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| − | {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
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| − | | native_name = Ahmedabad
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| − | | type = metropolitan city
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| − | | locator_position = right
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| − | | latd = 23.03
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| − | | longd = 72.58
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| − | | state_name = Gujarat
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| − | | district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
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| − | | leader_title = Mayor
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| − | | leader_name = [[Amit Shah]]
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| − | | altitude = 53
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| − | | population_as_of = 2006
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| − | | population_total = 3769846
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| − | | population_metro = 5,360,238
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| − | | population_metro_as_of = 2006
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| − | | population_metro_rank = 7th
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| − | | population_density = 3978
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| − | | area_magnitude = 9
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| − | | area_total = 1300
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| − | | area_telephone = 079
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| − | | postal_code = 380 0XX
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| − | | vehicle_code_range = GJ-1
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| − | | footnotes =
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| − | }}
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| − | '''Ahmedabad''' ({{lang-gu|અમદાવાદ ''Amdāvād''}}, [[Hindi]]: अहमदाबाद {{IPAudio|Ahmedabad.ogg|''Ahmadābād''}}), the largest city in the state of [[Gujarat]] and the [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|seventh-largest urban agglomeration]] in [[India]], has a population of almost 53 [[lakh]]s (5.3 million).<ref name=population>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = World Gazetteer
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| − | |title = India: metropolitan areas
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| − | |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a
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| − | |accessdate=2006-03-04
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| − | }}</ref> Located on the banks of the [[Sabarmati River|River Sabarmati]], the city serves as the administrative center of [[Ahmedabad district]], and had been the [[capital]] of Gujarat from 1960 to 1970; the capital shifted to [[Gandhinagar]] thereafter. The city sometimes goes by the name '''Karnavati''', a name for an older town that existed in the same location. Locals often use colloquial Gujarati, calling the city '''Amdavad'''.
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| − | Founded in 1411, the city served as the capital of the [[Muzaffarid dynasty|Sultanate of Gujarat]], by its namesake, [[Sultan]] [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]]. The [[British Raj|British ]] established a military [[cantonment]] and the city infrastructure modernized and expanded. Although incorporated into the [[Bombay Presidency]] during the British rule in India, Ahmedabad remained the most important city in the Gujarat region. The city established itself as the home of a booming textile industry, which earned it the nickname "''the [[Manchester]] of the East''."<ref name=manchester>{{cite news | first = | last = | author = A. Srivathsan| coauthors =| url = http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/06/23/stories/2006062300300200.htm| title = Manchester of the east| work = Young World| publisher = The Hindu| pages = | page =|date = 2006-06-23| accessdate = 2006-07-30| language = }}</ref> The city was at the forefront of the [[Indian independence movement]] in the first half of the 20th century.<ref name=manchester/> It became the epicenter of many campaigns of [[civil disobedience]] to promote workers' rights, [[civil rights]] and political independence.
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| − | With the [[States Reorganisation Act|creation of the state of Gujarat]] in 1960, Ahmedabad gained prominence as the political and commercial capital of the state. Once characterized by dusty roads and [[bungalow]]s, the city has been witnessing a major construction boom and population increase. A rising center of education, [[information technology]] and scientific industries, Ahmedabad remains the [[Culture of India|cultural]] and [[Economy of India|commercial]] heart of Gujarat, and much of western India. Since 2000, the city has been transformed through the construction of skyscrapers, shopping malls and [[multiplex (movie theater)|multiplexes]].<ref name=jeremy>{{cite news | first = | last = | author = Jeremy Smith | coauthors =| url = http://www.temple-news.com/media/storage/paper143/news/2000/10/19/News/Professor.Sees.Philadelphia.In.An.Indian.City-5883.shtml?norewrite200607311201&sourcedomain=www.temple-news.com | title = Professor Sees Philadelphia in Indian city| work = | publisher = The Temple News| pages = 2| page = 1| date = 2000-10-19| accessdate = 2006-07-31| language = English }}</ref> That progress has been marred by natural calamities, political instability and outbreaks of communal violence.
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| − | ==History==
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| − | {{main|History of Ahmedabad}}
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| − | [[Image:Sidi Saiyyad Ni Jaali.jpg|thumb|right|Exterior view of the [[Sidi Saiyyed Jaali]] — an unofficial symbol of Ahmedabad]]
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| − | Archaeological evidence suggests that the area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, then known as ''Ashapalli'' or ''[[Ashaval]]''. At that time, [[Karandev I]], the [[Solanki]] ruler of Anhilwara (modern [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]), waged a successful war against the [[Bhil]] king of Ashaval. Soon after the victory, he established a city called ''Karnavati'' on the banks of the Sabarmati at the site of modern Ahmedabad. Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the [[Vaghela dynasty]] of [[Dholka]] and the [[Sultanate of Delhi]] conquered Ahmedabad.
