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'''Wade-Giles''' ({{pronEng|ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz}}; {{zh-stp|s=[[wikt:威|威]][[wikt:妥|妥]][[wikt:玛|玛]][[wikt:拼|拼]][[wikt:音|音]] or [[wikt:韦|韦]][[wikt:氏|氏]]拼音|t=威妥[[wikt:瑪|瑪]]拼音 or [[wikt:韋|韋]]氏拼音|p=wēituǒmǎ pīnyīn}}), sometimes abbreviated '''Wade''', is a [[Romanization]] system (phonetic notation and [[transcription]]) for the [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] language used in [[Beijing]]. It developed from a system produced by [[Thomas Francis Wade|Thomas Wade]] in the mid-nineteenth century, and reached settled form with [[Herbert Giles]]' [[Chinese language|Chinese]]-[[English language|English]] [[dictionary]] of 1892. 

Wade-Giles was the main system of transcription in the English-speaking world for most of the twentieth century, used in several standard reference books and in all books about China published before 1979.<ref>{{cite book |last= Krieger|first=Larry S. |authorlink= |coauthors=Kenneth Neill, Dr. Edward Reynolds |editor= |others= |title=World History; Perspectives on the Past |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |date= |year= 1997|month= |publisher=D.C. Heath and Company |location=Illinois  |isbn=0669405337 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= p. 82|chapter=ch. 4 |chapterurl= |quote=This book uses the traditional system for writing Chinese names, sometimes called the Wade-Giles system. This system is used in many standard reference books and in all books on China published before 1979.}}</ref> It replaced the [[Nanjing]]-based romanization systems that had been common until late in the nineteenth century. It has mostly been replaced by the [[pinyin]] system today, but parts of it, especially the names of individuals and certain cities remain in use in the [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]).


== History ==
Wade-Giles was developed by [[Thomas Francis Wade]], a British ambassador in China and Chinese scholar who was the first professor of [[Chinese language|Chinese]] at [[Cambridge University]]. Wade published the first Chinese textbook in English in 1867. The system was refined in 1912 by [[Herbert Allen Giles]], a British diplomat in China and his son, [[Lionel Giles]], a curator at the British Museum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070128065433/http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/skozerow/wadegiles.htm |title=Chinese Language Transliteration Systems—Wade-Giles |publisher=UCLA film and television archive |accessdate=August 4, 2007}} (Web archive)</ref>

The Wade-Giles system was designed to transcribe Chinese terms, for Chinese specialists. This origin has led to a general sense that the system is non-intuitive for non-specialists and not useful for teaching Chinese [[pronunciation]].

The [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) has used Wade-Giles for decades as the [[de facto]] standard, co-existing with several official but obscure [[Romanization]]s in succession, namely, [[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]] (1928), [[MPS II]] (1986), and [[Tongyong Pinyin]] (2000). [[Taiwan]]ese place names are still being virtually written in Wade-Giles, and many [[Chinese American]]s and [[Canada|Canadians]] also write their Chinese names in Wade-Giles.

The [[Hanyu Pinyin]] system is the official and most widely used system in the [[People's Republic of China]]. In [[Singapore]], Pinyin is taught in national schools and widely used in official documents, although a reversal of government policy changed the requirement to register people's Chinese names in Pinyin. Wade-Giles spellings and Pinyin spellings for Taiwanese place names and words long accepted in English usage are still used interchangeably in English-language texts in both countries.

==Technical aspects==
=== One symbol-multiple sounds ===
A common complaint about the Wade-Giles system is the representation of the [[Aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated-aspirated]] [[stop consonant]] pairs using [[apostrophe]]s: ''p, p<nowiki>'</nowiki>, t, t<nowiki>'</nowiki>, k, k<nowiki>'</nowiki>, ch, ch<nowiki>'</nowiki>''. However, the use of apostrophes preserves ''b'', ''d'', ''g'', and ''j'' for the Romanization of [[Chinese spoken language|Chinese languages]] containing [[voiced]] consonants, such as [[Shanghainese]] (which has a full set of voiced consonants) and [[Taiwanese]] (Hō-ló-oē) whose century-old [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] (POJ, often called Missionary Romanization) is similar to Wade-Giles. POJ, [[Legge Romanization]], [[Simplified Wade]], and [[EFEO Chinese transcription]] use the letter ''h'' instead of an apostrophe to indicate aspiration (this is similar to the superscript <sup>h</sup> used in [[help:IPA|IPA]]). The convention of the apostrophe or "h" to denote aspiration is also found in Romanizations of other Asian languages, such as [[McCune-Reischauer]] for [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[ISO 11940]] for [[Thai language|Thai]].

