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| − | {{epname|Clarke, Arthur C.}}
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| − | {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] —>
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| − | | name = Sir Arthur C. Clarke, CBE
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| − | | image = Clarke sm.jpg
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| − | | caption = Arthur C. Clarke at his home office in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], 28 March 2005
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| − | | pseudonym = Charles Willis,<ref name="booksandwriters"/><br/>E.G. O'Brien<ref name="booksandwriters">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Arthur C. Clarke |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/aclarke.htm |quote= |publisher= ''books and writers'' |date=2003 |accessdate=2008-03-18 }}</ref>
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| − | | birthdate = {{Birth date|1917|12|16|df=yes}}
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| − | | birthplace = [[Minehead]], [[Somerset]], [[United Kingdom]]
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| − | | deathdate = {{death date and age|2008|3|19|1917|12|16|df=yes}}<!--NOTE: the timezone (UTC+5:30) means that he died on the *19th*—>
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| − | | deathplace = [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
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| − | | occupation = [[Author]], [[Inventor]]
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| − | | nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]] (English) and<br/> [[Sri Lanka]]n
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| − | | spouse = Marilyn Mayfield (1953-1964)
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| − | | period =
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| − | | genre = Hard [[Science Fiction]], [[Popular Science]]
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| − | | subject = [[Science]]
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| − | | movement =
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| − | | notableworks = ''[[Childhood's End]]''<br/>''[[2001: A Space Odyssey]]''<br/>''[[The City and the Stars]]'' <br/>''[[The Songs of Distant Earth]]''<br/>''[[Rendezvous with Rama]]''<br/>''[[The Fountains of Paradise]]''<!-- based on movie adaptations, awards, and best-selling —>
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| − | | influences = [[H. G. Wells]], [[Jules Verne]], [[Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron Dunsany|Lord Dunsany]], [[Olaf Stapledon]]
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| − | | influenced = [[Stephen Baxter]]
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| − | | website = http://www.clarkefoundation.org/
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| − | }}
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| − | '''Sir Arthur Charles Clarke''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]]<!--<ref>The award of Knight Bachelor carries the title of "Sir" and no [[post-nominal letters]] (see {{cite web| url=http://www.honours.gov.uk/honours/chivalry.aspx |title=Orders of Chivalry |publisher=British Government |accessdate=2007-08-30}}) meaning that the previous post-nominals, "CBE" are also still used.</ref>—>, [[Sri Lankabhimanya]] (16 December 1917–<!--NOTE: the timezone (UTC+5:30) means that he died on the *19th*. To make this more clear, the time of death was 1:30am local for the Sri Lanka time zone(AFP Colombo)—>19 March 2008) was a [[British people|British]] [[science fiction]] [[author]], [[inventor]], and [[futures studies|futurist]], most famous for the novel ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', written in collaboration with director [[Stanley Kubrick]], a collaboration which led also to the [[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|film of the same name]]; and as a host and commentator in the British television series [[Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World|Mysterious World]].<ref>{{imdb title|0247885|"Mysterious World" (1980)}}</ref><ref name="youtubemysworld">''[http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=mysterious+world+arthur+clarke&search_type= Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World]'' on [[YouTube]]. Retrieved on March 23, 2008.</ref>
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| − | Clarke served in the [[Royal Air Force]] as a [[radar]] instructor and technician from 1941-1946, proposed [[satellite]] communication systems in 1945<ref>[http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref><ref>[http://www.clarkefoundation.org/archives/1996.php The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> which won him the [[Franklin Institute]] [[Stuart Ballantine]] Gold Medal in 1963 and a nomination in 1994 for a [[Nobel Prize]], and 1999 for literature <ref name = "accimt.ac.ik">[http://www.accimt.ac.lk/darthur.html Sir Arthur's details<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>, and became the [[chairman]] of the [[British Interplanetary Society]] from 1947-1950 and again in 1953.<ref>[http://www.asi.org/adb/06/09/03/02/092/clarke-nobel-prize.html Moon Miners' Manifesto: Arthur C Clarke nominated for Nobel<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> Later, he helped fight for the preservation of lowland [[gorillas]]<ref>[http://www.durbanprocess.net/en/yahoochat.html Yahoomc: test<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref><ref>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-4626572-details/Campaign+for+gorilla-friendly+mobiles/article.do Campaign for gorilla-friendly mobiles| News | This is London<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>. He won the [[UNESCO]]-[[Kalinga Prize]] for the Popularization of Science in 1961.<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001111/111158e.pdf Summary List of UNESCO Prizes: List of Prizewinners, p. 12]</ref>
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| − | Clarke professed little interest in religious questions, but considered himself an [[atheism|atheist]]. He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1998.<ref>[http://www.clarkefoundation.org/acc/biography.php The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> He emigrated to [[Sri Lanka]] in 1956 largely to pursue his interest in [[scuba diving]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.natureseychelles.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=326&Itemid=106 | title = Remembering Arthur C. Clarke | accessdate = 2008-03-27}}</ref> and lived there until his death.
