Difference between revisions of "Virtual museum" - New World Encyclopedia

Latest revision as of 20:36, 3 May 2023

This image was created by Gilles Tran with POV-Ray 3.6 using Radiosity. The glasses, ashtray and pitcher were modeled with Rhino and the dice with Cinema 4D.

A virtual museum is a museum that houses collections in digital form and exhibits them via the Internet. Most virtual museums are part of physically existing museums that hold actual collections. A virtual museum refers to a broad range of websites from a simple personal website and portal site, a collection of links to museums and galleries, to a full scale website which has all functions of a museum.

Some virtual museums exist solely in a virtual environment. The Museum of Computer Art (MOCA) (Museum of Computer Art) is an example of this type. MOCA's collections include digital art created by computer graphic technologies.

A virtual museum can house digitally produced collections such as music, moving images, and images and documents. Due to hyperlinking capabilities, the exhibit can be linked to background information, related works, and other relevant sources. Some museums such as Musée Virtuel du Canada (MVC)/Virtual Museum of Canada (VMC) enable users to create his or her personalized virtual museum. Unlike a physical museum, a virtual museum can be open twenty-four hours, seven days a week, and host visitors from all over the world.

Some individuals such as artists and photographers also create personal virtual museums to exhibit his or her collections online. A notable local community based virtual museum is ArtServe. It was established in 1993 to support cultural organizations and artists in Broward County, Florida, USA. It has been widely recognized as a model organization for the support of the arts.

Characteristics

A virtual museum has a number of distinct characteristics. Some main features are:

Collections

A collection can include moving images, sound files such as music and narration as well as still images and documents or a combination of these.

Integration and Interaction

Each exhibit can be hyperlinked to other relevant information sources such as background information, the artist's biography with photos, other works by the same artist, and a link to collections held at other museums.

Global visitors

Virtual museums do not have physical limitations. Exhibits can be viewed by an indefinite number of visitors from all over the world. Even a small museum located in a remote area can offer its services and exhibit its collection to a global audience. In addition, an individual artist can establish his or her own mini-virtual museum to reach a broader audience. For example, Lin Hsin Hsin, an artist in Singapore who is also an early pioneer of the virtual museum, established the Lin Hsin Hsin Art Museum (a virtual museum) in 1994.^[1]

Costs

Establishing a decent museum as a physical facility requires a prohibitive amount of funds which make it nearly impossible to open a new museum for ordinary individuals, institutions, or communities. The creation of a virtual museum, however, is possible with far lower cost than that of a regular museum.

Accessibility

A virtual museum is generally open twenty-four hours and seven days as a week. The National Virtual Museum of United Kingdom is also a "Hour Museum."

Preservation

One of the most important components of museum operation is preservation and security. Unlike libraries, collections are not reproduceable. Temparature, humidity, lightning, and human physical contact with the collection are all carefully restricted. Virtual collections, however, are free from those preservation and security problems.

Origins of the Virtual Museum

Technology

The technology of virtual museum builds on the concept of the interactive environment that displays visual representations of the museum using 3D modelling and the VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) authoring tool for viewing. There have been various kinds of imaging techniques for building virtual museums, such as, infrared reflectography, X-Ray imaging, 3D laser scanning, IBMR (Image Based Rendering and Modelling) techniques. In the case of EU-funded projects, the ViHAP3D, a new virtual reality system, for scanning museum artifacts has been developed by EU researchers.

The genre of the virtual museum continues to develop. It is now recognized in the .museum domain hierarchy; see an online list from MuseDoma.

Pioneers

A computer-generated art: mountain

Many museums have been pioneers in developing websites for their collections, which gradually developed into a virtual museum, such as The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. The Museum of the History of Science in Oxford (located in one of the earliest purpose-built museum buildings in the world) was able to initiate a website relatively early because of the networking facilities and expertise available in their university environment; the Science Museum in London was also able to establish an early web presence partly due to the proximity of the Imperial College, but also because the Natural History Museum, which is next door, had established the first dedicated museum web server in the United Kingdom.