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| − | [[Image:Cloth map of ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Ahmedabad, depicted in a miniature style painting on a cloth, circa 19th century]]
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| − | In 1411 , the [[Muzaffarid dynasty]] established its rule in Gujarat. According to tradition, Sultan [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]], while camping on the banks of the River Sabarmati, saw a hare chasing a dog. Impressed by that act of bravery, the Sultan, who had been looking for a place to build his new capital, decided to locate the capital here and called it Ahmedabad.<ref>
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| − | {{cite book
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| − | | title = Setu City Map: Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar
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| − | | publisher = Setu Publications
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| − | | date = 1998
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| − | | pages=1}}</ref>
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| − | In 1487, [[Mahmud Begada]], the grandson of Ahmed Shah, [[fortification|fortified]] the city with an outer wall 10 km (6 miles) in circumference and consisting of [[Ahmedabad's Darwajas|twelve gates]], 189 [[bastion]]s and over 6,000 [[battlement]]s. The Muzaffarid dynasty ruled Ahmedabad until 1573 when [[Muzaffar II]] became the Sultan of Ahmedabad. the [[Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] Gujarat then conquered in 1573. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the Empire's thriving centers of trade, mainly in [[textile]]s, exported to as far as Europe. The Mughal ruler [[Shahjahan]] spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction of the [[Moti Shahi Mahal]] in [[Shahibaug]]. The armies of the [[Maratha]] generals [[Raghunath Rao]] and [[Damaji Gaekwad]] captured the city and ended Mughal rule in Ahmedabad. A [[famine]] in 1630 and the constant conflicts between the [[Peshwa]] and the Gaekwad armies virtually destroyed many parts of the city, causing its population to flee.<ref>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
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| − | |title = History of Ahmedabad
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| − | |url=http://www.egovamc.com/A_City/ahmedabad/history.asp
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| − | |accessdate=2006-05-10
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| − | }}</ref> The [[British East India Company]] took over the city in 1818 as a part of the conquest of India. They established a military cantonment in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858. In 1864, the [[Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway]] (BB&CI) established a railway link between Ahmedabad and [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay), making Ahmedabad an important junction in the traffic and trade between [[North India|northern]] and [[South India|southern India]]. Large numbers of people migrated from rural areas to work in textile mills, establishing a robust industry.
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| − | The [[Indian independence movement]] developed strong roots in the city when, in 1915, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established two [[ashram]]s — the [[Kochrab Ashram]] near [[Paldi]] in 1915 and the [[Sabarmati Ashram|Satyagraha Ashram]] on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 — that would become centers of intense nationalist activities. During the [[Non-Cooperation Movement|mass protests]] against the [[Rowlatt Act]] in 1919, textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | |first = Unjum
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| − | |last = Mirza
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| − | |publisher = Socialist Review
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| − | |title = Independence Day
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| − | |year = 1997
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| − | |month = September
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| − | |url=http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr211/mirza.htm
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| − | |accessdate=2006-06-01
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| − | }}</ref> In the 1920s, textile workers and teachers went on strike, demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the [[Salt Satyagraha]] from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the famous [[Dandi Salt March]]. The large masses of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests in the early 1930s, and again in 1942 during the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India movement]] rendered functionless the city administration and economic institutions. Following independence and the [[partition of India]] in 1947, intense communal violence that broke out between [[Hinduism in India|Hindus]] and [[Islam in India|Muslims]] scarred the city.
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| − | [[Image:Sabarmati-Ashram-8.jpg|thumb|right|The Sabarmati Ashram, established by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]
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| − | Ahmedabad became the capital of the new state of Gujarat after the bifurcation of the [[Bombay State|State of Bombay]] on 1 May 1960. During that period, a large number of educational and research institutions sprung up in the city, making it a major center of [[Education in India|higher education]], science and technology. The establishment of [[heavy industry|heavy]] and [[chemical industry|chemical industries]] in its vicinity around the same period diversified Ahmedabad's economic base. But political events in and around the city the punctuated growth in the next two decades. In February 1974, Ahmedabad occupied the center stage in national politics with the launch of the ''[[Nav Nirman]]'' agitation — a protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the [[L.D. College of Engineering]] that snowballed into a mass agitation to remove [[Chimanbhai Patel]], then-chief minister of Gujarat, on charges of corruption.<ref>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = ahmedabad.com
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| − | |title = When LD Engineering structured the revolt
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| − | |url=http://www.ahmedabad.com/incity/2k/june/24ld.htm
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| − | |date=2000-06-24
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| − | |accessdate=2006-05-10
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| − | }}</ref> In the 1980s, the government introduced a [[Reservation in India|reservation policy]] in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various [[Indian caste system|castes]].<ref>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = Seminar Publications, New Delhi
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| − | |first = Achyut
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| − | |last = Yagnik
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| − | |title = The pathology of Gujarat
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| − | |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm
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| − | |year=2002
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| − | |month=May
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| − | |accessdate=2006-05-10
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | On 26 January 2001 a devastating [[2001 Gujarat Earthquake|earthquake]] struck the city, centered near [[Bhuj]], measuring 6.9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. As many as 50 multistory buildings collapsed, killing 752 people and devastating the city's infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia
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| − | |first = Anil
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| − | |last = Sinha
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| − | |title = Lessons learned from the Gujarat earthquake
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| − | |url=http://w3.whosea.org/gujarat/finalreport3.htm
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| − | |accessdate=2006-05-13
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| − | }}</ref> The following year, [[2002 Gujarat violence|communal riots]] between Hindus and Muslims spread to Ahmedabad, paralyzing the city for more than a month. The crisis resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1,044 people across the state.<ref>{{cite news
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| − | | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm
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| − | | title = Gujarat riot death toll revealed
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| − | | publisher = BBC News
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| − | | date = 2005-05-11
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| − | | accessdate = 2006-07-30
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| − | }}</ref> The displacement of thousands of Muslims led to the erection of refugee camps around the city.