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| − | == Biography ==
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| − | Clarke was born in [[Minehead]], [[Somerset]], [[England]].<ref name=obittimes>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Science fiction author Arthur C Clarke dies aged 90 |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3579120.ece |quote=Science fiction writer Sir Arthur C Clarke has died aged 90 in his adopted home of Sri Lanka, it was confirmed tonight. |publisher=[[The Times]] |date=19 March 2008 |accessdate=2008-03-19 }}</ref> As a boy he enjoyed [[astronomy|stargazing]] and reading old American science fiction [[pulp magazine]]s. After secondary school and studying at [[Richard Huish College, Taunton|Huish's Grammar School, Taunton]], he was unable to afford a [[university]] education but instead took a job as an [[auditor]] in the [[pension]]s section of the [[Board of Education]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34321|startpage=5798|date=8 September 1936|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref>
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| − | During the [[World War II|Second World War]] he served in the [[Royal Air Force]] as a [[radar]] specialist in the early warning radar defense system, which contributed to the RAF's success during the [[Battle of Britain]]. Clarke spent most of his wartime service working on [[Ground Controlled Approach]] (GCA) radar as documented in the semi-autobiographical ''[[Glide Path]]'', his only non-[[Science Fiction]] [[novel]]. Although GCA did not see much practical use in the war, it proved vital to the [[Berlin Airlift]] of 1948–1949 after several years of development. Clarke initially served in the ranks, and was a [[corporal#United Kingdom|Corporal]] instructor on radar at No 9 Radio School, [[RAF Yatesbury]]. He was commissioned as a [[Pilot Officer]] (Technical Branch) on 27 May 1943.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=36089|supp=yes|startpage=3162|endpage=3163|date=9 July 1943|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> He was promoted [[Flying Officer]] on 27 November 1943.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=36271|supp=yes|startpage=5289|date=30 November [[c1943]]|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> He was appointed chief training instructor at [[RAF Honiley]] and was [[Demobilization|demobilized]] with the rank of [[Flight Lieutenant]]. After the war he earned a first-class [[academic degree|degree]] in [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] at [[King's College London]].
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| − | In the postwar years, Clarke became the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947-1950 and again in 1953.<ref name = "accimt.ac.ik"/><ref>[http://spectrum.ieee.org/mar08/6076 IEEE Spectrum: Audio Transcript: Interview with Arthur C. Clarke<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> Although he was not the originator of the concept of [[geostationary satellite]]s, one of his most important contributions may be his idea that they would be ideal [[telecommunication]]s relays. He advanced this idea in a paper privately circulated among the core technical members of the BIS in 1945. The concept was published in ''[[Wireless World]]'' in October of that year.<ref name="etrelays">{{cite web |url=http://www.lsi.usp.br/~rbianchi/clarke/ACC.ETRelaysFull.html |title=Arthur C. Clarke Extra Terrestrial Relays |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work= |date= }}</ref><ref name="wirelessworld">{{cite web |url=http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww/1945ww_058.jpg |title=Peacetime Uses for V2 |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format=JPG |work=Wireless World |year=1945 |month=February }}</ref><ref name="wirelessworld2">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/clarke/ww2.asp |title=EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL RELAYS Can Rocket Stations Give World-wide Radio Coverage? |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work=Wireless World |year=1945 |month=October }}</ref> Clarke also wrote a number of non-fiction books describing the technical details and societal implications of rocketry and space flight. The most notable of these may be ''The Exploration of Space'' (1951) and ''The Promise of Space'' (1968). In recognition of these contributions the [[geostationary orbit]] {{convert|36000|km}} above the equator is officially recognized by the [[International Astronomical Union]] as a "Clarke Orbit".<ref name="foundation">{{cite web |url=http://www.clarkefoundation.org/acc/biography.php |title=Clarke Foundation Biography |accessdate=2008-03-19 |format= |work= |date= }}</ref>
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| − | In 1953 Clarke met and quickly married Marilyn Mayfield, a 22-year-old American [[divorcee]] with a young son. They separated permanently after six months, although the divorce was not finalized until 1964.<ref name="McAleer">McAleer, Neil. "Arthur C. Clarke: The Authorized Biography," Contemporary Books, Chicago, 1992. ISBN 0-8092-3720-2</ref><!-- pp. 93-100 —> "The marriage was incompatible from the beginning," says Clarke.<ref name="McAleer"/><!-- p. 100 —> Clarke never remarried but was close to Leslie Ekanayake, who died in 1977. [[Journalists]] who inquired of Clarke whether he was gay were told, "No, merely mildly cheerful."<ref name=obitnyt/> However, [[Michael Moorcock]] has written, "Everyone knew he was gay. In the 1950s I'd go out drinking with his boyfriend."<ref>Review section (page 3), Saturday Guardian, 2008-03-22</ref>
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| − | === Writing career ===
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| − | While Clarke had a few stories published in [[fanzine]]s, between 1937 and 1945, his first professional sales appeared in ''[[Astounding Science Fiction]]'' in 1946: "[[Loophole (short story)|Loophole]]" was published in April, while "[[Rescue Party (short story)|Rescue Party]]," his first sale, was published in May. Along with his writing Clarke briefly worked as Assistant Editor of ''[[Science Abstracts]]'' (1949) before devoting himself to writing full-time from 1951 onward. Clarke also contributed to the ''[[Dan Dare]]'' series published in Eagle, and his first three published novels were written for children.
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| − | Clarke corresponded with [[C. S. Lewis]] in the 1940s and 1950s and they once met in an Oxford pub, [[Eastgate Hotel|The Eastgate]], to discuss science fiction and space travel. Clarke, after Lewis's death, voiced great praise for him, saying the ''[[Ransom Trilogy]]'' was one of the few works of science fiction that could be considered literature.
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| − | In 1948 he wrote "[[The Sentinel (short story)|The Sentinel]]" for a [[BBC]] competition. Though the story was rejected it changed the course of Clarke's career. Not only was it the basis for ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|A Space Odyssey]]'', but "The Sentinel" also introduced a more mystical and cosmic element to Clarke's work. Many of Clarke's later works feature a technologically advanced but prejudiced mankind confronted by a superior alien intelligence. In the cases of ''[[The City and the Stars]]'' (and its original version, ''Against the Fall of Night''), ''[[Childhood's End]]'', and the ''2001'' series, this encounter produces a conceptual breakthrough that accelerates humanity into the next stage of its evolution. In Clarke's authorized biography, Neil McAleer writes that: "many readers and critics still consider [''Childhood's End''] Arthur C. Clarke's best novel."<ref name="McAleer"/><!-- p. 88 —>
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| − | Clarke lived in [[Sri Lanka]] from 1956 until his death in 2008, having emigrated there when it was still called [[Ceylon]], first in [[Unawatuna]] on the south coast, and then in [[Colombo]].<ref name=obitnyt/> Clarke held citizenship of both the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and Sri Lanka.<ref name="sundayobserver">{{cite web |url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2005/12/11/new27.html |title=Happy Birthday Sir Arthur C. Clarke! |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work=Sunday Observer |date=20051211 }}</ref> He was an avid [[scuba]] diver and a member of the [[Underwater Explorers Club]]. Living in Sri Lanka afforded him the opportunity to visit the ocean year-round. It also inspired the locale for his novel ''[[The Fountains of Paradise]]'' in which he described a [[space elevator]]. Clarke believed that space elevators will ultimately replace space shuttles obsolete, and that these moreso than geostationary satellites will be his main legacy.<ref name="Stone">Personal e-mail from Sir Arthur Clarke to Jerry Stone, Director of the [[Sir Arthur Clarke Award]]s, 1 November 2006</ref>
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| − | His many predictions culminated in 1958 when he began a series of essays in various magazines that eventually became ''Profiles of the Future'' published in book form in 1962. A timetable<ref name="digitallantern">{{cite web |url=http://www.digitallantern.net/McLuhan/course/spring96/profiles.gif |title=Chart of the Future |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work= }}</ref> up to the year 2100 describes inventions and ideas including such things as a "global library" for 2005.