Another early example of an online exhibition created with support from the Library of Congress (U.S.) was the EXPO Ticket Office with includes a Vatican Exhibit. Some others have been produced by enthusiastic individuals such as the Lin Hsin Hsin Art Museum, while others have been developed by institutions, such as the UK's 24 Hour Museum and the Virtual Museum of Canada.

A notable local endeavor is ArtServe. ArtServe was established in 1993 in order to support cultural organizations and artists in Broward County, Florida, USA. As of 2008, it serves more than ten thousand artists and three hundred fifty cultural organizations in the county. ArtServe has been nationally recognized as a model organization for the support of the arts.

Examples of Virtual Museum

ArtServe

ArtServe is a virtual museum, established in 1993 to help artists and cultural organizations in Broward country, Florida, USA. As of 2008, ArtServe supports more than three hundred and fifty cultural organizations and ten thousand artists in the region. It has since become a national model for other art support organizations.^[2]

Virtual Museum of Canada

The Virtual Museum of Canada (VMC) is Canada's national virtual museum. With over 2,500 Canadian museums, the VMC brings together Canada's museums regardless of size or geographical location. The VMC includes virtual exhibits, free online games, educational material, and over 580000 images. The resources are bilingual—available in both French and English. While the content on the Virtual Museum of Canada is created by Canadian museums, it is administered by the Canadian Heritage Information Network which is an agency within the department of Canadian Heritage.

The Virtual Museum of Canada provides an online environment for Canadian communities to tell their stories and preserve their history. One of the most popular sections of the VMC is their Community Memories section. This is a place where smaller Canadian community museums, who are mostly volunteer run, can create online exhibits about their history.

Virtual Museum of New France

The Virtual Museum of New France (French: Le Musée virtuel de la Nouvelle-France) was established by the Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation on January 22, 1997. As an entirely virtual museum, it has no physical exhibits and only exists on the World Wide Web. The mission of the museum is to promote awareness of all facets of life in New France, as it existed from the sixteenth century until the Treaty of Paris (1763). When it opened, it claimed to be "the only museum without walls in the world."^[3]

Museum of Computer Art

One of the most successful and comprehensive of the virtual museums is the Museum of Computer Art, often identified by its acronym MOCA. It was founded in 1993 and is directed by Don Archer. It operates as a non-profit corporation under charter from the Department of Education of New York State (US). It was awarded .museum top-level domain (TLD) status by the Museum Domain Management Association (MuseDoma) in 2002.

Notes

↑ Lin Hsin Hsin, National Library Board, Singapore. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
↑ History, ArtServe. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
↑ Canadian Museum of Civilization (January 21, 2007), Multimedia Versatility at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Hull: Art, Technology and Education! Press release. Retrieved August 3, 2006.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Anton, S., and S. Dietz. 2000. "The Virtual Museum." FLASH ART -INTERNATIONAL EDITION-. no. 210: 56-58.
Bowen, J. 2000. "The Virtual Museum." MUSEUM INTERNATIONAL. 52, no. 205: 4-7.
Cameron, Fiona, and Sarah Kenderdine. Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage: A Critical Discourse. Media in transition. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2007. ISBN 9780262033534
MacDonald, L. W. Digital Heritage: Applying Digital Imaging to Cultural Heritage. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006. ISBN 9780750661836
Mannoni, B. 1997. "A Virtual Museum." COMMUNICATIONS- ACM. 40, no. 9: 61-62.
Moscati, Paola. Virtual Museums and Archaeology: The Contribution of the Italian National Research Council. Firenze: All'Insegna del giglio, 2007. ISBN 9788878143531
Parry, Ross. Recoding the Museum: Digital Heritage and the Technologies of Change. Museum meanings. London: Routledge, 2007. ISBN 9780203347485
Robering, Klaus. Information Technology for the Virtual Museum: Museology and the Semantic Web. Semiotik der kultur/semiotics of culture, 6. Berlin: Lit, 2008. ISBN 9783825802622
Walczak, K., W. Cellary, and M. White. 2006. "Virtual Museum Exhibitions." COMPUTER -IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY-. 39, no. 3: 93-95.