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| − | In recent years, the effects of [[globalization]] and the liberalization of the Indian economy has energized the city's economy.<ref name=jeremy/> The city has witnessed the establishment of scientific and service industries, the expansion of the [[information technology]] sector, and significant improvements in transportation and communications. Ahmedabad's population has been growing, resulting in a construction and housing boom. That has challenged the city's infrastructure and [[States of India by installed power capacity|power supply]].<ref name=jeremy/>
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| − | ==Geography and climate==
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| − | {{main|Geography of Ahmedabad}}
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| − | [[Image:River-Sabarmati-1.jpg|thumb|right|River Sabarmati]]
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| − | Ahmedabad, located at {{coor d|23.03|N|72.58|E|}} in western India, stands at an elevation of 53 [[metre]]s (174 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]). The city sits on the banks of the River [[Sabarmati]], in north-central Gujarat. It spans an area of 205 [[square kilometre|km²]] (79.15 square miles). The Sabarmati frequently dries up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water. With the city located in a sandy and dry area, many of the localities and roads build in sand, reflecting the intensifying fallout caused by [[deforestation]]. The steady expansion of the [[Rann of Kutch]] threatens to increase [[desertification]] around the city area and much of the state. Except for the small hills of [[Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra]], the city sits in an almost flat area. Two lakes lie within the city's limits — [[Kankaria|Kankaria Lake]] and [[Vastrapur Lake]]. The Sultan of Delhi, [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], dug Kankaria lake, in the neighborhood of [[Maninagar]], in 1451.<ref name=kankaria>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = Ministry of Tourism and Culture, India
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| − | |title = Ahmedabad—What to see
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| − | |url=http://www.tourismofindia.com/himg/mgahmedabadwhattosee.htm
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| − | |accessdate=2006-08-03
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| − | }}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], the town falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone-III]], in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes)<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite web
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| − | | url = http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf
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| − | | title = Hazard profiles of Indian districts
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| − | | accessdate = 2006-08-23
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| − | | author =
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| − | | last =
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| − | | first =
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| − | | authorlink =
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| − | | coauthors =
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| − | | date =
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| − | | year =
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| − | | month =
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| − | | format = [[PDF]]
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| − | | work = National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management
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| − | | publisher = [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]]
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| − | | pages =
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| − | | language =
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| − | | archiveurl =
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| − | }}</ref> while the wind and cyclone zoning rates "very high damage risk," according to [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] report.<ref name=hazardprofile/>
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| − | Three main seasons exist: summer, [[monsoon]] and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate remains dry. The weather, hot through the months of March to June — experiences a summer maximum of 36 [[Celsius|°C]] (97 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]), and the average minimum of 23 °C (73 °F). From November to February, the average maximum temperature measures 30 °C (85 °F), the average minimum 15 °C (59 °F), with an extremely dry climate. Cold northerly winds brings a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon ushers a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average rainfall measures 93.2 [[centimetre|cm]] (36.7 inches), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause the river to [[flood]]. The highest temperature recorded reached 47 °C (116.6 °F) and the lowest fell to 5 °C (41 °F).<ref name=temperatures>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = Canty and Associates LLC
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| − | |title = Weatherbase entry for Ahmedabad
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| − | |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=074624&refer=&unit’s=metric
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| − | |accessdate=2006-05-08
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| − | }}</ref> In recent years, Ahmedabad has suffered from increasing air, water and soil pollution from neighboring industrial areas and textile mills.
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| − | The Sabarmati divides Ahmedabad into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, including the central town of [[Bhadra]]. Packed bazaars, the clustered and barricaded ''[[pol (housing)|pol]]'' system of shanty buildings, and numerous places of worship characterize that part of Ahmedabad. It houses the main railway station, the [[General Post Office, Ahmedabad|General Post Office]], and landmark buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of Sabarmati, facilitated by the construction of [[Ellis Bridge]] in 1875 and later with the modern [[Nehru Bridge]]. That part of the city houses educational institutions, modern buildings, well-planned residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centered around [[C. G. Road]], [[Ashram Road]], and more recently, the [[Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway]].<ref>
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| − | {{cite book
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| − | | title = The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium
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| − | | publisher = Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design
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| − | | date = 2002
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| − | | pages=83
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| − | | chapter = Urban Structure and Growth}}</ref>
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| − | ==Civic administration==
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| − | {| class="wikitable" border="1" align="left" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" width="260" style="margin: 1em 1em 0 0; background: #F4F5F6; border: 1px #C6C7C8 solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%"
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| − | | colspan="2" bgcolour="#C2D6E5" align="left" | '''Ahmedabad city officials'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | width="50%" | '''Mayor'''
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| − | | [[Amit Shah]]
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''Municipal Commissioner'''
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| − | | [[I. P. Gautam]]
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''Police Commissioner'''
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| − | | [[J. J. Mahapatra]]
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| − | |-
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| − | |}
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| − | [[Image:Centenary of amc.jpg|thumb|170px|right|Balvantrai Thakore, Sardar Patel and [[Ganesh Mavlankar]] at a ceremony held in the municipality compound to celebrate centenary year of the Ahmedabad Municipality in 1935]]
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| − | The [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC) administered Ahmedabad. The [[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]] (AUDA) administer some of the regions surrounding the city. The AMC established in July 1950 under the ''Bombay Provincial Corporation Act, 1949''. Administratively, the city divides into five zones and 43 wards. Each ward elects three [[Local Governance in India|corporators]],<ref name=administration>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
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| − | |title = Administrative setup
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| − | |url=http://www.ahmedabadcity.org/adminsetup.html
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| − | |accessdate=2006-05-10
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| − | }}</ref> who in turn elect a mayor. The municipal commissioner, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer appointed by the Gujarat state government, has vested executive powers. The mayor governs the day-to-day running of the municipal school board, the city bus service, the municipal hospital, and the city library. The city serves as the headquarters of Ahmedabad district and as the seat of the [[Gujarat High Court]].