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| − | Early in his career Clarke had a fascination with the [[paranormal]] and stated that it was part of the inspiration for his novel ''Childhood's End''. He also said that he was one of several who were fooled by a [[Uri Geller]] demonstration at [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]]. Although he eventually dismissed and distanced himself from nearly all [[pseudoscience]] he continued to advocate research into [[psychokinesis]] and similar phenomena.
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| − | === Last years ===
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| − | In the early 1970s Clarke signed a three-book publishing deal, a record for a science-fiction writer at the time. The first of the three was ''[[Rendezvous with Rama]]'' in 1973, which won him all the main genre awards and has spawned sequels that, along with the ''2001'' series, formed the backbone of his later career.
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| − | In 1975 Clarke's short story "[[The Star (short story)|The Star]]" was not included in a new high school [[English Language|English]] textbook in [[Sri Lanka]] because of concerns that it might offend [[Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] even though it had already been selected. The same textbook also caused controversy because it replaced [[Shakespeare]]'s work with that of [[Bob Dylan]], [[John Lennon]] and [[Isaac Asimov]].
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| − | In the 1980s Clarke became well known to many for his television programmes ''[[Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World]]'', ''[[Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers]]'' and ''[[Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious Universe]]''.
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| − | In 1986 he was named a [[Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award|Grand Master]] by the [[Science Fiction Writers of America]].<ref>[http://sfwa.org/awards/grand.htm SFWA Grand Masters]</ref>
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| − | In 1988 he was diagnosed with [[post-polio syndrome]], having originally contracted [[polio]] in 1959, and needed to use a wheelchair most of the time thereafter.<ref name=obitnyt/> Sir Arthur C Clarke was for many years a Vice Patron of the British Polio Fellowship.<ref>[http://www.britishpolio.org.uk]</ref>
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| − | In the 1989 [[Queen's Birthday Honours]] Clarke was appointed [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) "for services to British cultural interests in Sri Lanka."<ref name=CBE>{{LondonGazette|issue=51772|supp=yes|startpage=16|date=16 June 1989|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> The same year he became the first Chancellor of the [[International Space University]], serving from 1989 to 2004 and he also served as Chancellor of [[Moratuwa University]] in [[Sri Lanka]] from 1979 to 2002.
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| − | In 1994, Clarke appeared in a science fiction film; he portrayed himself in the telefilm ''[[Without Warning (1994 film)|Without Warning]]'', an American production about an apocalyptic alien first contact scenario presented in the form of a faux newscast.
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| − | On 26 May 2000 he was made a [[Knight Bachelor]] "for services to literature" at a ceremony in Colombo.<ref name=LP>[[Letters Patent]] were issued by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom]] on 16 March 2000 to authorize this. (see {{LondonGazette|issue=55796|notarchive=yes|startpage=3167|date=21 March 2000|accessdate=2008-03-19}})</ref> The award of a knighthood had been announced in the 1998 [[New Year Honours]],<ref name=Kt>{{LondonGazette|issue=54993|supp=yes|startpage=2|date=30 December 1997|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> but investiture with the award had been delayed, at Clarke's request, because of an accusation, by the British tabloid ''[[The Sunday Mirror]]'', of paedophilia.<ref>It doesn't do any harm ... most of the damage comes from fuss made. Sunday Mirror, Feb 1, 1998 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_19980201/ai_n14474884 Retrieved on 2008-03-24</ref> <ref>SMIRK OF A PERVERT AND A LIAR. Sunday Mirror, Feb 8, 1998 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_19980208/ai_n14474575 Retrieved on 2008-03-24</ref> The charge was subsequently found to be baseless by the Sri Lankan police.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/s/w_asia/74938.stm |title=Sci-fi novelist cleared of sex charges |accessdate=2008-02-11 }}</ref><ref name="scifinewsoweek">{{cite web |url=http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue63/news.html |title=Clarke Denies Pedophile Allegations |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work=Science Fiction News of the Week |date=19980206 }}</ref><ref name="everything2">{{cite web |url=http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Arthur%20C.%20Clarke |title=Arthur C. Clarke |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work= }}</ref><ref name="nndb">{{cite web |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/725/000023656/ |title=Arthur C. Clarke |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work=NNDB }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mglyer/123/index.html |title=File 770:123 |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work= }}</ref><ref name="irishexaminer">{{cite web |url=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/1998/08/13/fhead.htm |title=Child sex file could close on sci-fi writer |accessdate=2007-03-19 |format= |work=Irish Examiner }}</ref> According to ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' (London), the ''Mirror'' subsequently published an apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/19/db1904.xml|title=Sir Arthur C Clarke|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=20 March 2008|accessdate=2008-03-27}}</ref> Clarke was then duly knighted.