External links

There are numerous web based museums, ranging from a portal site to a fully functional virtual museum. A sampling is listed below.

All links retrieved May 3, 2023.

Virtual Typewriter Museum

Credits

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History of "Virtual museum"

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[1] Lin Hsin Hsin, National Library Board, Singapore. Retrieved August 2, 2008.

[2] History, ArtServe. Retrieved August 2, 2008.

[3] Canadian Museum of Civilization (January 21, 2007), Multimedia Versatility at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Hull: Art, Technology and Education! Press release. Retrieved August 3, 2006.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Copyedited}}{{Submitted}}{{Images OK}}{{approved}}
 [[Image:Glasses 800 edit.png|thumb|260px|This image was created by Gilles Tran with POV-Ray 3.6 using Radiosity. The glasses, ashtray and pitcher were modeled with Rhino and the dice with Cinema 4D.]]
-A '''virtual museum''' is a [[museum]] that houses collections in digital form and exhibits them via [[Internet]]. Most of virtual museums are a part of physically existing museums that hold actual collections as physical objects. A virtual museum often started from a simple [[website]] and grew into a fully functional entity.
+A '''virtual museum''' is a [[museum]] that houses collections in digital form and exhibits them via the [[Internet]]. Most virtual museums are part of physically existing museums that hold actual collections. A virtual museum refers to a broad range of websites from a simple personal website and portal site, a collection of links to museums and galleries, to a full scale website which has all functions of a museum.
-Some virtual museums exist in virtual environment alone without physical facility. Museum of Computer Art (MOCA) ([http://moca.virtual.museum/about.htm Museum of Computer Art]) is an example of this type. MOCA's collections are [[Digital art|digital arts]] created by [[computer graphic]] technologies.
+Some virtual museums exist solely in a virtual environment. The Museum of Computer Art (MOCA) ([http://moca.virtual.museum/about.htm Museum of Computer Art]) is an example of this type. MOCA's collections include [[Digital art|digital art]] created by [[computer graphic]] technologies.
-A virtual museum can house digitally produced collections such as music, moving images, as well as still images and documents. Due to [[hypertext|hyperlink]]ing capabilities, the exhibit can be linked to background information, related works, and other relevant sources. Some museum such as [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/English/index_flashFT.html Musée Virtuel du Canada (MVC)/Virtual Museum of Canada (VMC)] offer a capability for a user to create his or her personal virtual museum on their site. Unlike physical museum, a virtual museum can be open twenty-four hours, seven days a week, with indefinite number of visitors from all over the world.
+A virtual museum can house digitally produced collections such as music, moving images, and images and documents. Due to [[hypertext|hyperlink]]ing capabilities, the exhibit can be linked to background information, related works, and other relevant sources. Some museums such as [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/English/index_flashFT.html Musée Virtuel du Canada (MVC)/Virtual Museum of Canada (VMC)] enable users to create his or her personalized virtual museum. Unlike a physical museum, a virtual museum can be open twenty-four hours, seven days a week, and host visitors from all over the world.
+{{toc}}
-Although a virtual museum is still at an early stage of development, many museums are actively developing this area. Some individuals such as artists and photographers also create personal virtual museum and exhibit his or her own collections online. Artists, who did not have a chance of exhibiting their works in the past due to lack of financial resources, have better opportunity in virtual environments.
+Some individuals such as artists and photographers also create personal virtual museums to exhibit his or her collections online. A notable local community based virtual museum is [http://www.artserve.org/ ArtServe]. It was established in 1993 to support cultural organizations and artists in Broward County, [[Florida]], USA. It has been widely recognized as a model organization for the support of the arts.
 ==Characteristics==
-A virtual museum has a number of distinct characteristics. Some of main features are:
+A virtual museum has a number of distinct characteristics. Some main features are:
 '''Collections'''
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 Each exhibit can be [[hypertext|hyperlinked]] to other relevant information sources such as background information, the artist's biography with photos, other works by the same artist, and a link to collections held at other museums.