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| − | A [[Police Commissioner]], an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer heads the Ahmedabad city police. [[Torrent Power]] AEC Limited, previously a state-run corporation provides electricity in the city. The city elects one member to the [[Lok Sabha]] and seven to the Gujarat [[Vidhan Sabha]]. Two main political parties have won a significant number of seats in [[Elections in India|elections]] — the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. Of the seven assembly seats of Ahmedabad, the BJP won five and the Congress Party two during the legislative elections in 2002. In the 2005 Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation elections, the BJP won 96 seats, 32 seats went to the Congress, and one seat went to an independent candidate.<ref>{{cite news | first = Manas| last = Dasgupta| author = | coauthors =| url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/16/stories/2005101605480800.htm| title = BJP wrests control of Ahmedabad municipal body| work = | publisher = The Hindu| pages = | page = 1| date = 2005-10-16| accessdate = 2006-07-30| language = }}</ref>
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| − | ==Economy==
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| − | [[Image:SG Road2.jpg|thumb|[[Big Bazaar]] on the Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway]]
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| − | {{main|Economy of Ahmedabad}}
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| − | Ahmedabad, the largest inland industrial center in western India, has historically enjoyed a reputation as an important base of commerce, trade and industry. Under Muzaffarid rule, the city constituted a major trade destination for western India, because of its proximity to the port at [[Surat]] and for its access to the hinterland of Gujarat. In the 19th century, the textile and garments industry developed and thrived in the city — on 30 May 1861 [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]] founded the first Indian textile mill, the [[Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited]]. The establishment of a series of textile mills such as the [[Calico Mills]] in 1880 by Maganbhai, and mills founded by industrialists such as [[Ambalal Sarabhai]] and [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]] followed .<ref name=jeremy> The textile industry expanded rapidly during the [[World War I|First World War]], and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi's [[Swadeshi movement]], which promoted the purchase of Indian-made goods.<ref>
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| − | {{cite book
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| − | | title = The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium
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| − | | publisher = Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design
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| − | | date = 2002
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| − | | pages=34
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| − | | chapter=Industry and Commerce}}</ref> [[Arvind Mills]], located in Ahmedabad, is one of the largest textile mills in the country.
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| − | Ahmedabad has a thriving chemicals and [[pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceuticals industry]]. Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India — [[Zydus Cadila]] and [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]] — headquarter in the city. The city serves as the corporate headquarters of the [[Adani Group]], a leading multinational trading company. The [[Nirma]] group of industries, which runs a large number of detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. In recent year many foreign companies have set up their sales offices and production facilities in Ahmedabad, among them [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch Rexroth]], Germany (hydraulic components); [[Stork N.V.|Stork]], Netherlands (textile machinery; joint venture with ATE, India's leading textile equipment trading house); [[Rollepaal]], Netherlands (pipe extrusion equipment); and Johnson Pumps, Sweden.