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| − | In September 2007, he provided a video greeting for [[NASA]]'s [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini probe]]'s flyby of [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]] (which plays an important role in ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'').<ref>[http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/videos/video-details.cfm?videoID=160 Video greeting to NASA JPL by Arthur C. Clarke]. Retrieved 24 September 2007</ref>
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| − | In December 2007 on his 90th birthday, Clarke recorded a video message to his friends and fans bidding them good-bye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLXQ7rNgWwg|title=Sir Arthur C Clarke 90th Birthday reflections|accessdate=2008-02-22|date=2007-12-10}}</ref>
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| − | Clarke died in Sri Lanka on 19 March 2008 after suffering from breathing problems, according to Rohan de Silva<!--delinkified as it's unclear if this the same person—>, one of his aides,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7304004.stm Writer Arthur C Clarke dies at 90], BBC News, 18 March 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23697230/ Sci-fi guru Arthur C. Clarke dies at 90], MSNBC, 18 March 2008</ref><ref name=obitnyt>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Arthur C. Clarke, Premier Science Fiction Writer, Dies at 90. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/18/books/18cnd-clarke.html?hp |quote=Arthur C. Clarke, a writer whose seamless blend of scientific expertise and poetic imagination helped usher in the space age, died early Wednesday in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where he had lived since 1956. He was 90. He had battled debilitating post-polio syndrome for years.|publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=March 18, 2008 |accessdate=2008-03-19 }}</ref><ref name=wiredblog>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= Lewis Wallace|coauthors= |title=Arthur C. Clarke: The Wired Words |url=http://blog.wired.com/underwire/2008/03/arthur-c-clarke.html |quote= |publisher=[[Wired News|Wired]] Blog Network |date=March 18, 2008 |accessdate=2008-03-22 }}</ref> only a few days after he had reviewed the final manuscript of his latest work, ''[[The Last Theorem]]'', co-written with [[Frederik Pohl]].<ref name="AFP">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Last odyssey for sci-fi guru Arthur C. Clarke |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jWab-TXO_DymFmU13CzSNVObE6FQ |quote=Just a few days before he died, Clarke reviewed the final manuscript of his latest novel, "The Last Theorem" co-written with American author Frederik Pohl, which is to be published later this year. |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=March 19, 2008 |accessdate=2008-03-20 }}</ref> He was buried in [[Colombo]] in traditional Sri Lankan fashion on March 22, with his younger brother, Fred Clarke, and his Sri Lankan adoptive family among the thousands in attendance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sci-fi writer Clarke laid to rest|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7309598.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2008-03-22|accessdate=March 22, 2008}}</ref>
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| − | == Position on religion ==
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| − | Themes of religion and spirituality appear in much of Clarke's writing. In 2000, Clarke told the Sri Lankan newspaper, ''The Island'', "I don't believe in God or an afterlife,"<ref>[http://www.island.lk/2000/12/20/midwee01.html Midwee01<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> and he identifies himself as an [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref>"…Stanley [Kubrick] is a Jew and I'm an atheist." Clarke quoted in Jeromy Agel (Ed.) (1970). ''The Making of Kubrick's 2001'': p.306</ref> He was honored as a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.<ref name="humanist_laureate">[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=iah&page=index The International Academy Of Humanism] at the website of the Council for Secular Humanism. (Retrieved 18 October 2007).</ref> He has also described himself as a "crypto-Buddhist," insisting that [[Buddhism]] is not a religion.<ref>{{Citation
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| − | | last = Cherry
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| − | | first = Matt
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| − | | year = 1999
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| − | | title =God, Science, and Delusion: A Chat With Arthur C. Clarke
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| − | | periodical = [[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]
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| − | | volume = 19
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| − | | issue = 2
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| − | | publication-place = Amherst, NY
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| − | | publisher = Council for Secular Humanism
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| − | | issn = 0272-0701
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| − | | url = http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=clarke_19_2
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| − | | accessdate = 2008-04-16
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| − | }}</ref> He displayed little interest about religion early in his life, for example, only discovering a few months after marrying his wife, that she had strong [[Presbyterian]] beliefs.
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| − | In a three-day interview described as "a dialogue on man and his world" with [[Alan Watts]], Clarke said that he could not forgive religions for the atrocities and wars over time and admitted a [[bias]] against religion in a 1972 interview.<ref>{{Citation
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| − | | last = Clarke
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| − | | first = Arthur C.
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| − | | last2 = Watts
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| − | | first2 = Alan
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| − | | author2-link = Alan Watts
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| − | | date = January
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| − | | year = 1972
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| − | | title = At the Interface: Technology and Mysticism
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| − | | periodical = Playboy
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| − | | volume = 19
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| − | | issue = 1
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| − | | place = Chicago, Ill.
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| − | | publisher = HMH Publishing
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| − | | page = 94
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| − | | isbn = 0032-1478
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| − | | oclc = 3534353
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | In his introduction to the penultimate episode of ''Mysterious World'', entitled, ''Strange Skies'', Clarke said, <blockquote>I sometimes think that the universe is a machine designed for the perpetual astonishment of astronomers.</blockquote>
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| − | Near the very end of that same episode, the last segment of which covered the [[Star of Bethlehem]], he stated that his favorite theory was that it might be a [[pulsar]]. Given that pulsars were discovered in the interval between his writing the short story, ''[[The Star (short story)|The Star]]'' (1955), and making ''Mysterious World'' (1980), and given the more recent discovery of pulsar [[PSR B1913+16]], he said,
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| − | <blockquote>How romantic, if even now, we can hear the dying voice of a star, which heralded the Christian era.</blockquote>
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| − | Clark left written instructions for a [[funeral]] that stated:
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| − | <blockquote>
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| − | Absolutely no religious rites of any kind, relating to any religious faith, should be associated with my funeral.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/quotes/0,26174,1723669,00.html|title=TIME Quotes of the Day |accessdate=2008-03-20|date=2008-03-19}}</ref>
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − |
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| − | == Themes, style, and influences ==
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| − | Clarke's work is marked by an optimistic view of science empowering mankind's exploration of the solar system. His early published stories would usually feature the extrapolation of a technological innovation or scientific breakthrough into the underlying decadence of his own society.