-Within web environments, a museum can easily integrate [[education]], [[research]], and virtual experiences.
 '''Global visitors'''
-Physical limitation of facilities does not exit in virtual museum. Exhibit can be viewed by indefinite number of visitors from all over the world. Even a small museum located in a remote area can offer its service and exhibit its collection to a global audience. Even an individual artist can establish his or her own mini-virtual museum and exhibit collections to a broader audience.
+Virtual museums do not have physical limitations. Exhibits can be viewed by an indefinite number of visitors from all over the world. Even a small museum located in a remote area can offer its services and exhibit its collection to a global audience. In addition, an individual artist can establish his or her own mini-virtual museum to reach a broader audience. For example, Lin Hsin Hsin, an artist in Singapore who is also an early pioneer of the virtual museum, established the Lin Hsin Hsin Art Museum (a virtual museum) in 1994.<ref>[http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_302_2005-01-07.html Lin Hsin Hsin], National Library Board, Singapore. Retrieved August 2, 2008.</ref>
 '''Costs'''
-Establishing a decent museum as a physical facility requires a prohibitive amount of funds which make it nearly impossible to open a new museum for ordinary individuals or institutions or communities. The creation of a virtual museum, however, is possible with far lower cost than that of regular museum. This is another reason why many individuals, institutions, and communities open virtual museums. For established museums, virtual museum is an extended exhibits and museum operations. For individuals or institutions, it is an opportunity to establish a new museum. For example, Lin Hsin Hsin, an artist in Singapore, established Lin Hsin Hsin Art Museum (a virtual museum) as early as 1994. She is one of early pioneers to establish virtual museum.<ref>[http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_302_2005-01-07.html Lin Hsin Hsin], National Library Board, Singapore. Retrieved August 2, 2008.</ref>
+Establishing a decent museum as a physical facility requires a prohibitive amount of funds which make it nearly impossible to open a new museum for ordinary individuals, institutions, or communities. The creation of a virtual museum, however, is possible with far lower cost than that of a regular museum.
 '''Accessibility'''
-A virtual museum is generally open twenty-four hours and seven days as a week. The National Virtual Museum of United Kingdom is also "[http://www.24hourmuseum.org.uk/24 Hour Museum]."
+A virtual museum is generally open twenty-four hours and seven days as a week. The National Virtual Museum of United Kingdom is also a "Hour Museum."
 '''Preservation'''
-One of the most important components of museum operation is preservation and security. Unlike libraries, collections are not reproduceable. Temparature, humidity, lightning, and human physical contacts with the collection are all carefully restricted. Virtual collections, however, are free from those preservation and security problems.
+One of the most important components of museum operation is preservation and security. Unlike libraries, collections are not reproduceable. [[Temparature]], [[humidity]], [[light]]ning, and human physical contact with the collection are all carefully restricted. Virtual collections, however, are free from those preservation and security problems.
-==Pioneers==
+==Origins of the Virtual Museum==
-[[Image:AriseArise.jpg|thumb|280px|"Arise Arise" (section) created by Jennifer Kathleen Phillips using the Adobe Photoshop tools and Terragen for the distant mountains and sky. Music generating software (Corel Draw, Noteworthy Composer, Band in a Box) has been used to create the music images, which have been warped in Photoshop. At least 58 layers and a custom brush was created for the hair]]
 '''Technology'''
-The technology of virtual museum builds on the concept of interactive environments; it can support interactive exhibitions that display visual representations of the museum by a 3D architectural metaphor providing a sense of place using various spatial references. Usually using [[3D computer graphics|3D modelling]], VRML ([[VRML|Virtual Reality Modelling Language]]) authoring tool for viewing. There have been introduced various kinds of imaging techniques for building virtual museums, such as, infrared reflectography, [[X-ray|X-Ray]] imaging, 3D [[laser scanning]], IBMR (Image Based Rendering and Modelling) techniques. In the case of EU-funded projects, the ViHAP3D, a new virtual reality system, for scanning museum artifacts has been developed by EU researchers.