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| − | The completion and operation of the [[Sardar Sarovar Project]] of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city. In recent years, the Gujarat government has increased investment in the modernization of the city's infrastructure, providing for the construction of larger roads and improvements to water supply, electricity and communications. The [[information technology]] industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad.<ref name=jeremy/> A [[NASSCOM]] survey in 2002 on the "Super Nine Indian Destinations" for IT-enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?art_id=19195158| title = Ahmedabad joins ITES hot spots| work = | publisher = The Economic Times| date = 2002-08-16| accessdate = 2006-07-30}}</ref>
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| − | A diverse labor force of migrant workers from different parts of Gujarat and neighboring states has been integral to the economy of the city. Those workers provide vital household labor and services for the city's large middle class. Ahmedabad plays a strong and significant role in providing commercial resources and market access for the economies of neighboring cities. A majority of the working-age citizens of Ahmedabad work as traders and business people. That has led to the creation of major mercantile corporations and [[Artisan#Artisan guilds|artisan guilds]] that exert a key influence on the economic life of Gujarat. The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India.<ref name=jeremy/>
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| − | ==Demographics==
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| − | {{main|Demographics of Ahmedabad}}
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| − | [[As of 2001]] India [[Census#India|census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Ahmedabad had a population of 3,515,361. That figure accounts only for the municipal region. The total population of the Ahmedabad Urban Agglomeration (which includes the region governed by AUDA) came to 4.5 million, having grown to an estimated 5.2 million in 2006.<ref>{{cite news | first = | last = | author = | coauthors =| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/04/07/stories/0207000q.htm| title = Ahmedabad yet to become a mega city| work = | publisher = The Hindu| pages = | page = | date = 2001-04-07| accessdate = 2006-07-30| language = }}</ref> Ahmedabad has a sex ratio of 886 females to every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 79.89%, the highest in Gujarat (87.81% males and 71.12% females).<ref>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher=Mediaware Infotech Pvt. Ltd
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| − | |title = Literacy in Gujarat
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| − | |url=http://www.mediaware-infotech.com/newsletter/Gujarati/literacy.htm
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| − | |accessdate=2006-04-03
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| − | }}</ref> According to the census for the [[Five-Year Plans of India|Ninth Plan]], 30,737 families live in rural Ahmedabad. Of those, 5.41% (1663 families) live [[poverty threshold|below the poverty line]].<ref>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = Ahmedabad District Collectorate
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| − | |title = BPL Census for ninth plan
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| − | |url=http://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/applications/content.asp?Content_Id=764&Title_Id=195&language=E&SiteID=8
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| − | |accessdate=2006-05-10
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| − | }}</ref> Approximately 440,000 people live in [[slum]]s in the city.<ref>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
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| − | |title = Slum Population in Million Plus Cities
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| − | |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum1_m_plus.html
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| − | |accessdate=2006-05-11
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| − | }}</ref> Ahmedabad serves as home to a large population of [[Vanika|Vanias]] (i.e., traders), belonging to the [[Vaishnava]] sect of Hinduism and the sects of [[Jainism]]. Most of the residents of Ahmedabad number among the native [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]]. Residents commonly speak [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]], especially in commerce, education, politics and government.
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| − |
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| − | Ever since its foundation, the city has attracted migrant workers from other areas of Gujarat including [[Kutch District|Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and from the neighboring states of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Maharashtra]] as well as the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Sindh]]. A sizeable population of [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Marathi people|Marathis]], [[Tamil people|Tamils]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], [[Malayali]]s and [[Marwaris]] bring their native language and culture to the city. The military base near the city, and government institutions such as [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]], bring an influx of people from across India. Ahmedabad enjoys great religious diversity. According to the 2001 census, 84.62% of the people in Ahmedabad profess Hinduism, 2.92% Jainism, 11.4% Islam and 0.72% [[Christianity in India|Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | | publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
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| − | | url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm | title=Census GIS Household
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| − | |accessdate=2006-05-11
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| − | }}</ref> The community of Muslims has cultural significance in Ahmedabad, dating back to the times of the sultanate. Most Muslims live in the old town, especially Bhadra. A major population of [[Parsi]]s call the city home, and a community of 300 [[Bene Israel]] Jews live in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | |publisher = Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs
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| − | |title = The Last Jews in India and Burma
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| − | |url=http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl101.htm
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| − | |author = Nathan Katz
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| − | |coauthors = Ellen S. Goldberg
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| − | |accessdate=2006-04-27
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − |
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| − | ==Culture==
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| − | {{main|Culture of Ahmedabad}}
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| − | [[Image:Law Garden2.jpg|thumb|Road side food stalls—a common sight in Ahmedabad]]
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| − | Ahmedabad enjoys a thriving cultural tradition, being the center of Gujarati cultural activities and diverse traditions of different ethnic and religious communities. Popular celebrations and observances include [[Uttarayana|Uttarayan]] — an annual [[kite]]-flying day on 14 January. People performing [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] — the folk dance of Gujarat — celebrate the nine nights of [[Navratri]]at venues across the city. The lighting of lamps in every house, the decorating the floors with the [[rangoli]] and the bursting of firecrackers celebrate the festival of lights — [[Diwali|Deepavali]]. People celebrate other festivals such as [[Holi]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Christmas]] with enthusiasm. The annual [[Rath Yatra]] procession on the ''Ashadh-sud-bij'' date of the [[Hindu calendar]] and the procession of ''Tajia'' during the Muslim holy month of [[Muharram]] are integral parts of the city's culture.
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| − | The people of Ahmedabad enjoy rich [[Indian cuisine|culinary traditions]]. The most popular form of meal — a typical Gujarati ''thali'' (meal) — consists of [[roti|rotli]], [[dal]], rice and ''Shaak'' (cooked vegetables, sometimes with [[curry]]), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted ''papads''. Popular beverages include [[buttermilk]] and tea; sweet dishes include ''[[laddu|laddoos]]'' and [[mango]]. Many restaurants serve a wide array of Indian and international cuisines. Most of the food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as the city's Jain and Hindu communities maintain a strong tradition of [[vegetarianism]]. The first all-vegetarian [[Pizza Hut]] in the world opened in Ahmedabad.<ref name=pizza>{{cite news | first = Sumitra| last = Senapaty| author = | coauthors =| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600150100.htm| title = Bon `veggie' appetit| work = Internet Edition| publisher = The Hindu Business Lines| pages = | page = | date = 2002-11-16| accessdate = 2006-07-30| language = }}</ref>
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| − |
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| − | The [[Indian architecture|architectural]] history of Ahmedabad stretches across the last millennium. The Sultanate fused Hindu craftsmanship with [[Islamic architecture]], giving rise to the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style. Many [[mosque]]s in the city have been built in that fashion. <ref>{{cite book
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| − | | title = The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium
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| − | | publisher = Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research.
