Difference between revisions of "Baroque art" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | + | The Baroque style began as somewhat of a continuation of the Renaissance. Later, however, scholars of the time began to see the drastic differences between the two styles, and the Renaissance style gave way to Baroque. Baroque architecture, sculpture, and painting of a dramatic nature were powerful tools in the hands of religious and secular absolutism, and flourished in the service of the Catholic Church and of Catholic monarchies. The visual settings for divine-right monarchy in palaces, decorations, and festivals and in costumes, furniture, and carriages were conceived in the same climactic pattern. The Baroque artists were particularly focused on natural forms, spaces, colors, lights, and the relationship between the observer and the literary or portrait subject in order to produce a strong, if muted, emotional experience. The uniting aspect of the most disparate phases of Baroque in European countries is a common pattern of experience shared at all social levels by Catholic and Protestant alike. | |
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==The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century in Europe== | ==The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century in Europe== | ||
| − | == Painting == | + | ==Overview of Baroque Painting == |
The Council of Trent (1545-63), in which the [[Roman Catholic Church]] answered many questions of internal reform raised by both [[Protestants]] and by those who had remained inside the Catholic Church, addressed the representational arts by demanding that paintings and [[sculptures]] in church contexts should speak to the illiterate rather than to the well-informed. | The Council of Trent (1545-63), in which the [[Roman Catholic Church]] answered many questions of internal reform raised by both [[Protestants]] and by those who had remained inside the Catholic Church, addressed the representational arts by demanding that paintings and [[sculptures]] in church contexts should speak to the illiterate rather than to the well-informed. | ||
| − | [[Image:JosefaObidos1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|''Nativity'' by Josefa de Óbidos, 1669, National Museum of Ancient Art, [[Lisbon]]]] Due to this Baroque art tends to focus on Saints, the Virgin Mary, and other well known Bible stories. | + | [[Image:JosefaObidos1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|''Nativity'' by Josefa de Óbidos, 1669, National Museum of Ancient Art, [[Lisbon]]]] Due to this Baroque art tends to focus on Saints, the Virgin Mary, and other well known Bible stories. Religious painting, history painting, allegories, and portraits were still considered the most noble subjects, but landscapes, still life, and genre scenes were rapidly gaining notoriety. |
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Baroque art is characterized by great drama, rich deep color, and intense light and dark shadows. As opposed to Renaissance art, which usually showed the moment before an event took place, Baroque artists chose the most dramatic point, the moment when the action was occurring: [[Michelangelo]], working in the High Renaissance, shows his [[David]] composed and still before he battles Goliath; [[Bernini]]'s baroque [[David]] is caught in the act of hurling the stone at the giant. Baroque art was meant to evoke emotion and passion instead of the calm rationality that had been prized during the Renaissance. | Baroque art is characterized by great drama, rich deep color, and intense light and dark shadows. As opposed to Renaissance art, which usually showed the moment before an event took place, Baroque artists chose the most dramatic point, the moment when the action was occurring: [[Michelangelo]], working in the High Renaissance, shows his [[David]] composed and still before he battles Goliath; [[Bernini]]'s baroque [[David]] is caught in the act of hurling the stone at the giant. Baroque art was meant to evoke emotion and passion instead of the calm rationality that had been prized during the Renaissance. | ||
| − | + | Baroque painting stemmed from the styles of High-Renaissance painters such as Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, and Correggio. | |
| + | Walter Friedlaender refers to such "elements as interest in verisimilitude and naturalism (often with a strong allegorical content), representations of extreme states of feeling, a desire to suggest extensions into space, dynamic movement, an intense engagement with light (in its physical and spiritual connotations) and a sensitivity to the impact of Classical civilizations, as representing some of the salient features of Baroque art." | ||
Revision as of 18:04, 13 August 2007
The Baroque style began as somewhat of a continuation of the Renaissance. Later, however, scholars of the time began to see the drastic differences between the two styles, and the Renaissance style gave way to Baroque. Baroque architecture, sculpture, and painting of a dramatic nature were powerful tools in the hands of religious and secular absolutism, and flourished in the service of the Catholic Church and of Catholic monarchies. The visual settings for divine-right monarchy in palaces, decorations, and festivals and in costumes, furniture, and carriages were conceived in the same climactic pattern. The Baroque artists were particularly focused on natural forms, spaces, colors, lights, and the relationship between the observer and the literary or portrait subject in order to produce a strong, if muted, emotional experience. The uniting aspect of the most disparate phases of Baroque in European countries is a common pattern of experience shared at all social levels by Catholic and Protestant alike.
The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century in Europe
Overview of Baroque Painting
The Council of Trent (1545-63), in which the Roman Catholic Church answered many questions of internal reform raised by both Protestants and by those who had remained inside the Catholic Church, addressed the representational arts by demanding that paintings and sculptures in church contexts should speak to the illiterate rather than to the well-informed.
Due to this Baroque art tends to focus on Saints, the Virgin Mary, and other well known Bible stories. Religious painting, history painting, allegories, and portraits were still considered the most noble subjects, but landscapes, still life, and genre scenes were rapidly gaining notoriety.