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| − |
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| − | "[[The Sentinel (short story)|The Sentinel]]" (1948) introduced a spiritual theme into Clarke's work, a theme that he later explored more deeply in ''The City and the Stars'' (and its earlier version, ''Against the Fall of Night''). His interest in the [[paranormal]] was influenced by [[Charles Fort]] and embraced the belief that humanity may be the property of an ancient alien civilization. Surprisingly for a writer who is often held up as an example of hard science fiction's obsession with technology, three of Clarke's novels have this as a theme. Another theme of "The Sentinel" was the notion that the evolution of an intelligent species would eventually make them something close to gods, which was also explored in his 1953 novel ''[[Childhood's End]]''. He also briefly touched upon this idea in his novel ''Imperial Earth''. This idea of transcendence through evolution seems to have been influenced by [[Olaf Stapledon]], who wrote a number of books dealing with this theme. Clarke has said of Stapledon's 1930 book ''[[Last and First Men]]'' that "No other book had a greater influence on my life ... [It] and its successor ''[[Star Maker]]'' (1937) are the twin summits of [Stapledon's] literary career".<ref name="testermanscifi">{{cite web |url=http://www.testermanscifi.org/ClarkeQuotesPart2.html |title=Arthur C. Clarke Quotes |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work= }}</ref>
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| − |
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| − | == Adapted screenplays ==
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| − | === ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' ===
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| − | Clarke's first venture into film was the Stanley Kubrick directed ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''. [[Stanley Kubrick|Kubrick]] and Clarke had met in 1964 to discuss the possibility of a collaborative film project. As the idea developed, it was decided that the story for the film was to be loosely based on Clarke's short story "[[The Sentinel (short story)|The Sentinel]]," written in 1948 as an entry in a BBC short story competition. Originally, Clarke was going to write the screenplay for the film, but this proved to be more tedious than he had estimated. Instead, Kubrick and Clarke decided it would be best to write a novel first and then adapt it for the film upon its completion. However, as Clarke was finishing the book, the screenplay was also being written simultaneously.
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| − |
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| − | Clarke's influence on the directing of ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' is also felt in one of the most memorable scenes in the movie when astronaut Bowman shuts down [[HAL 9000|HAL]] by removing modules from service one by one. As this happens, we witness HAL's consciousness degrading. By the time HAL's logic is completely gone, he begins singing the song ''[[Daisy Bell]]''. This song was chosen based on a visit by Clarke to his friend and colleague [[John R. Pierce|John Pierce]] at the [[Bell Labs]] [[Murray Hill, New Jersey|Murray Hill]] facility. A [[speech synthesis]] demonstration by physicist [[John Larry Kelly, Jr]] was taking place. Kelzly was using an [[IBM 704]] computer to synthesize speech. His voice recorder synthesizer ''[[vocoder]]'' reproduced the vocal for ''Daisy Bell'', with musical accompaniment from [[Max Mathews]]. Arthur C. Clarke was so impressed that he later told Kubrick to use it in this climactic scene.<ref name="bell labs hal">{{cite web |url=http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1997/march/5/2.html |title=Bell Labs: Where "HAL" First Spoke (Bell Labs Speech Synthesis Web Site) |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work= }}</ref>
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| − |
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| − | Due to the hectic schedule of the film's production, Kubrick and Clarke had difficulty collaborating on the book. Clarke completed a draft of the novel at the end of 1964 with the plan to publish in 1965 in advance of the film's release in 1966. After many delays the film was released in the spring of 1968, before the book was completed. The book was credited to Clarke alone. Clarke later complained that this had the effect of making the book into a [[Novelization|novelization]], and that Kubrick had manipulated circumstances to downplay Clarke's authorship. For these and other reasons, the details of the story differ slightly from the book to the movie. The film is a bold artistic piece with little explanation for the events taking place. Clarke, on the other hand, wrote thorough explanations of "cause and effect" for the events in the novel. James Randi later recounted that upon seeing 2001 for the first time, Clarke left the movie theater during the first break crying because he was so upset about how the movie had turned out.<ref name="jamesrandionclarke">{{cite web |url=http://itricks.com/randishow/?p=21 |title= Randi shares some stories regarding his friend Arthur C. Clarke and makes a comparison of Stanley Kubrick to Steve Jobs |accessdate=2008-04-24 |format= |work= }}</ref> Despite their differences, both film and novel were well received.<ref name="boxofficemojo">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=2001.htm |title=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work= }}</ref><ref name="go.com">{{cite web |url=http://movies.go.com/2001-a-space-odyssey/d825668/scifi |title=Movies. Go.com |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work= }}</ref><ref name="amazon">{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/0451457994/ |title=Amazon.com |accessdate=2007-02-08 |format= |work= }}</ref>
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| − |
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| − | In 1972, Clarke published ''The Lost Worlds of 2001'', which included his account of the production and alternate versions of key scenes. The "special edition" of the novel ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)|A Space Odyssey]]'' (released in 1999) contains an introduction by Clarke, documenting his account of the events leading to the release of the novel and film.
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| − |
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| − | === ''2010'' ===
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| − | In 1982 Clarke continued the ''2001'' epic with a sequel, ''[[2010: Odyssey Two]]''. This novel was also made into a film, ''[[2010 (film)|2010]]'', directed by [[Peter Hyams]] for release in 1984. Due to the political environment in America in the 1980s, the novel and film present a [[Cold War]] theme, with the looming tensions of [[nuclear warfare]]. The film was not the revolutionary artistic success that ''2001'' was, but the reviews were still positive.
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| − |
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| − | Clarke's [[email]] correspondence with Hyams was published in 1984. Titled ''[[The Odyssey File: The Making of 2010]]'', and co-authored with Hyams, it illustrates his fascination with the then-pioneering medium and its use for them to communicate on an almost daily basis at the time of planning and production of the film while living on different continents. The book also includes Clarke's list of the best science-fiction films ever made.
