Difference between revisions of "Ammianus Marcellinus" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Ammianus Marcellinus''' ( | + | '''Ammianus Marcellinus''' (325/330-after 391) was a fourth-century [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] historian <ref name= Burton > Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy Volume VI, Robert Burton, John Bernard Bamborough, Oxford University Press, p.303 </ref><ref name= Buchanan> The History of Scotland, George Buchanan, James Aikman, 1827 Blackie, Fullarton, p.31 </ref>. His is the last major historical account of the late [[Roman empire]] which survives today: his work chronicled the history of Rome from 96 to 378, although only the sections covering the period 353 - 378 are extant. <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007199/Ammianus-Marcellinus Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Ammianus Marcellinus]</ref> |
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| − | He was born between | + | He was born between 325 and 330 to an educated family of [[Greeks|Greek]] descent<ref name=Shatzman>Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Classical World, Israel Shatzman, Michael Avi-Yonah, 1975 Harper and Row, p.37, ISBN 0060101784 </ref><ref name=Young >East and West Through Fifteen Centuries: Being a General History from B.C.E..E. 44 to A.D. 1453, George Frederick Young, 1916 Longmans, Green and Co, p.336 </ref><ref>University of California Publications in Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, 1943 University of California Press, p.3 </ref><ref name=Hobbes>Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes, Cambridge University Press, p. lxvii </ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007199/Ammianus-Marcellinus Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Ammianus Marcellinus]</ref>, probably at [[Antioch]] (the probability hinges on whether he was the recipient of a surviving letter to a Marcellinus from a contemporary, Libanius - Matthews 1989: 8). The date of his death is unknown, but he must have lived until 391, as he mentions [[Aurelius Victor]] as the city [[prefect]] for that year. The surviving books of his valuable history cover the years 353 to 378; the work is sometimes referred to by a Latin title as ''Res Gestae''. Ammianus served as a soldier in the army of [[Constantius II]] in Gaul and [[Persia]]. |
He was "a former soldier and a [[Greek people|Greek]]" ''ut miles quondam et graecus'' (Amm. 31.16.9) he tells us, and his enrollment among the elite ''protectores domestici'' (household guards) shows that he was of noble birth. He entered the army at an early age, when [[Constantius II]] was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under [[Ursicinus (Roman general)|Ursicinus]], governor of [[Nisibis]] in [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]], and ''magister militiae.'' | He was "a former soldier and a [[Greek people|Greek]]" ''ut miles quondam et graecus'' (Amm. 31.16.9) he tells us, and his enrollment among the elite ''protectores domestici'' (household guards) shows that he was of noble birth. He entered the army at an early age, when [[Constantius II]] was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under [[Ursicinus (Roman general)|Ursicinus]], governor of [[Nisibis]] in [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]], and ''magister militiae.'' | ||
| − | He returned to Italy with Ursicinus, when he was recalled by Constantius, and accompanied him on the expedition against [[Claudius Silvanus|Silvanus the Frank]], who had been forced by the allegedly unjust accusations of his enemies into proclaiming himself emperor in [[Gaul]]. With Ursicinus he went twice to the East, and barely escaped with his life from Amida (modern [[Diyarbakır]]), when it was taken by the Sassanid king [[Shapur II]]. | + | He returned to Italy with Ursicinus, when he was recalled by Constantius, and accompanied him on the expedition against [[Claudius Silvanus|Silvanus the Frank]], who had been forced by the allegedly unjust accusations of his enemies into proclaiming himself emperor in [[Gaul]]. With Ursicinus he went twice to the East, and barely escaped with his life from Amida (modern [[Diyarbakır]]), when it was taken by the Sassanid king [[Shapur II]]. When Ursicinus lost his office and the favour of Constantius, Ammianus seems to have shared his downfall; but under [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]], Constantius's successor, he regained his position. He accompanied this emperor, for whom he expresses enthusiastic admiration, in his campaigns against the [[Alamanni]] and the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanids]]; after the death of Julian, he took part in the retreat of [[Jovian]] as far as Antioch, where he was residing when the conspiracy of [[Theodorus]] (371) was discovered and cruelly put down. |
==Work== | ==Work== | ||