People unfamiliar with Wade-Giles often ignore the apostrophes, even so far as leaving them out when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hanyu Pinyin addresses this issue by employing the [[Latin]] letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in [[Mandarin]], to represent the unaspirated stops: ''b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch.''  

Partly because of the popular omission of the apostrophe, the four sounds represented in Hanyu Pinyin by ''j'', ''q'', ''zh'', and ''ch'' all become ''ch'' in many literature and personal names. However, were the [[diacritic]]s to be kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap:
* The non-[[retroflex]] ''ch'' (Pinyin ''j'') and ''ch<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' (Pinyin ''q'') are always before either ''i'' or ''ü''. 
* The [[retroflex]] ''ch'' (Pinyin ''zh'') and ''ch<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' (Pinyin ''ch'') are always before ''a'', ''e'', ''ih'', ''o'', or ''u''.

Furthermore, Wade uses ''lo'' for three distinct sounds (''le'', ''luo'', and ''lo'' in Pinyin); ''jo'' for two (''re'' and ''ruo''); and ''no'' for two (''ne'' and ''nuo'').

=== One sound-multiple symbols===
In addition to several sounds presented using the same letter(s), sometimes, one single sound is represented using several sets of letters. There exists two versions of Wade-Giles Romanizations for each of the Pinyin syllables ''zi'', ''ci'', and ''si''.  
* The older version writes ''tsû'', ''ts'û'', and ''ssû''
* The newer version writes:
** ''tzu'' for ''tsû'', but it still remains ''ts-'' before other vowels, as in ''tsung'' for the Pinyin ''zong''.
** ''tz'u'' for ''ts'û'', but remains ''ts'-'' before other vowels.
** ''szu'' or ''ssu'' for ''ssû'', but is ''s-'' before other vowels. Note, not ''ss-''.

=== Precision with empty rime ===
On the other hand, Wade-Giles shows precisions not found in other major Romanizations in regard to the rendering of the two types of empty [[Syllable rime|rime]]s ({{zh-stp|s=空韵|t=空韻|p=kōngyùn}}): 
* ''-u'' (formerly ''û'') after the [[sibilant]] ''tz'', ''tz<nowiki>'</nowiki>'', and ''s'' (Pinyin ''z'', ''c'', and ''s'').
* ''-ih'' after the [[retroflex]] ''ch'', ''ch<nowiki>'</nowiki>'', ''sh'', and ''j'' (Pinyin ''zh'', ''ch'', ''sh'', and ''r'').
These empty rimes are all written as ''-i'' in [[Hanyu Pinyin]] (hence undistinguishable from true ''i'' as in ''li''), and all written as ''-ih'' in [[Tongyong Pinyin]]. [[Zhuyin]], as a non-Romanization, does not require the representation of any empty rime.

=== Partial interchangeability of ''uo'' and ''e'' with ''o'' ===
What is pronounced as a [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]] is written usually as ''-e'' as in [[pinyin]], but sometimes as ''-o''. This vowel in an isolate syllable is written as ''o'' or ''ê''. When placed in a syllable, it is ''e''; except when preceded by ''k'', ''k<nowiki>'</nowiki>'', and ''h'', when it is ''o''.

What is actually pronounced as ''-uo'' is virtually always written as ''-o'' in Wade-Giles, except ''shuo'' and the three syllables of ''kuo'', ''k<nowiki>'</nowiki>uo'', and ''huo'', which already have the counterparts of ''ko'', ''k<nowiki>'</nowiki>o'', and ''ho'' that represent pinyin ''ge'', ''ke'', and ''he''.

=== Punctuation ===
In addition to the [[apostrophe (mark)|apostrophe]]s used for distinguishing the [[#one symbol-multiple sounds|multiple sounds of a single Latin symbol]], Wade-Giles uses [[hyphen]]s to separate all [[syllable]]s within a [[word]], whereas Pinyin only uses apostrophes to separate ambiguous syllables. Originally in his dictionary, Giles used left apostrophes (<font face="Times New Roman">‘</font>) consistently. Such orientation was followed in Sinological works until the 1950s or 60s, when it started to be gradually replaced by right apostrophes (<font face="Times New Roman">’</font>) in academic literature. On-line publications almost invariably use the plain apostrophe ('). Apostrophes are completely ignored in Taiwanese passports, hence their absence in [[overseas Chinese]] names.

