]. Indeed, he held the Polish [[Romanticism|Romantic]] [[poet]] [[Adam Mickiewicz]] in high regard.<ref>[[Zygmunt Szweykowski]], ''Twórczość Bolesława Prusa'', pp. 111-12.</ref> Prus' novels in turn, especially ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'' and ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'', with their innovative [[writing|composition]] techniques, blazed the way for the [[20th-century]] [[Poland|Polish]] [[novel]].
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| − | [[Image:Joseph Conrad.jpg|thumb|left|75px|[[Joseph Conrad]].]]
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| − | ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'' was considered by [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate [[Czesław Miłosz]] to be the best Polish [[novel]].<ref>[[Czesław Miłosz]], ''The History of Polish Literature'', p. 296.</ref> ''[[The New Woman (novel)|The New Woman]]'' was pronounced by [[Joseph Conrad]] to be "better than [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]]" (a favorite author of Conrad's).<ref>[[Zdzisław Najder]], ''Conrad under Familial Eyes'', p. 215.</ref> ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'', a brilliant evocation of "the oldest civilization in the world," became [[Joseph Stalin]]'s favorite novel, prefiguring the fate of President [[John F. Kennedy]], and continues to point analogies to more recent times. <ref>[[Christopher Kasparek]], "Prus' ''Pharaoh'' and Curtin's Translation," ''[[The Polish Review]]'', 1986, nos. 2-3, p. 128.</ref>
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| − | ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'' and ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'', which made Prus a potential candidate for the [[Nobel Prize]] in literature, are available in good English versions.<ref>Bolesław Prus, ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'', translation by David Welsh, revised by Dariusz Tołczyk and Anna Zaranko, 1996; ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'', translated from the Polish by [[Christopher Kasparek]], 2nd ed., 2001.</ref> ''The Doll'' has been [[translation|translated]] into sixteen languages, and ''Pharaoh'' into twenty. In addition, ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'' has been [[film]]ed several times and been produced as a late-1970s [[television miniseries]], while ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'' was adapted into a 1966 [[feature film]].
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| − | In 1897-99 Prus [[serial]]ized in the Warsaw ''Daily Courier'' (Kurier Codzienny) a monograph on ''The Most General Life Ideals'' (Najogólniejsze ideały życiowe), which systematized [[ethics|ethical]] ideas that he had developed over his career regarding ''[[happiness]]'', ''[[utility]]'' and ''[[perfection]]'' in the lives of individuals and societies.<ref>[[Zygmunt Szweykowski]], ''Twórczość Bolesława Prusa'', pp. 295-97 and ''[[passim]]''.</ref> In it he returned to the [[society]]-[[organization|organizing]] (i.e. [[politics|political]]) interests that had been frustrated during his ''Nowiny'' editorship fifteen years earlier. A book edition appeared in 1901 (2nd, revised edition, 1905). This work, rooted in [[Jeremy Bentham]]'s [[Utilitarianism|Utilitarian philosophy]] and [[Herbert Spencer#General|Herbert Spencer]]'s view of [[society]]-as-[[organism]], retains interest especially for [[philosophy|philosophers]] and [[social science|social scientists]]. (A passage from the book may be seen ''[[Wikisource:The Most General Life Ideals|here]]'' on Wikisource.)
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| − | Another of Prus' learned projects remained incomplete at his death. He had sought over his writing career to develop a coherent [[theory]] of [[literature|literary]] composition. Intriguing extant notes from 1886-1912 were never put together into a finished book as intended.<ref>Stefan Melkowski, ''Poglądy estetyczne i działalność krytycznoliteracka Bolesława Prusa'', chap. III, pp. 84-146.</ref> Particularly provocative fragments describe Prus' [[combinatorial]] [[calculation]]s of the millions of potential "individual types" of human [[character structure|character]]s, given a stated number of "individual [[Trait theory|trait]]s."
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| − | ===Comparative literature===
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| − | [[Image:Abierce 1866.jpg|thumb|left|90px|[[Ambrose Bierce]].]]