Baroque art is characterized by great drama, rich deep color, and intense light and dark shadows. As opposed to Renaissance art, which usually showed the moment before an event took place, Baroque artists chose the most dramatic point, the moment when the action was occurring: Michelangelo, working in the High Renaissance, shows his David composed and still before he battles Goliath; Bernini's baroque David is caught in the act of hurling the stone at the giant. Baroque art was meant to evoke emotion and passion instead of the calm rationality that had been prized during the Renaissance.
Baroque painting stemmed from the styles of High-Renaissance painters such as Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, and Correggio. Walter Friedlaender refers to such "elements as interest in verisimilitude and naturalism (often with a strong allegorical content), representations of extreme states of feeling, a desire to suggest extensions into space, dynamic movement, an intense engagement with light (in its physical and spiritual connotations) and a sensitivity to the impact of Classical civilizations, as representing some of the salient features of Baroque art."
Sculpture
The most important sculptor of the Baroque period was undoubtedly Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680), who approached Michelangelo in his multiple skills. Bernini sculpted, worked as an architect, painted, wrote plays, and staged spectacles. In the late 20th century Bernini was most valued for his sculpture, both for his virtuosity in carving marble and his ability to create figures that combine the physical and the spiritual. He was also a fine portraitist in high demand among the powerful for bust-length likenesses.
Architcture
Key Artists
Italian Artists
- Caravaggio
- Annibale Carracci
- Agostino Carracci
- Orazio Gentileschi
- Artemisia Gentileschi
- Bartolomeo Manfredi
- Carlo Saraceni
- Battistello Caracciolo
- Guido Reni
- Francesco Albani
- Domenichino
- Guercino
- Daniele Crespi
- Domenico Fetti
- Gian Lorenzo Bernini
- Pietro Tacca
- Pietro da Cortona
- Alessandro Algardi
- Baciccio
- Andrea Pozzo
- Luca Giordano
- Carlo Maratti
- Francesco Furini
- Carlo Dolci
- Evaristo Baschenis
- Bernardo Strozzi
- Bernardo Cavallino
- Mattia Preti
- Carlo Maderno
- Francesco Borromini
DUTCH ARTISTS
- Pieter Lastman
- Jan Pynas
- Hendrick Terbrugghen
- Gerard van Honthorst
- Dirck van Baburen
- Frans Hals
- Rembrandt
- Jan Lievens
- Gerard Dou
- Jacob Backer
- Govaert Flinck
- Ferdinand Bol
- Carel Fabritius
- Samuel van Hoogstraten
- Gerbrand van den Eeckhout
- Philips Koninck
- Nicolaes Maes
- Willem Drost
- Aert de Gelder
- Willem Buytewech
- Jan Molenaer
- Judith Leyster
- Adriaen van Ostade
- Isaac van Ostade
- Jan Vermeer
- Pieter de Hooch
- Gerard ter Borch
- Gabriel Metsu
- Frans van Mieris the Elder
- Jan Steen
- Gillis van Coninxloo
- Roelant Savery
- Hendrick Avercamp
- Esias van de Velde
- Hercules Seghers
- Pieter de Molyn
- Jan van Goyen
- Salomon van Ruisdael
- Jacob van Ruisdael
- Aert van der Neer
- Frans Post
- Aelbert Cuyp
- Meindert Hobbema
- Paulus Potter
- Philips Wouwerman
- Willem van de Velde the Younger
- Cornelis Vroom
- Simon de Vlieger
- Jan van de Cappelle
- Michael Sweerts
- Jan Both
- Nicolaes Berchem
- Jan Weenix
- Karel Dujardin
- Thomas de Keyser
- Pieter Saeredam
- Emanuel de Witte
- Gerrit Berckheyde
- Jan van der Heyden
- Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder
- Pieter Claesz
- Willem Heda
- Jan Davidsz de Heem
- Willem Kalf
- Rachel Ruysch
- Abraham van Beyeren
FLEMISH ARTISTS
- Adriaen Brouwer
- Peter Paul Rubens
- Joost de Momper the Younger
- Paul Bril
- Anthony van Dyck
- Jakob Jordaens
SPANISH ARTISTS
- José de Ribera
- Francisco de Zurbarán
- Fra Juan Sánchez Cotán
- Francisco Ribalta
- Diego Velázquez
- Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
- Alonso Cano
GERMAN ARTISTS
- Adam Elsheimer
- Johann Liss
- Joachim Sandrart
- Georg Flegel
BRITISH ARTISTS
- Peter Lely
- William Dobson
FRENCH ARTISTS
- Valentin de Boulogne
- Simon Vouet
- Jacques Blanchard
- Laurent de La Hyre
- Lubin Baugin
- Philippe de Champaigne
- Nicolas Tournier
- Georges de La Tour
- Louis Le Nain
- Nicolas Poussin
- Claude Lorrain
- Gaspard Dughet
- Eustache Le Sueur
- Sébastien Bourdon
- Charles Le Brun
- Antoine Coysevox
- Pierre Legros the Younger
- Pierre Mignard
- François Girardon
- Jean Jouvenet
- Jean-François de Troy
- André Le Nôtre
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