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | == Essays and short stories ==
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| − | Most of Clarke's essays (from 1934 to 1998) can be found in the book ''[[Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds!]]'' (2000). Most of his short stories can be found in the book ''[[The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke]]'' (2001). Another collection of early essays was published in ''[[The View from Serendip]]'' (1977), which also included one short piece of fiction, "[[When the Twerms Came]]." He wrote short stories under the pseudonyms of E. G. O'Brien and Charles Willis.
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| − |
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| − | == Concept of the geostationary communications satellite ==
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| − | [[Image:Geostat.gif|thumb|[[Geostationary orbit]]]]
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| − | {{Main|Geostationary orbit}}
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| − | Clarke's most important scientific contribution may be his idea that [[geostationary satellite]]s would be ideal [[telecommunication]]s relays. He described this concept in a paper titled ''[http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww/ Extra-Terrestrial Relays] —Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?'', published in ''[[Wireless World]]'' in October 1945. The [[geostationary orbit]] is now sometimes known as the [[Clarke Orbit]] or the [[Clarke Belt]] in his honor.
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| − |
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| − | However, it is not clear that this article was actually the inspiration for the modern telecommunications satellite. [[John R. Pierce]], of [[Bell Labs]], arrived at the idea independently in 1954 and he was actually involved in the [[Echo satellite]] and [[Telstar]] projects. Moreover, Pierce stated that the idea was "in the air" at the time and certain to be developed regardless of Clarke's publication. Nevertheless, Clarke described the idea so thoroughly that his article has been cited as [[prior art]] in judgments denying patents on the concept.
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| − |
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| − | Though different from Clarke's idea of telecom relay, the idea of communicating with satellites in geostationary orbit itself had been described earlier. For example, the concept of geostationary satellites was described in [[Hermann Oberth]]'s 1923 book ''Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen''<ref name="celestrak">{{cite web |url=http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/ |title=Basics of the Geostationary Orbit |accessdate=2007-02-08 |last=Kelso |first=Dr. T. S. |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1998-05-01 |year= |month= |format= |work=Satellite Times |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>''(The Rocket into Interplanetary Space)'' and then the idea of radio communication with those satellites in [[Herman Potočnik]]'s (written under the pseudonym Hermann Noordung) 1928 book ''Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums —der Raketen-Motor ([http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4026/contents.html The Problem of Space Travel — The Rocket Motor])'' section: ''Providing for Long Distance Communications and Safety'' <ref name="longdistcomm">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4026/noord45.html |title=Providing for Long Distance Communications and Safety |accessdate=2008-03-18 }}</ref> published in [[Berlin]]. Clarke acknowledged the earlier concept in his book ''Profiles of the Future''.<ref>{{cite book
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| − | |title=Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry Into the Limits of the Possible
| |
| − | |last=Clarke
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| − | |first=Arthur C.
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| − | |year=1984
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| − | |publisher=Holt, Rinehart & Wilson
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| − | |location=New York, New York
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| − | |isbn=0030697832
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| − | |pages=205n}} "INTELSAT, the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization which operates the global system, has started calling it the Clarke orbit. Flattered though I am, honesty compels me to point out that the concept of such an orbit predates my 1945 paper 'Extra Terrestrial Relays' by at least twenty years. I didn't invent it, but only annexed it."</ref>
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| − |
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| − | ==Legacy==
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| − | Following the release of ''2001'', Clarke became much in demand as a commentator on science and technology, especially at the time of the [[Apollo space program]]. The [[Command Module]] of the [[Apollo 13]] craft named "Odyssey." In 1986, Clarke provided a grant to fund the prize money (initially £1,000) for the [[Arthur C. Clarke Award]] for the best science fiction novel published in Britain in the previous year. In 2001 the prize was increased to £2001, and its value now matches the year (e.g., £2005 in 2005). Clarke served as a distinguished vice-president of the [[H. G. Wells|H. G. Wells Society]], whose influence Clarke acknowledged.
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| − |
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| − | === Awards, honors and other recognition ===
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| − | Clarke shared a 1969 [[Academy Award]] nomination with [[Stanley Kubrick]] in the category, '''Best Writing, Story and Screenplay - Written Directly for the Screen''' for ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002009/awards Awards for Arthur C. Clarke] Retrieved May 24, 2008.</ref>
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| − | Clarke received a [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] in 1989,<ref name=CBE /> and was [[British honors system|knighted]] in 2000.<ref name=Kt /><ref name=LP /> Clarke's health did not allow him to travel to [[London]] to receive the honor personally from the [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen]], so the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[High Commissioner]] to [[Sri Lanka]] invested him as a [[Knight Bachelor]] at a ceremony in [[Colombo]]. In 1994, Clarke was nominated for a [[Nobel Peace Prize]] by law professor [[Glenn Reynolds]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07EEDF1330F93BA15752C1A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Burns, John F. "Colombo Journal; A Nonfiction Journey to a More Peaceful World" New York Times, November 28, 1994]</ref> In 1999 Clarke was nominated for a Nobel Literature Prize: http://www.petar-bosnic-petrus.com/other-articles/nobel-nomination/ by professor Petar Bosnic Petrus. On 14 November 2005 Sri Lanka awarded Arthur C. Clarke its highest civilian award, the [[Sri Lankabhimanya]] ''(The Pride of Sri Lanka)'', for his contributions to science and technology and his commitment to his adopted country.
