Difference between revisions of "Touch" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 19:18, 20 October 2007

overview section

Anatomy

text

How touch works

mechanoreception stuff

Function

usual stuff plus something on haptic technology

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Flanagan, J.R., Lederman, S.J. Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes, News and Views, Nature, 2001 Jul. 26;412(6845):389-91.
Hayward V, Astley OR, Cruz-Hernandez M, Grant D, Robles-De-La-Torre G. Haptic interfaces and devices. Sensor Review 24(1), pp. 16-29 (2004).
Purves to add
Robles-De-La-Torre G., Hayward V. Force Can OvercomFLARGUSe Object Geometry In the perception of Shape Through Active Touch. Nature 412 (6845):445-8 (2001).
Robles-De-La-Torre G. The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments. IEEE Multimedia 13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24-30 (2006).

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 {{Claimed}}{{Contracted}}
-'''Somatic sensation''' consists of the various [[sensory receptors]] that trigger the experiences labelled as touch or [[pressure]], [[temperature]] (warm or cold), [[Pain and nociception|pain]] (including [[itch]] and tickle), and the sensations of  muscle movement and joint position including [[posture]], [[locomotion|movement]], and facial expression (collectively also called [[proprioception]]).<BR>
+overview section
-A more complex  concept comes into play when the term is used in reference to [[human]] beings. The sense of touch is mediated by the '''[[somatosensory system]]'''. Touch may be considered one of five human [[sense]]s; however, when a person touches something or somebody this gives rise to various [[feeling]]s: the perception of [[pressure]] (hence [[shape]], [[soft]]ness, [[texture]], [[oscillation|vibration]], etc.), relative [[temperature]] and sometimes [[Pain and nociception|pain]]. Thus the term "touch" is actually the combined term for several senses. In medicine, the colloquial term "touch" is usually replaced with '''somatic senses''', to better reflect the variety of mechanisms involved.  <BR>
+==Anatomy==
+text
-The somatosenses include: Cutaneous ([[skin]]), [[Proprioception|kinesthesia]] (movement) and visceral (internal) senses, of which the first two are better known. Visceral senses have to do with sensory information from within the body, such as [[stomach ache]]s. <BR>
+==How touch works==
-== Anatomy ==
+mechanoreception stuff
-===Human brain localization===
-The <b>somatosensory system</b><ref>Nolte J.The Human Brain 5th ed. 2002. Mosby Inc, Missouri.</ref>consists of ascending pathways from the body to the [[postcentral gyrus]] in the cerebral cortex, namely the [[Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway|Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal]] pathway, the [[Ventral_spinothalamic_tract|Ventral Spinothalamic pathway]], [[Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract|ventral]] and [[Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract|dorsal spinocerebellar tracts]].<BR>
-The primary somatosensory area in the human cortex is located in the [[postcentral gyrus]] (Parietal Lobe). It is the location of the primary somatosensory cortex, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch. Like other sensory areas, there is a map of sensory space called a homunculus in this location. For the primary somatosensory cortex, this is called the sensory homunculus. Areas of this part of the [[human brain]] map to certain areas of the body, dependent on the amount or importance of somatosensory input from that area. For example, there is a large area of cortex devoted to sensation in the hands, while the back has a much smaller area. This somatosensory map is termed the [[homunculus]].
+==Function==
+usual stuff plus something on haptic technology
-==Psychology==
-A somatosensory pathway typically has three long neurons<ref>Saladin KS. Anatomy and Physiology 3rd ed. 2004. McGraw-Hill, New York.</ref>: primary, secondary and tertiary (or first, second, and third).
-* The <b>first</b> neuron always has its body in the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve (if sensation is in head or neck, it will be the [[Trigeminal_ganglion|trigeminal nerve ganglia]] or ganglia of other sensory nerves).
-* The <b>second</b> neuron has its body either in the spinal cord or in the brainstem, and will cross (or decussate) to the opposite side and terminate in the thalamus. In the case of the somatosensory system, the pathways all terminate in the [[List_of_thalamic_nuclei|ventro-posterior nucleus]] of the thalamus.
-* The <b>third</b> neuron has its body in the VP nucleus of the thalamus and ends in the [[postcentral gyrus]] of the [[cerebral cortex]], which is the primary somatosensory area in the human cortex.
-==Technology==
-The new research area of [[haptic]] technology allows to provide touch sensation in virtual and real environments. This exciting new area has started to provide critical insights into touch capabilities.<BR>
-==See also==
-* [[Cell signaling]]
-* [[Special senses]]
-* [[Mechanoreceptor]]
-* [[Molecular Cellular Cognition]]
-* [[Nociceptor]]
-* [[Muscle spindle]]
-* [[Proprioception]]
-==Notes==
-<references/>
 ==References==
 *Flanagan, J.R., Lederman, S.J. [http://brain.phgy.queensu.ca/flanagan/papers/FlaLed_NAT_01.pdf Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes], News and Views, Nature, 2001 Jul. 26;412(6845):389-91.
 *Hayward V, Astley OR, Cruz-Hernandez M, Grant D, Robles-De-La-Torre G. [http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/VH-OA-MC-DG-GR-04.pdf  Haptic interfaces and devices]. Sensor Review 24(1), pp. 16-29 (2004).
+*Purves to add
 *Robles-De-La-Torre G., Hayward V. [http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-VH-Nature2001.pdf Force Can OvercomFLARGUSe Object Geometry In the perception of Shape Through Active Touch]. Nature 412 (6845):445-8 (2001).
 *Robles-De-La-Torre G. [http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-IEEE-MM-2006.pdf The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments]. IEEE Multimedia 13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24-30 (2006).

Nervous system: Sensory systems/sense
Special senses	Visual system/Visual perception • Auditory system/Hearing • Olfactory system/Olfaction • Gustatory system/Taste
Somatosensory system	Nociception • Thermoreception • Vestibular system • Mechanoreception (Pressure, Vibration, Proprioception)
Other	Sensory receptor