+The technology of virtual museum builds on the concept of the interactive environment that displays visual representations of the museum using [[3D computer graphics|3D modelling]] and the VRML ([[VRML|Virtual Reality Modelling Language]]) authoring tool for viewing. There have been various kinds of imaging techniques for building virtual museums, such as, infrared reflectography, [[X-ray|X-Ray]] imaging, 3D [[laser scanning]], IBMR (Image Based Rendering and Modelling) techniques. In the case of EU-funded projects, the ViHAP3D, a new virtual reality system, for scanning museum artifacts has been developed by EU researchers.
 The genre of the virtual museum continues to develop. It is now recognized in the ''[[.museum]]'' domain hierarchy; see an [http://index.museum/generic.php?domain=virtual.museum online list] from [[MuseDoma]].
@@ Line 50: / Line 48: @@
 [[Image:Rendered mountain.jpg|thumb|280px|left|A computer-generated art: mountain]]
-Some of the following museums have been pioneers at developing websites for their collections. A website gradually developed into a virtual museum:
+Many museums have been pioneers in developing websites for their collections, which gradually developed into a virtual museum, such as The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. The Museum of the History of Science in Oxford (located in one of the earliest purpose-built museum buildings in the world) was able to initiate a website relatively early because of the networking facilities and expertise available in their university environment; [[Science Museum (London)|the Science Museum]] in London was also able to establish an early web presence partly due to the proximity of the Imperial College, but also because the Natural History Museum, which is next door, had established the first dedicated museum web server in the United Kingdom.
-The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford (located in one of the earliest purpose-built museum buildings in the world) was also able to initiate a website relatively early because of the advantageous networking facilities and expertise available in their university environment; [[Science Museum (London)|the Science Museum]] in London (one of the major science museums in the world), was as well, able to establish an early web presence partly due to the proximity of the Imperial College, but also spurred on by the fact that the Natural History Museum, which is next door, have established the first dedicated museum web server in the United Kingdom just before them.
+Another early example of an online exhibition created with support from the [[Library of Congress]] (U.S.) was the [http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/ EXPO Ticket Office] with includes a [http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/vatican.exhibit/Vatican.exhibit.html Vatican Exhibit]. Some others have been produced by enthusiastic individuals such as the [[Lin Hsin Hsin Art Museum]], while others have been developed by institutions, such as the [[United Kingdom|UK's]] [[24 Hour Museum]] and the [[Virtual Museum of Canada]].
-Another early example of an online exhibition with the [[Library of Congress]] (U.S.) backing it, was the [http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/ EXPO Ticket Office] with exhibits including a [http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/vatican.exhibit/Vatican.exhibit.html Vatican Exhibit] and even a virtual "[http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/restaurant/restaurant.html restaurant]" and "[http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/expo/postoffice.html post office]." This looks very simplistic now, but was novel in 1991. Some others have been produced by enthusiastic individuals such as the [[Lin Hsin Hsin Art Museum]]; the [[United Kingdom|UK's]] [[24 Hour Museum]] and the [[Virtual Museum of Canada]], are professional endeavors.
+A notable local endeavor is [http://www.artserve.org/ ArtServe]. ArtServe was established in 1993 in order to support cultural organizations and artists in Broward County, [[Florida]], USA. As of 2008, it serves more than ten thousand artists and three hundred fifty cultural organizations in the county. ArtServe has been nationally recognized as a model organization for the support of the arts.
 ==Examples of Virtual Museum==
-Most of the museums today have virtual presence and exhibitions. Many of them call it "virtual museum." The followings are some samples.
-===Museum of computer art===
+===ArtServe===
+[http://www.artserve.org/index.cfm/about_us#history ArtServe] is a virtual museum, established in 1993 to help artists and cultural organizations in Broward country, [[Florida]], USA. As of 2008, ArtServe supports more than three hundred and fifty cultural organizations and ten thousand artists in the region. It has since become a national model for other art support organizations.<ref>[http://www.artserve.org/index.cfm/about_us#history History], ArtServe. Retrieved August 2, 2008.</ref>