| − | Eventually he settled in Rome during the early eighties of the fourth century, where, in his fifties (calculating his age to be coeval to Julian, who was born in 331 - cf. Syme 1968: 216), he wrote (in Latin) a history of the Roman empire from the accession of [[Nerva]] (96) to the death of Valens at the [[Battle of Adrianople]] (378), thus forming a possible continuation of the work of [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]]. This history | + | Eventually he settled in Rome during the early eighties of the fourth century, where, in his fifties (calculating his age to be coeval to Julian, who was born in 331 - cf. Syme 1968: 216), he wrote (in Latin) a history of the Roman empire from the accession of [[Nerva]] (96) to the death of Valens at the [[Battle of Adrianople]] (378), thus forming a possible continuation of the work of [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]]. This history ''(Res Gestae Libri XXXI)'' was originally in thirty-one books, but the first thirteen are lost. (Barnes argues that the original was actually thirty-six books, meaning that nineteen books have been lost.) The surviving eighteen books cover the period from 353 to 378. As a whole it has been considered extremely valuable, being a clear, comprehensive and, according to Gibbon, impartial account of events by a contemporary. Recent studies have, however, shown the [[rhetoric]] power in his histories. Like many ancient historians, Ammianus had a strong political and religious agenda to pursue, and he contrasted [[Constantius II]] with [[Julian]] to the former's constant disadvantage. |
[[Edward Gibbon]] judged Ammianus as "an accurate and faithful guide, who composed the history of his own times without indulging the prejudices and passions which usually affect the mind of a contemporary" (Gibbon 26.5). Ammianus was a [[paganism|pagan]], and some have said that he marginalises [[Christianity]] repeatedly in his account. Some maintain that his style is harsh, often pompous and extremely obscure, occasionally even journalistic in tone, due the author's foreign origin and his military life and training. On the other hand, some authors admire him as writer. Ernst Stein goes as far as praising Ammianus as "the greatest literary genius that the world produced between Tacitus and Dante".<ref> E. Stein, Geschichte des spätrömischen Reiches, Vienna 1928 </ref> | [[Edward Gibbon]] judged Ammianus as "an accurate and faithful guide, who composed the history of his own times without indulging the prejudices and passions which usually affect the mind of a contemporary" (Gibbon 26.5). Ammianus was a [[paganism|pagan]], and some have said that he marginalises [[Christianity]] repeatedly in his account. Some maintain that his style is harsh, often pompous and extremely obscure, occasionally even journalistic in tone, due the author's foreign origin and his military life and training. On the other hand, some authors admire him as writer. Ernst Stein goes as far as praising Ammianus as "the greatest literary genius that the world produced between Tacitus and Dante".<ref> E. Stein, Geschichte des spätrömischen Reiches, Vienna 1928 </ref> | ||
| − | Further, the work being intended for public recitation, some rhetorical embellishment was necessary, even at the cost of simplicity. It is a striking fact that Ammianus, though a professional soldier, gives excellent pictures of social and economic problems, and in his attitude to the non-Roman peoples of the empire he is far more broad-minded than writers like [[Livy]] and Tacitus; his digressions on the various countries he had visited are particularly interesting. | + | Further, the work being intended for public recitation, some rhetorical embellishment was necessary, even at the cost of simplicity. It is a striking fact that Ammianus, though a professional soldier, gives excellent pictures of social and economic problems, and in his attitude to the non-Roman peoples of the empire he is far more broad-minded than writers like [[Livy]] and Tacitus; his digressions on the various countries he had visited are particularly interesting. |
In his description of the Empire —the exhaustion produced by excessive taxation, the financial ruin of the middle classes, the progressive decline in the morale of the army— we find an explanation for [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack of Rome]] by the [[Visigoths]] only twenty years after his death. | In his description of the Empire —the exhaustion produced by excessive taxation, the financial ruin of the middle classes, the progressive decline in the morale of the army— we find an explanation for [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack of Rome]] by the [[Visigoths]] only twenty years after his death. | ||
| − | Ammianus' work contains a detailed description of the [[365 Crete earthquake|365 | + | Ammianus' work contains a detailed description of the [[365 Crete earthquake|365 C.E. Alexandria tsunami]] which devastated the metropolis and the shores of the eastern Mediterranean on 21 July of that year. His report describes accurately the characteristic sequence of earthquake, retreat of the sea and sudden giant wave.<ref>Kelly, Gavin (2004): “Ammianus and the Great Tsunami,” in: ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', Bd. 94, S. 141-167 (141)</ref> |