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| − |
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| − | == Partial bibliography ==
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| − | === Novels ===
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| − | * ''[[Prelude to Space]]'' (1951)
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| − | * ''[[The Sands of Mars]]'' (1951)
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| − | * ''[[Islands in the Sky]]'' (1952)
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| − | * ''[[Against the Fall of Night]]'' (1948, 1953) original version of ''The City and the Stars''
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| − | * ''[[Childhood's End]]'' (1953)
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| − | * ''[[Earthlight]]'' (1955)
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| − | * ''[[The City and the Stars]]'' (1956)
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| − | * ''[[The Deep Range]]'' (1957)
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| − | * ''[[A Fall of Moondust]]'' (1961)
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| − | * ''[[Dolphin Island]]'' (1963)
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| − | * ''[[Glide Path]]'' (1963)
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| − | * ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' (1968)
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| − | * ''[[Rendezvous with Rama]]'' (1972)
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| − | * ''[[A Meeting with Medusa]]'' (1972)
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| − | * ''[[Imperial Earth]]'' (1975)
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| − | * ''[[The Fountains of Paradise]]'' (1979)
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| − | * ''[[2010: Odyssey Two]]'' (1982)
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| − | * ''[[Songs of Distant Earth|The Songs of Distant Earth]]'' (1986)
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| − | * ''[[2061: Odyssey Three]]'' (1988)
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| − | * ''[[Cradle (novel)|Cradle]]'' (1988) (with [[Gentry Lee]])
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| − | * ''[[Rama II (novel)|Rama II]]'' (1989) (with [[Gentry Lee]])
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| − | * ''[[Beyond the Fall of Night]]'' (1990) (with [[Gregory Benford]])
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| − | * ''[[The Ghost from the Grand Banks]]'' (1990)
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| − | * ''[[The Garden of Rama]]'' (1991) (with [[Gentry Lee]])
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| − | * ''[[Rama Revealed]]'' (1993) (with [[Gentry Lee]])
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| − | * ''[[The Hammer of God]]'' (1993)
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| − | * ''[[Richter 10]]'' (1996) (with [[Mike McQuay]])
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| − | * ''[[3001: The Final Odyssey]]'' (1997)
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| − | * ''[[The Trigger]]'' (1999) (with [[Michael P. Kube-McDowell]])
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| − | * ''[[The Light of Other Days]]'' (2000) (with [[Stephen Baxter]])
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| − | * ''[[Time's Eye (novel)|Time's Eye]]'' (2003) (with [[Stephen Baxter]])
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| − | * ''[[Sunstorm (novel)|Sunstorm]]'' (2005) (with [[Stephen Baxter]])
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| − | * ''[[Firstborn (novel)|Firstborn]]'' (2007) (with [[Stephen Baxter]])
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| − | * ''[[The Last Theorem]]'' (to be published in 2008) (with [[Frederik Pohl]])
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| − |
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| − | === Omnibus editions ===
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| − | * ''Across the Sea of Stars'' (1959) (including ''Childhood's End'', ''Earthlight'' and 18 short stories)
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| − | * ''[[From the Ocean, From the Stars]]'' (1962) (including ''The City and the Stars'', ''The Deep Range'' and ''The Other Side of the Sky'')
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| − | * ''[[An Arthur C. Clarke Omnibus]]'' (1965) (including ''Childhood's End'', ''Prelude to Space'' and ''Expedition to Earth'')
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| − | * ''[[Prelude to Mars]]'' (1965) (including ''Prelude to Space'' and ''The Sands of Mars'')
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| − | * ''[[The Lion of Comarre and Against the Fall of Night]]'' (1968)
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| − | * ''[[An Arthur C. Clarke Second Omnibus]]'' (1968) (including ''A Fall of Moondust'', ''Earthlight'' and ''The Sands of Mars'')
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| − | * ''[[Four Great SF Novels]]'' (1978) (including ''The City and the Stars'', ''The Deep Range'', ''A Fall of Moondust'', ''Rendezvous with Rama'')
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| − | * ''[[The Space Trilogy (Clarke)|The Space Trilogy]]'' (2001) (including ''Islands in the Sky'', ''Earthlight'' and ''The Sands of Mars'')
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| − |
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| − | === Short story collections ===
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| − | * ''[[Expedition to Earth]]'' (1953)
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| − | * ''[[Reach for Tomorrow]]'' (1956)
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| − | * ''[[Tales from the White Hart]]'' (1957)
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| − | * ''[[The Other Side of the Sky]]'' (1958)
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| − | * ''[[Tales of Ten Worlds]]'' (1962)
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| − | * ''[[The Nine Billion Names of God (collection)|The Nine Billion Names of God]]'' (1967)
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| − | * ''[[Of Time and Stars]]'' (1972)
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| − | * ''[[The Wind from the Sun]]'' (1972)
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| − | * ''[[The Best of Arthur C. Clarke]]'' (1973)
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| − | * ''[[The Sentinel (anthology)|The Sentinel]]'' (1983)
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| − | * ''[[Tales From Planet Earth]]'' (1990)
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| − | * ''[[More Than One Universe]]'' (1991)
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| − | * ''[[The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke]]'' (2001)
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| − |
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| − | === Non-fiction ===
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| − | * ''[[Interplanetary Flight: an introduction to astronautics]]''. London: Temple Press, 1950
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| − | * ''The Exploration of Space''. New York: Harper, 1951
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| − | * ''The Coast of Coral''. New York: Harper, 1957 —Volume 1 of the ''Blue planet trilogy''
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| − | * ''The Reefs of Taprobane; Underwater Adventures around Ceylon''. New York: Harper, 1957 —Volume 2 of the ''Blue planet trilogy''
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| − | * ''The Making of a Moon: the Story of the Earth Satellite Program''. New York: Harper, 1957
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| − | * ''Boy beneath the sea'', Photos by Mike Wilson. Text by Arthur C. Clarke. New York: Harper, 1958
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| − | * ''The Challenge of the Space Ship: Previews of Tomorrow’s World''. New York: Harper, 1959
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| − | * ''The Challenge of the Sea''. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960
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| − | * ''Profiles of the Future; an Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible''. New York: Harper & Row, 1962
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| − | * ''The Treasure of the Great Reef''. New York: Harper & Row, 1964 —Volume 3 of the ''Blue planet trilogy''
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| − | * ''Voices from the Sky: Previews of the Coming Space Age''. New York: Harper & Row, 1965
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| − | * ''[[The Promise of Space]]''. New York: Harper, 1968
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| − | * ''Into Space: a Young Person’s Guide to Space'', by Arthur C. Clarke and Robert Silverberg. New York: Harper & Row, 1971
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| − | * ''Report on Planet Three and Other Speculations''. New York: Harper & Row, 1972
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| − | * ''The Lost Worlds of 2001''. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1972
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| − | * ''Voice Across the Sea''. HarperCollins, 1975
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| − | * ''The View from Serendip''. Random House, 1977
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| − | * ''The Odyssey File''. Email correspondence with Peter Hyams. London: [[panther (publisher)|Panther Books]], 1984
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| − | * ''1984, Spring: a Choice of Futures''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1984
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| − | * ''[[Ascent to Orbit]], a Scientific Autobiography: The Technical Writings of Arthur C. Clarke''. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984
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| − | * ''[[Astounding Days]]: A Science Fictional Autobiography''. London: Gollancz, 1989
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| − | * ''[[How the World Was One: Beyond the Global Village]]''. New York : Bantam Books, 1992 —A history and survey of the communications revolution
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| − | * ''By Space Possessed''. London: Gollancz, 1993
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| − | * ''[[The Snows of Olympus - A Garden on Mars]]'' (1994, picture album with comments)
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| − | * ''[[An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural]]'', 1995, [[St. Martin's Press]] ISBN 0-312-15119-5 ([http://randi.org/encyclopedia/ Online Version])
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| − | * ''[[Fractals: The Colors of Infinity]]'' (1997, narrator)
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| − | * ''Arthur C. Clarke & Lord Dunsany: A Correspondence 1945-1956''. ed. Keith Allen Daniels. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Anamnesis Press, 1998.
