Zeno of Elea

Zeno of Elea should not be confused with Zeno of Citium.

Zeno of Elea (Greek. Ζήνων)(c. 490 B.C.E. – 430 B.C.E.) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School, which began with Xenophanes and was developed by Parmenides. Called by Aristotle the inventor of the dialectic, he is best known for his paradoxes.

Zeno presented paradoxes in order to support the claims of Parmenides: that real existence is indivisible, which means it is immobile, immutable, and permanent; the movement, changes, and multiplicity of the world are illusory perceptions based upon sense experiences; truth is accessible by reason alone.

Zeno’s best known paradoxes are: “a flying arrow is stopping,” and “Achilles can never pass over a tortoise in a race.” These paradoxes are contrary to everyday experiences and look absurd. Zeno’s paradoxes were, however, thought-provoking and a number of philosophers and mathematicians, including Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Bergson, Peirce, Russell, Whitehead, Hilbert, and Bernays, analyzed the issues involved and tried to answer them. There is, however, little agreement on how to resolve them.

His paradoxes include questions concerning: concepts of space and time; relationships between logical reasoning and sense experience; the meaning of reality; and concepts of the infinite and finite.

Life

Little is known for certain about Zeno's life. Although written nearly a century after Zeno's death, the primary source for biographical information on Zeno is the dialogue of Plato called the Parmenides [1]. In this dialogue, Plato describes a visit to Athens by Zeno and Parmenides, at a time when Parmenides is "about 65," Zeno is "nearly 40" and Socrates is "a very young man" (Parmenides 127). Assuming an age for Socrates of around 20, and taking the date of Socrates birth as 470 B.C.E., gives an approximate date of birth for Zeno of 490 B.C.E.

Plato says that Zeno was "tall and fair to look upon" and was "in the days of his youth…reported to have been beloved by Parmenides" (Parmenides 127).

Other perhaps less reliable details of Zeno's life are given in Diogenes Laertius' Lives of Eminent Philosophers, where it is reported that he was the son of Teleutagoras. The adopted son of Parmenides, was "skilled to argue both sides of any question, the universal critic," and further that he was arrested and perhaps killed at the hands of a tyrant of Elea.

Works

Although several ancient writers refer to the writings of Zeno, none survive intact. His views are presented mainly in the works of Plato, Proclus, and Simplicius.

Plato says that Zeno's writings were "brought to Athens for the first time on the occasion of…" the visit of Zeno and Parmenides. Plato also has Zeno say that this work, "meant to protect the arguments of Parmenides" was written in Zeno's youth, stolen, and published without his consent. Plato has Socrates paraphrase the "first thesis of the first argument" of Zeno's work as follows: "…if being is many, it must be both like and unlike, and this is impossible, for neither can the like be unlike, nor the unlike like."

According to Proclus in his Commentary on Plato's Parmenides, Zeno produced "…not less than forty arguments revealing contradictions..." (p. 29).

Zeno's arguments are perhaps the first examples of a method of proof called reductio ad absurdum also known as proof by contradiction.

Zeno's paradoxes

Zeno's paradoxes have puzzled, challenged, influenced, inspired, and amused philosophers, mathematicians, physicists, and school children, for over two millennia. The most famous are the so-called "arguments against motion" described by Aristotle in his Physics [2]. The first three are given here, in the order, and with the names, as given by Aristotle, followed by a plausible modern interpretation:

• The Dichotomy: Motion is impossible since "that which is in locomotion must arrive at the half-way stage before it arrives at the goal." (Aristotle Physics VI:9, 239b10)

That is, suppose an object moves from point A to point B. To get to point B the object must first reach the midpoint B1 between points A and B. However before this can be done the object must reach the midpoint B2 between points A and B1. Likewise before it can do this, it must reach the midpoint B3 between points A and B2, and so on. Therefore the motion can never begin.

A-----B3-----B2-----------B1-------------------------B

• The Achilles: "In a race, the quickest runner can never overtake the slowest, since the pursuer must first reach the point whence the pursued started, so that the slower must always hold a lead." (Aristotle Physics VI:9, 239b15)

That is, suppose Achilles is in a race with a tortoise. Achilles runs 10 times faster than the tortoise, but starts at point A, 100 yards behind the tortoise at point T1. To overtake the tortoise, Achilles must first reach the point T1. However when Achilles arrives at T1, the tortoise is now 10 yards in front at point T2. Again Achilles runs to T2. But, as before, once he has covered the 10 yards the tortoise is now a yard ahead of him, at point T3, and so on. Therefore Achilles can never overtake the tortoise.

A----------------------------T1----------------T2---T3

• The Arrow: "If everything when it occupies an equal space is at rest, and if that which is in locomotion is always occupying such a space at any moment, the flying arrow is therefore motionless." (Aristotle Physics VI:9, 239b5)

That is, suppose an arrow is flying continuously forward during a certain time interval. Take any instant in that time interval. It is impossible that the arrow is moving during that instant because an instant has a duration of zero, and the arrow cannot be in two different places at the same time. Therefore, at every instant the arrow is motionless; hence the arrow is motionless throughout the entire interval.

References

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Texts

• Diels, H., and W. Kranz, eds. Die Fragmente der Vorsocratiker. Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1960
• Freeman, K., ed. Ancilla to the pre-Socratic philosophers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.
• Kirk, G. S., J. E. Raven, and M. Schofield. The Presocratic Philosophers, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
• Hicks, R. D., Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 2 vols. The Loeb Classical Library, 1925

General

• Barnes, J. The Presocratic Philosophers. London: Routledge, 1979.
• Emlyn-Jones, C. The Ionians and Hellenism. London: Routledge, 1980.
• Furley, D., and R. E. Allen, eds. Studies in Presocratic Philosophy. New York: Humanities Press, 1970.
• Guthrie, W. K. C. A History of Greek Philosophy, 6 vol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
• Heath, T. L. History of Greek Mathematics, 2 vol. London: Dover, 1981.
• Lee, H. D. P. Zeno of Elea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936.
• Russell, B., The Principles of Mathematics, reissue ed. W. W. Norton & Company, 1996. ISBN 0393314049
• Proclus, Comentary on Plato's Parmenides, translated by G. R. Morrow and J. M. Dillon, reprint ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. ISBN 0691020892
• Sainsbury, M. Paradoxes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
• Stokes, M. C. One and many in presocratic philosophy. Langham, MD: University Press of America, 1986.
• Taylor, A. E. Aristotle on his predecessors. La Salle: Open Court, 1977.

External links

All links retrieved June 13, 2023.

• Plato's Parmenides
• Aristotle's Physics

General Philosophy Sources

• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Paideia Project Online
• The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Project Gutenberg

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