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| − | [[Image:Boleslaw Prus.jpg|thumb|right|105px|Bolesław Prus.]]
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| − | There is a curious [[comparative literature|comparative-literature]] aspect to Prus' career, which shows striking parallels with that of his [[United States|American]] contemporary, [[Ambrose Bierce]] (1842-1914).<ref>[[Christopher Kasparek]], introduction to "Two [[Flash fiction|Micro-stories]] by Bolesław Prus," ''[[The Polish Review]]'', 1995, no. 1, p. 99.</ref> Each was born and reared in a [[rural]] area and had a "[[Poland|Polish]]" connection (Bierce grew up in [[Kosciusko County, Indiana|''Kosciusko'' County, Indiana]], and attended high school at the county seat, [[Warsaw, Indiana|''Warsaw'']]). Each became a [[war]] [[Casualty (person)|casualty]] with [[combat]] [[head trauma]]–Prus in 1863 in the Polish [[January Uprising|1863-64 Uprising]]; Bierce in 1864 in the [[American Civil War]].
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| − | Each, at the age of twenty-five, after false starts in other occupations, became [[journalist]]s for the next forty years; failed to sustain a career as [[editor-in-chief]]; attained celebrity as a [[short story|short-story]] writer; lost a son in tragic circumstances (Prus, a foster son; Bierce, both his sons); achieved superb [[humor]]ous effects by portraying human [[egoism]] (Prus especially in ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'', Bierce in ''[[The Devil's Dictionary]]''); was dogged from early adulthood by a [[health]] problem (Prus, [[agoraphobia]]; Bierce, [[asthma]]); and died within two years of the other (Prus in 1912; Bierce presumably in 1914). Prus, however, unlike Bierce, went on from [[short story|short stories]] to write [[novel]]s.
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| − | [[Image:Prus statue.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Statue of Bolesław Prus on [[Warsaw]]'s ''[[Krakowskie Przedmieście]]'', in a garden adjacent to [[Hotel Bristol]]. (The man is 5 feet, 11 inches tall.)]]
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| − | ===Chief novels===
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| − | * ''[[The Outpost (novel)|The Outpost]]'' (Placówka, 1886)
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| − | * ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'' (Lalka, 1889)
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| − | * ''[[The New Woman (novel)|The New Woman]]'' (Emancypantki, 1893)
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| − | * ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'' (Faraon, 1895)
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| − | ===Commemorations===
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| − | Ongoing interest in Prus and his works has produced commemorations spanning several generations.
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| − | [[Image:Image-Prus coin.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Poland|Polish]] 10-[[złoty]] coin with likeness of Prus. (The coin is actually ''silver''-colored.)]]
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| − | In his lifetime, educational and philanthropic organizations were named for him. In 1897, on his 50th birthday and in celebration of his 25 years as a journalist and writer, special [[newspaper]] issues marked the [[jubilee]], and a [[portrait]] was commissioned from Antoni Kamieński which succeeded to a remarkable degree in capturing Prus' wisdom, modesty and generosity.<ref>Edward Pieścikowski, ''Bolesław Prus'', pp. 94-95, 159 and ''[[passim]]''.</ref>
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| − | There is a statue of Prus in his town of birth, [[Hrubieszów]], near the present Polish-[[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] border.
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| − | ''Ulica Bolesława Prusa'' (Bolesław Prus Street) opens into the southeast corner of Warsaw's [[Triple Cross Square]], not far from the site of Prus' last apartment on ''ulica Wilcza''.
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| − | From 1975 to 1984, a 10-''[[złoty]]'' coin was minted, bearing a profile likeness of Prus.