| − | His work, the ''Res Gestae'', has suffered terribly from the manuscript transmission. Aside from the loss of the first thirteen books, the remaining eighteen are in many places corrupt and lacunose. The sole surviving manuscript from which almost every other is derived is a ninth-century Carolingian text, ''V'', produced in Fulda from an insular exemplar. The only independent textual source for Ammianus lies in ''M'', another ninth-century Frankish codex which was, unfortunately, unbound and placed in other codices during the fifteenth century. Only six leaves of ''M'' survive; however, the printed edition of Gelenius | + | His work, the ''Res Gestae'', has suffered terribly from the manuscript transmission. Aside from the loss of the first thirteen books, the remaining eighteen are in many places corrupt and lacunose. The sole surviving manuscript from which almost every other is derived is a ninth-century Carolingian text, ''V'', produced in Fulda from an insular exemplar. The only independent textual source for Ammianus lies in ''M'', another ninth-century Frankish codex which was, unfortunately, unbound and placed in other codices during the fifteenth century. Only six leaves of ''M'' survive; however, the printed edition of Gelenius ''(G)'' is considered to be based on ''M'', making it an important witness to the textual tradition of the ''Res Gestae.'' See Clark, ''Text Tradition.'' |
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
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Revision as of 05:25, 9 May 2008
Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330-after 391) was a fourth-century Roman historian [1][2]. His is the last major historical account of the late Roman empire which survives today: his work chronicled the history of Rome from 96 to 378, although only the sections covering the period 353 - 378 are extant. [3]
Biography
He was born between 325 and 330 to an educated family of Greek descent[4][5][6][7][8], probably at Antioch (the probability hinges on whether he was the recipient of a surviving letter to a Marcellinus from a contemporary, Libanius - Matthews 1989: 8). The date of his death is unknown, but he must have lived until 391, as he mentions Aurelius Victor as the city prefect for that year. The surviving books of his valuable history cover the years 353 to 378; the work is sometimes referred to by a Latin title as Res Gestae. Ammianus served as a soldier in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia.
He was "a former soldier and a Greek" ut miles quondam et graecus (Amm. 31.16.9) he tells us, and his enrollment among the elite protectores domestici (household guards) shows that he was of noble birth. He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis in Mesopotamia, and magister militiae.
He returned to Italy with Ursicinus, when he was recalled by Constantius, and accompanied him on the expedition against Silvanus the Frank, who had been forced by the allegedly unjust accusations of his enemies into proclaiming himself emperor in Gaul. With Ursicinus he went twice to the East, and barely escaped with his life from Amida (modern Diyarbakır), when it was taken by the Sassanid king Shapur II. When Ursicinus lost his office and the favour of Constantius, Ammianus seems to have shared his downfall; but under Julian, Constantius's successor, he regained his position. He accompanied this emperor, for whom he expresses enthusiastic admiration, in his campaigns against the Alamanni and the Sassanids; after the death of Julian, he took part in the retreat of Jovian as far as Antioch, where he was residing when the conspiracy of Theodorus (371) was discovered and cruelly put down.
Work
Eventually he settled in Rome during the early eighties of the fourth century, where, in his fifties (calculating his age to be coeval to Julian, who was born in 331 - cf. Syme 1968: 216), he wrote (in Latin) a history of the Roman empire from the accession of Nerva (96) to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople (378), thus forming a possible continuation of the work of Tacitus. This history (Res Gestae Libri XXXI) was originally in thirty-one books, but the first thirteen are lost. (Barnes argues that the original was actually thirty-six books, meaning that nineteen books have been lost.) The surviving eighteen books cover the period from 353 to 378. As a whole it has been considered extremely valuable, being a clear, comprehensive and, according to Gibbon, impartial account of events by a contemporary. Recent studies have, however, shown the rhetoric power in his histories. Like many ancient historians, Ammianus had a strong political and religious agenda to pursue, and he contrasted Constantius II with Julian to the former's constant disadvantage.