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| − | | date = 2002
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| − | | pages=103
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| − | | chapter=Architectural Legacies of Ahmedabad}}</ref>
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| − | After independence, modern buildings came up in Ahmedabad when renowned architects like [[Louis Kahn]] who designed the Indian Institute of Management; [[Le Corbusier]] who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas, the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owner's Association; and [[Buckminister Fuller]] who designed the Calico Dome received commissions in the city. [[B. V. Doshi]] came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier's works and later set up the School of Architecture. His local masterpieces include Sangath, the Doshi-Hussain Gumpha and the School of Architecture. [[Charles Correa]], who became a partner of Doshi's, designed the Gandhi Ashram and [[Achut Kanvinde]] the Indian Textile Industries Research Association. [[Christopher Charles Benninger]]'s first work, the Alliance Francaise, stands in the Ellis Bridge area. Hashmuck C. Patel, and his son Dr. Bimal Patel, both renowned architects of the city, designed the [[St. Xavier's High School Loyola Hall]], Gujarat High Court and the [[Ahmedabad Management Association]]. Dr. Bimal Patel recently designed a major addition to Louis Kahn's campus, the Indian Institute of Management.
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| − |
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| − | [[Image:Law Garden 3.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional clothes called ''Chania Cholis'' being sold at Law Garden]] Parts of Ahmedabad have earn fame for their speciality of folk art, including the Paldi area famous for shops selling works of embroidery from the [[Kutch District|Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] regions. The artisans of Rangeela [[pol (housing)|pol]] have become famous for making ''bandhinis'' (tie and dye work), while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional ''mojri'' footwear. High-quality idols of [[Ganesha]] and other religious icons have been produced in huge numbers in the Gulbai Tekra area. The shops at the [[Law Garden]] have achieved fame for their mirror work handicraft. [[Victorian architecture]] showcases in most college, railway station and government buildings, mainly constructed during the colonial period.
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| − |
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| − | Many Gujarati intellectuals migrated to Ahmedabad due to its prosperity. Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of [[Gujarati literature]] — [[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]], [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] and [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]]. Musicians and instrumentalists from across the world come to perform at the popular classical music festival held each 1 January by the [[Saptak School of Music]]. The [[Sanskar Kendra]]—one of the many buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier—is a city museum depicting history, art, culture and architecture of Ahmedabad. The [[Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya]] and the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial]] have a permanent display of photographs, documents and other articles of Mahatma Gandhi and [[Sardar Patel]]. The [[Calico Museum of Textiles]] has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics, garments and textiles. Ahmedabad maintains a strong popular literary tradition in large public libraries maintained by the literary societies, research and government institutions and colleges. The [[Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library]] has a collection of rare original manuscripts in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] languages.<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | | title = The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium
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| − | | publisher = Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design
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| − | | date = 2002
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| − | | pages=44–59
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| − | | chapter=Arts and Literature}}</ref>
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Sports==
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| − | [[Image:Sports Club Ahmedabad2.jpg|thumb|right|Cricket stadium at the Sports Club of Gujarat]]
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| − | [[Cricket in India|Cricket]] ranks as the most popular sport in the city. Both [[One-Day International|one-day international]]s and [[Test cricket|test matches]] play at the [[Sardar Patel Stadium]]. The stadium has frequently served as venue for matches during major tournaments such as the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]], the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]]. Ahmedabad has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation's [[Sports Club of Gujarat]], the home ground of the [[Gujarat cricket team]]. The stadium serves as the venue for domestic tournaments such as the [[Ranji Trophy]], the [[Duleep Trophy]] and many inter-school and collegiate tournaments. Even though overshadowed by cricket's popularity, [[football (soccer)|football]], [[field hockey]], [[badminton]], [[tennis]], [[squash (sport)|squash]] and [[basketball]] have been gaining popularity at collegiate levels. There has been a significant increase in recent years in the number of private sports clubs, [[gymkhana]]s, gymnasiums and sports teams sponsored by corporations, private associations, schools and colleges. Young people congregate in the evenings to play cricket and football on the numerous public and neighbourhood grounds. Ahmedabad's rich sports traditions have produced legendary sportsmen, such as [[Jasu Patel]], and younger stars such as [[Parthiv Patel]] and [[Geet Sethi]], a five-time winner of the [[World Professional Billiards Championship]] and a recipient of India's highest sporting award, the [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]].
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| − |
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| − | ==Transport==
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| − | [[Image:Teen-Darwaza.jpg|thumb|right|Rickshaws and scooters navigating through packed roads in front of the Teen Darwaja]]
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| − | Ahmedabad numbers among one of the six operating divisions of the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]]. Railway lines connect the city to all towns in Gujarat, and to major cities in the rest of India. The [[Ahmedabad Railway Station]] and the [[Maninagar Railway Station]] served as the main terminals for the city. The [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] provides for both domestic and international aviation for the city and the neighboring cities of [[Gandhinagar]], [[Mehsana]] and [[Nadiad]]. The airport connects the city with destinations across India and to cities in the Middle East [[(Muscat, Sharjah, Kuwait)]], East Asia [[(Singapore)]] and destinations in Western Europe [[(London)]].