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| − | * ''[[Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds!]] : Collected Works 1934-1988''. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999
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| − | * ''Profiles of the Future; an Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible'' (updated edition). New York: Harper & Row, 1999, ISBN 057506790X, ISBN 9780575067905
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| − | * ''From Narnia to A Space Odyssey: The War of Ideas Between Arthur C. Clarke and C. S. Lewis''. Edited with an Introduction by Ryder W. Miller. Ibooks (distr. by Simon & Schuster), 2003. Republished in 2005 with new sub-title "Stories , letters, and commentary by and about C. S. Lewis and Arthur C. Clarke."
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| − | * ''[[The Coming of the Space Age; famous accounts of man's probing of the universe]]'', selected and edited by Arthur C. Clarke.
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | {{Wikiquote|Arthur C. Clarke}}
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| − |
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | {{reflist|2}}
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| − |
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| − | ==References==
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| − | *Agel, Jerome. ''The Making of Kubrick's 2001''. [New York] New American Library [1970]. OCLC 109475
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| − | *Clarke, Arthur C. & Alan Watts (January), "At the Interface: Technology and Mysticism", ''Playboy'' 19 (1): 94, Chicago, Ill.: HMH Publishing, ISSN 0032-1478
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| − | *Clarke, Arthur C. (1984). ''Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry Into the Limits of the Possible''. New York, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Wilson, 205n. ISBN 0030697832
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| − | *McAleer, Neil. "Arthur C. Clarke: The Authorized Biography," Contemporary Books, Chicago, 1992. ISBN 0-8092-3720-2
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| − |
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | All links Retrieved May 23, 2008.
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| − | * [http://www.clarkefoundation.org/ The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation]
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| − | * [http://www.clarkeaward.com/ Arthur C. Clarke Award]
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| − | * [http://www.clarkeawards.org/ Sir Arthur Clarke Awards]
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| − | * [http://www.lastingtribute.co.uk/tribute/clarke/2758822 Sir Arthur C Clarke: Obituary and public tributes]
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| − | * {{isfdb name|id = Arthur_C._Clarke|name = Arthur C. Clarke}}
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| − | * {{imdb name|id = 0002009|name = Arthur C. Clarke}}
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| − | * [http://wikibin.org/articles/chiral-life-concept.html Chiral life concept]
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| − | * [http://www.distant-galaxy.com/maelstrom2/MaelstromII.html Arthur C. Clarke's Maelstrom II - a science-based mini drama]
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| − | * [http://www.iafastro.org/index.php?id=567 Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008)] [[IAF]] 19 March 2008
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| − | * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2358011.stm Obituary: Arthur C. Clarke] [[BBC]] 19 March 2008
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| − | * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qLdeEjdbWE Sir Arthur C Clarke: 90th Birthday Reflections]
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| − | * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3582978.ece Obituary in ''The Times'', 19 March 2008]
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| − | * [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120597453581750513.html?mod=opinion_journal_leisure_art Obituary] in the Wall Street Journal, 20 March 2008
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| − | * [http://books.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,2266521,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=10 Obituary] in ''[[guardian.co.uk]]'', 19 March 2008
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| − | * [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/books/19clarke.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all Obituary] in the ''[[The New York Times]]'', 19 March 2008
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| − | * [http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/21/stories/2008032151561100.htm The knight of science fiction, The Hindu, 21 March 2008]
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| − | * [http://www.space.com/news/080318-arthur-clarke.html Arthur C. Clake—Space.com report]
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| − | * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=25361500 Memorial Page for Arthur C. Clarke at FindaGrave] <!-- Photos will appear on Findagrave in due course —>
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| − | * Delighted, Kerry O'Quinn, DoorQ.Com, [http://www.doorq.com/blog.aspx?b=998 Delighted! Kerry O'Quinn on Arthur C. Clarke]
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| − |
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| − | {{Arthur C. Clarke}}
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| − | {{spaceodyssey}}
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| − |
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| − | <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] —>
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| − |
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| − | {{Persondata
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| − | | NAME = Clarke, Arthur Charles
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| − | | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Clarke, Arthur C.
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| − | | SHORT DESCRIPTION = [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Sri Lanka]]n [[Author]] and [[Inventor]]
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| − | | DATE OF BIRTH = 16 December 1917
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| − | | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Minehead]], [[Somerset]], [[United Kingdom]]
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| − | | DATE OF DEATH = 19 March 2008
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| − | | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
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| − | }}
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| − |
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| − | [[category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
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| − | [[category:Writers and poets]]
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| − | {{credits|Arthur_C._Clarke|209065498}}
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