Edward Gibbon judged Ammianus as "an accurate and faithful guide, who composed the history of his own times without indulging the prejudices and passions which usually affect the mind of a contemporary" (Gibbon 26.5). Ammianus was a pagan, and some have said that he marginalises Christianity repeatedly in his account. Some maintain that his style is harsh, often pompous and extremely obscure, occasionally even journalistic in tone, due the author's foreign origin and his military life and training. On the other hand, some authors admire him as writer. Ernst Stein goes as far as praising Ammianus as "the greatest literary genius that the world produced between Tacitus and Dante".[9]
Further, the work being intended for public recitation, some rhetorical embellishment was necessary, even at the cost of simplicity. It is a striking fact that Ammianus, though a professional soldier, gives excellent pictures of social and economic problems, and in his attitude to the non-Roman peoples of the empire he is far more broad-minded than writers like Livy and Tacitus; his digressions on the various countries he had visited are particularly interesting.
In his description of the Empire —the exhaustion produced by excessive taxation, the financial ruin of the middle classes, the progressive decline in the morale of the army— we find an explanation for sack of Rome by the Visigoths only twenty years after his death.
Ammianus' work contains a detailed description of the 365 C.E. Alexandria tsunami which devastated the metropolis and the shores of the eastern Mediterranean on 21 July of that year. His report describes accurately the characteristic sequence of earthquake, retreat of the sea and sudden giant wave.[10]
His work, the Res Gestae, has suffered terribly from the manuscript transmission. Aside from the loss of the first thirteen books, the remaining eighteen are in many places corrupt and lacunose. The sole surviving manuscript from which almost every other is derived is a ninth-century Carolingian text, V, produced in Fulda from an insular exemplar. The only independent textual source for Ammianus lies in M, another ninth-century Frankish codex which was, unfortunately, unbound and placed in other codices during the fifteenth century. Only six leaves of M survive; however, the printed edition of Gelenius (G) is considered to be based on M, making it an important witness to the textual tradition of the Res Gestae. See Clark, Text Tradition.
Notes
- ↑ Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy Volume VI, Robert Burton, John Bernard Bamborough, Oxford University Press, p.303
- ↑ The History of Scotland, George Buchanan, James Aikman, 1827 Blackie, Fullarton, p.31
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Ammianus Marcellinus
- ↑ Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Classical World, Israel Shatzman, Michael Avi-Yonah, 1975 Harper and Row, p.37, ISBN 0060101784
- ↑ East and West Through Fifteen Centuries: Being a General History from B.C.E. 44 to A.D. 1453, George Frederick Young, 1916 Longmans, Green and Co, p.336
- ↑ University of California Publications in Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, 1943 University of California Press, p.3
- ↑ Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes, Cambridge University Press, p. lxvii
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Ammianus Marcellinus
- ↑ E. Stein, Geschichte des spätrömischen Reiches, Vienna 1928
- ↑ Kelly, Gavin (2004): “Ammianus and the Great Tsunami,” in: The Journal of Roman Studies, Bd. 94, S. 141-167 (141)
References and further reading
- Scholars of Ammianus use Wolfgang Seyfarth's critical edition, Rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt (in 2 vols). Leipzig: Teubner, 1978.
- Students often use the poor English translation of J.C. Rolfe in the Loeb Classical Library, 1935‑1940 with many reprintings.
- Walter Hamilton (trans.) The Later Roman Empire (AD 354-378). Penguin Classics, 1986. An abridged, but superior, translation.
- Barnes, Timothy D. Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality (Cornell Studies in Classical Philology). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8014-3526-9).
- Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
- Matthews, J. (1989) The Roman Empire of Ammianus. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
- Syme, Ronald. "Zeitkritik und Geschichtsbild in Werk Ammianus," JRS 58, Parts 1 & 2 (1968) 215–218.
- Crump, Gary A Ammianus Marcellinus as a military historian Steiner, 1975, ISBN 3515019847.
- Drijvers, Jan Wi Late Roman World and its Historian Routledge, 1999, ISBN 041520271X.
- Rowell, Henry Thompson Ammianus Marcellinus, soldier-historian of the late Roman Empire University of Cincinnati, 1964.
- Seager, Robin Ammianus Marcellinus: Seven Studies in His Language and Thought Univ of Missouri Pr, 1986, ISBN 0826204953.
- Clark, Charles Upson. The Text Tradition of Ammianus Marcellinus. Ph.D. Diss. Yale: 1904.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
External links
- Ammianus Marcellinus on-line project
- Ammianus Marcellinus' works in Latin at the Latin Library
- Ammianus Marcellinus' works in English at the Tertullian Project with introduction on the manuscripts
- Ammianus Marcellinus’s Use of Exempla
fy:Ammianus Marsellinus
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