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| − |
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| − | [[Indian National Highway 8|National Highway 8]], linking [[Delhi]] to [[Mumbai]], passes though Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad connects to [[Vadodara]] through [[Indian National Expressway 1|National Expressway 1]], a 94 km (58 mi) long highway with only two exits. That expressway belongs to the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project.<ref>{{cite news | first = | last = | author = | coauthors =| url = http://www.blonnet.com/2003/01/30/stories/2003013001841300.htm| title = PM flags off Ahmedabad expressway| work = Internet Edition| publisher = The Hindu Business Line| pages = | page =|date = 2003-01-30| accessdate = 2006-07-30| language = }}</ref> Highways directly connect Ahmedabad to [[Bhavnagar]], Nadiad, Mehsana, [[Surendranagar]], [[Bhuj]], [[Rajkot]] and Gandhinagar.
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| − |
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| − | The Mahatma Gandhi Road, C. G. Road, the Jawaharlal Nehru Road, the Ashram Road and the Sarkhej-Gandhinagar highway (S.G. Highway) make up the city's main traffic arteries. [[Auto rickshaw]]s, [[Auto rickshaw#Share autos|share autos]] and buses rank as the most popular forms of public transport. The [[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service]] (AMTS) runs the local bus service in the city. In 2005, AMTS began a drive to convert all of its petrol and diesel engine buses to run on [[compressed natural gas]] engines to reduce the effects of air pollution. AMTS runs 750 buses.<ref name="AMTS">{{cite news |title = Take the smart route, hop on to a hi-tech bus |work = Ahmedabad edition (print)|publisher = The Times of India|page = 5|date = 2005-04-06}}</ref> Bicycles and motorcycles make a popular medium of transport with the city's young people and students. A [[bus rapid transit|bus rapid transport]] project has been launched by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. The first phase of the project finished September 2007.<ref>{{cite news | author = Tanvir A Siddiqui | url = http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=209867| title = BRTS project finally hits the road, off to a ‘flyover’ start| work = Ahmedabad Newsline| publisher = The Indian Express| pages = | page = | date = 2006-11-15| accessdate = 2006-11-22}}</ref>
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| − |
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| − | ==Education==
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| − | {{main|Education in Ahmedabad}}
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| − | [[Image:Gujarat University3.jpg|thumb|The Gujarat University clock tower in Ahmedabad]]
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| − | Either the municipal corporation, or privately by entities, trusts and corporations run schools in Ahmedabad. Most schools affiliate with the [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board]]. Some schools, like the [[Delhi Public School]] and the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s, relate to the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]]. A large number of colleges in the city affiliate with [[Gujarat University]]. Other [[Deemed University|deemed universities]] in Ahmedabad include the [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology]], [[Nirma University of Science & Technology]] and the [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University]].<ref name=universities>{{cite web
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| − | |publisher = University Grants Commission, India
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| − | |title = List of University (State wise)—Gujarat
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| − | |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/univbrowse.php?st=Gujarat
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| − | |accessdate=2006-03-30
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| − | }}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established the prestigious [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] in 1920, among the first institutions of higher learning managed entirely by Indians, despite British control.
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| − |
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| − | Prestigious institutions such as the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad| Indian Institute of Management]], the [[National Institute of Design]], the [[Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad|Mudra Institute of Communications]], the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], the [[Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India]], the [[Gujarat National Law University]] and the [[Center for Environmental Planning and Technology]] have campuses in Ahmedabad. Many national academic and scientific institutions, such as the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] and the [[Space Applications Centre]] of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], established in the 1960s largely through the efforts of prominent astrophysicist and industrialist [[Vikram Sarabhai]].<ref name=isro>{{cite web|url= http://www.isro.org/centres/cen_ahe.htm|title= Ahmedabad|accessdate= 2006-03-30||publisher= Department of Space, Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref> The [[Ahmedabad Management Association]], a notable institution, imparts management training and experience to young students and professionals. A plan to open a [[satellite campus]] of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]], with a capacity of around 4,000 students, has been drafted. The IIT will offer courses with a focus on the skilled-labor needs of Gujarat, such as textiles, and aeronautical, marine, and ship engineering.<ref name=IIT>{{cite news | first = | last = | author = | coauthors =| url = http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=193791| title = IIT’s happening at last: satellite campus in offing| work = Ahmedabad edition| publisher = The Indian Express| pages = | page = 1| date = 2006-07-22| accessdate = 2006-07-30| language = }}</ref>
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| − |
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| − | Twelve Management Schools (other than IIM)[[Manaement Schools]] operate in and around Ahmedabad. B. K. School of Business Management [http://www.bkschool.in/], oldest among them, had been established in 1976 as a department of Gujarat University as a state run institute. The university ranks 3rd in Asia for its Part Time MBA program, 28th in India for its Full Time MBA program, and 6th among university sponsored MBA program. The business management college ranks as the first MBA institute, in the state of Gujarat among 45 institutes, in terms of common admission and placement criterion. The college runs an recognized program in Port Management.