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| − | In the late 1970s, a [[statue]] of Prus by Anna Kamińska-Łapińska, some twelve feet tall, on a minimal [[pedestal]], was erected on [[Warsaw]]'s ''[[Krakowskie Przedmieście]]''. It stands in a garden adjacent to the [[Hotel Bristol]], near the site of a newspaper for which Prus had written.<ref>Edward Pieścikowski, ''Bolesław Prus'', pp. 144-45.</ref>
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| − | ===Notes===
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| − | <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
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| − | <references />
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| − | </div>
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| − | ===References===<!-- This section is linked from [[H. G. Wells]] —>
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| − | * [[Czesław Miłosz]], ''The History of Polish Literature'', New York, Macmillan, 1969. OCLC 11586
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| − | * [[Zygmunt Szweykowski]], ''Twórczość Bolesława Prusa'' (The Art of Bolesław Prus), 2nd edition, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1972. OCLC 2583348
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| − | * Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, ''Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości'' (Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912: a Calendar of [His] Life and Work), edited by [[Zygmunt Szweykowski]], Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969. OCLC 63284302
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| − | * Gabriela Pauszer-Klonowska, ''Ostatnia miłość w życiu Bolesława Prusa'' (The Last Love in the Life of Bolesław Prus), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1962. OCLC 164376758
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| − | * Stanisław Fita, ed., ''Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie'' (Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1962. OCLC 3155821
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| − | * Stefan Melkowski, ''Poglądy estetyczne i działalność krytycznoliteracka Bolesława Prusa'' (Bolesław Prus' Esthetic Views and Literary-Critical Activity), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1963. OCLC 5281495
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| − |
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| − | * Zbigniew Wróblewski, ''To samo ramię'' (The Same Hand), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1984. ISBN 9788311071278
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| − | * Edward Pieścikowski, ''Bolesław Prus'', Dom Wydawniczy REBIS, 1998. ISBN 9788371204609
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| − | * [[Zdzisław Najder]], ''[[Joseph Conrad|Conrad]] under Familial Eyes'', Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780521025225
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| − | * [[Christopher Kasparek]], "Prus' ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'' and [[Jeremiah Curtin|Curtin]]'s Translation," ''[[The Polish Review]]'', 1986, nos. 2-3, pp. 127-35.
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| − | * [[Christopher Kasparek]], introduction to "Two [[microfiction|Micro-stories]] by Bolesław Prus," ''[[The Polish Review]]'', 1995, no. 1, pp. 99-103.
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| − | * [[Christopher Kasparek]], "Prus' ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'' and the [[Wieliczka Salt Mine]]," ''The Polish Review'', 1997, no. 3, pp. 349-55.
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| − | * [[Christopher Kasparek]], "Prus' ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'' and the Solar Eclipse," ''The Polish Review'', 1997, no. 4, pp. 471-78.
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| − | * [[Christopher Kasparek]], "A [[Futurology|Futurological]] Note: Prus on [[H.G. Wells]] and the Year 2000," ''[[The Polish Review]]'', 2003, no. 1, pp. 89-100. (In a January 1909 newspaper column, Prus discussed [[H.G. Wells]]' 1901 book, ''Anticipations'', including Wells' prediction that by the year 2000, following the defeat of [[Germany|German]] [[imperialism]] "on land and at sea," there would be a [[European Union]] that would reach eastward to include the [[western Slavs]]—the [[Poland|Poles]], [[Czech Republic|Czechs]] and [[Slovakia|Slovaks]]. The latter peoples, along with the [[Hungary|Hungarians]] and six other countries, did in fact join the [[European Union]] in 2004.)
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| − | * Bolesław Prus, ''[[The Doll (novel)|The Doll]]'', translation by David Welsh, revised by Dariusz Tołczyk and Anna Zaranko, introduction by [[Stanisław Barańczak]], Budapest, [[Central European University Press]], 1996. ISBN 9781858660653
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| − | * Bolesław Prus, ''[[Pharaoh (novel)|Pharaoh]]'', translated from the Polish by [[Christopher Kasparek]], Warsaw: Polonia Publ., 1991. ISBN 9788370210557
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| − | ===External links===
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| − | [[Image:B Prus.png|thumb|left|75px|Prus, by [[Stanisław Witkiewicz|Witkiewicz]].]]
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| − | {{wikisource author}}
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| − | {{Wikiquote}}
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| − | [[category:Biography]]
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| − | [[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
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| − | {{credits|Boleslaw_Prus|149186897}}
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