If the syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not [[Majuscule|capitalized]], even if it is a [[proper noun]]. The use of apostrophes, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in placenames and personal names. For example, the majority of overseas Chinese of [[Taiwan]]ese origin write their [[given name]]s like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun," whereas the Wade-Giles actually writes "Tai-lun." The capitalization issue arises partly because ROC passports indiscriminately capitalize all letters of the holder's names (beside the photograph). It is also due to the misunderstanding that the second syllable is a [[middle name]]. (See also [[Chinese name]])

Wade-Giles uses superscript [[number]]s to indicate [[tone (tonal language)|tone]], and official Pinyin uses diacritics. The tone marks are ignored except in [[textbook]]s.

=== Comparison with Pinyin ===
* Wade-Giles chose the [[French language|French]]-like ''j'' to represent a Northerner's pronunciation of what now is represented as ''r'' in Pinyin.
* ''Ü'' always has a [[diaresis]] above, while Pinyin only employs it in the cases of ''nü'' and ''lü'', while leaving it out in ''-ue'', ''ju-'', ''qu-'', ''xu-'', ''-uan'' and ''yu-'' as a simplification because [[u]] cannot otherwise appear in those positions. Because ''yü'' (as in 玉 "jade") must have a diaresis in Wade, the diaresis-less ''yu'' in Wade-Giles is freed up for what corresponds to ''you'' (有) in Pinyin.
* The Pinyin [[vowel]] cluster ''ong'' is ''ung'' in Wade-Giles. (Compare ''[[Kung Fu]]'' to ''Gong Fu'' as an example.)
* After a consonant, both the Wade-Giles and Pinyin vowel cluster ''uei'' is written ''ui''. Furthermore, both Romanizations use ''iu'' and ''un'' instead of the complete syllables: ''iou'' and ''uen''.
* Single ''i'' is never preceded by ''y'', as in pinyin. The only exception is in [[placename]]s, which are hyphenless, so without a ''y'', syllable ambiguity could arise.
* The isolated syllable ''[[eh]]'' is written as ''ê'', like in Pinyin. ([[Schwa]] is occasionally written as ''ê'' as well.) But unlike Pinyin, which uses ''-e'' if there is a consonant preceding the sound, Wade-Giles uses ''-eh''. (See [[circumflex]])
* In addition to being the [[schwa]], ''ê'' also represents the Pinyin ''er'' as ''êrh''.

=== Comparison chart ===
{{Pinyintable}}

Note: In Hanyu Pinyin the so-called fifth accent (neutral accent) is written leaving the syllable with no diacritic mark at all. In Tong-yong Pin-Yin a ring is written over the vowel instead.

== Influences ==
[[Chinese Postal Map Romanization]] is based on Wade-Giles, but incorporating a number of exceptions that override the systematic rules.

== See also ==
* [[Simplified Wade]]
* [[Cyrillization of Chinese from Wade-Giles]]
* [[Daoism-Taoism Romanization issue]]
* [[Legge romanization]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
All links retrieved January 7, 2009.
* [http://www.mandarintools.com/pyconverter.html Chinese Romanization Converter] – Convert between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems.
* [http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/eastasian/ctable2.htm Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin conversion table] (See [[Zhuyin]])
* [http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/eastasian/ctable3.htm Pinyin → Wade-Giles → Zhuyin conversion table]
* [http://www.cozywebsite.com/dictionary/wade/ Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin → Word list]
* [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/china.html A conversion table of Chinese provinces and cities from Wade-Giles to Pinyin]
* [http://pinyin4j.sourceforge.net/ Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to Wade-Giles] – Support Simplified and Tranditional Chinese; Support most popular Pinyin systems, including Hanyu Pinyin, Tongyong Pinyin, Wade-Giles, MPS2, Yale and Gwoyeu Romatzyh; Support multiple pronunciations of a single character; Support customized output, such as ü or tone marks.
* [http://www.selfdiscoveryportal.com/cmPronunciation.htm Pronunciation Guide] – From Chuang Tzu's Genius of the Absurd
* [http://www.waij.com/oldbooks/chinese.html ''Chinese without a teacher'', Chinese phrasebook by Herbert Giles with romanization]

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