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| − |
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| − | ==Media==
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| − | [[Image:All India Radio Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|right|Broadcasting tower of the All India Radio, Ahmedabad]]
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| − | Ahmedabad has a number of newspaper publications. English-language dailies published and sold in the city include, [[The Times of India]], [[Indian Express]], [[DNA money]], [[Economic Times]], Indian Express, [[Divya Bhaskar]], [[Gujarat Samachar]], [[Sandesh]].
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| − |
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| − | A large number of magazines, periodicals and journals regularly publish and circulate across the city. The city serves as home to the historic [[Navajivan Trust|Navajivan Publishing House]] — founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi — one of India's premier publications company. The Gujarat [[Cinema of India|film]] and [[Television in India|television]] industry has a small but significant presence in the city.
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| − |
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| − | The city has six local [[frequency modulation|FM]] stations at [[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 [[hertz|MHz]]), [[Radio City]] (91.1 MHz), My fm (94.3 MHz), [[Radio One]] (95.0 MHz), Gyan Vaani (104.5 MHz), [[All India Radio]] (96.7 MHz).
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| − |
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| − | All India Radio broadcasts on the [[amplitude modulation|AM]] band.<ref name=Radio>{{cite web
| |
| − | |author = Alan G. Davies
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| − | |publisher = Asiawaves
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| − | |title = Radio Stations in Gujarat, India
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| − | |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/gujarat-radio.htm
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| − | |accessdate=2006-03-30
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| − | }}</ref> [[Satellite radio]] was launched in the city by [[WorldSpace]] in 2005.<ref name=Worldspace>{{cite web
| |
| − | |publisher = Worldspace Satellite Radio
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| − | |title = WorldSpace Satellite Radio Lights Up Ahmedabad
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| − | |url=http://www.worldspace.com/press/11_03_2005.html
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| − | |date=2005-11-03
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| − | |accessdate=2006-07-30
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| − | }}</ref> Households receive television through two main cable networks, [[InCablenet]] and [[Siti Cable]], while [[satellite dish|DTH]] has little popularity in Ahmedabad. A network of [[optical fiber|optical fibre]] cables connects almost the entire city. Landline and mobile operators like [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]], [[Reliance Communications|Reliance Infocomm]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Hutch Essar|Hutch]] and [[Tata Teleservices|Tata Indicom]] provided the city's telephone services. The telecom companies provide [[Broadband Internet]] services in most parts of the city.
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| − |
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| − | ==Sister cities==
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| − | * [[Astrakhan]], [[Russia]]
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| − | * [[Jersey City]], [[United States of America]] (Since at least 2001)
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| − | * [[Ulsan]], [[South Korea]] (Since 2000)
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| − |
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| − |
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <div class="references-small">
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| − | * {{cite book
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| − | | last = Altekar
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| − | | first = Anant Sadashiv
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| − | | title = A history of important ancient towns and cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad (from the earliest times down to the Moslem conquest
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| − | | id = ASIN B0008B2NGA
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| − | }}
| |
| − | * {{Harvard reference
| |
| − | | Surname1 = Crook
| |
| − | | Given1 = Nigel
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| − | | Year = 1993
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| − | | Title = India's Industrial Cities: Essays in Economy and Demography
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| − | | Publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]
| |
| − | | ISBN = 0195631722
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | * {{cite book
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| − | | last=Rajan
| |
| − | | first = K. V. Soundra
| |
| − | | title=Ahmadabad
| |
| − | | publisher= Archaeological Survey of India
| |
| − | | year=1989}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book
| |
| − | | last = Forrest | first = George William
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| − | | title = Cities of India
| |
| − | | publisher = Adamant Media Corporation
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-543-93823-9
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | * {{Harvard reference
| |
| − | | Surname1 = Gandhi
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| − | | Given1 = R
| |
| − | | Year = 1990
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| − | | Title = Patel: A Life
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| − | | Publisher= Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad
| |
| − | | ID = ASIN B0006EYQ0A
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | * {{cite book
| |
| − | | last=Michell
| |
| − | | first = George
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| − | | title=Ahmadabad
| |
| − | | publisher=Art Media Resources
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| − | | year=2003
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| − | | id=ISBN 81-85026-03-3}}
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| − | </div>
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| − |
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{sisterlinks|Ahmedabad}}
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| − | <!--*{{wikitravel|Ahmedabad}}—>
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| − |
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| − | *[http://www.egovamc.com Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
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| − | *[http://collectorahmedabad.gujarat.gov.in/ Ahemdabad Collectorate]. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
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| − | *[http://wikimapia.org/#y=23037399&x=72578988&z=13&l=0&m=a Ahmedabad at Wikimapia]. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www.ahmedabad.org.uk/index.html Ahmedabad Information]. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
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| − | <!--*[[www.auda.org.in]]. Retrieved December 4, 2007.—>
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| − | <!--start of Navigation boxes—><br clear=all>
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| − | {{AhmedabadTopics}}
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| − | {{Gujarat state linkbox}}
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| − | {{Metropolitan Cities of India}}
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| − | {{Million Plus Cities in India}}
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| − | <!--end of Navigation boxes—>
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| − |
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| − | <!--{{featured article}}—>
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| − | [[Category:Geography]]
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| − | [[Category:City]]
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| − | {{credits|169133378}}
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