-One of the most successful and comprehensive of the virtual museums is the [http://moca.virtual.museum Museum of Computer Art], often identified by its acronym MOCA. It was founded in 1993 and is directed by Don Archer. It operates as a non-profit corporation under charter from the Department of Education of New York State (US). It was awarded .museum top-level domain (TLD) status by the Museum Domain Management Association (MuseDoma) in 2002.
 ===Virtual Museum of Canada===
 The [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca Virtual Museum of Canada] (VMC) is [[Canada]]'s national virtual museum. With over 2,500 Canadian museums, the VMC brings together Canada's museums regardless of size or geographical location.
-The VMC includes  [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/PM.cgi?LM=Exhibits&LANG=English&AP=vecatlist virtual exhibits], [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/English/Games/index.html free online games],  [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/English/Teacher/index_noflash.html educational material], and over 580000 [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/English/Gallery/index.html images]. The resources are bilingual -available in both [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]].  While the content on the Virtual Museum of Canada is created by Canadian museums, it is administered by the [http://www.chin.gc.ca Canadian Heritage Information Network] which is an agency within the department of [http://www.pch.gc.ca/ Canadian Heritage].
+The VMC includes [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/PM.cgi?LM=Exhibits&LANG=English&AP=vecatlist virtual exhibits], [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/English/Games/index.html free online games], [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/English/Teacher/index_noflash.html educational material], and over 580000 [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/English/Gallery/index.html images]. The resources are bilingual&mdash;available in both [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]]. While the content on the Virtual Museum of Canada is created by Canadian museums, it is administered by the [http://www.chin.gc.ca Canadian Heritage Information Network] which is an agency within the department of [http://www.pch.gc.ca/ Canadian Heritage].
-The Virtual Museum of Canada provides an online environment for Canadian communities to tell their stories and preserve their history.  One of the most popular sections of the VMC is their  [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/PM.cgi?LM=CommunityMemories&LANG=English&AP=getIndex Community Memories section].  This is a place where smaller Canadian community museums, who are mostly volunteer run, can create online exhibits about their history.
+The Virtual Museum of Canada provides an online environment for Canadian communities to tell their stories and preserve their history. One of the most popular sections of the VMC is their [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/PM.cgi?LM=CommunityMemories&LANG=English&AP=getIndex Community Memories section]. This is a place where smaller Canadian community museums, who are mostly volunteer run, can create online exhibits about their history.
-===Virtual Museum of Computing===
+===Virtual Museum of New France===
+[http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/ The Virtual Museum of New France] ([[French language|French]]: Le Musée virtuel de la Nouvelle-France) was established by the [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]] Corporation on January 22, 1997. As an entirely virtual museum, it has no physical exhibits and only exists on the World Wide Web. The mission of the museum is to promote awareness of all facets of life in [[New France]], as it existed from the sixteenth century until the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]]. When it opened, it claimed to be "the only museum without walls in the world."<ref>Canadian Museum of Civilization (January 21, 2007), [http://www.civilisations.ca/media/show_pr_e.asp?ID=142 ''Multimedia Versatility at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Hull: Art, Technology and Education!''] Press release. Retrieved August 3, 2006.</ref>
-The Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC) is an eclectic collection of links and online resources concerning the [[history of computers]] and [[history of computer science|computer science]] <ref>Virtual Museum of Computing Web Site. ''[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]]'', 18(4):67, 1996.</ref><ref> Bowen, J. P. et al., [http://www.jpbowen.com/pub/evsc05a.pdf The Development of Science Museum Websites: Case Studies], Leo Tan Wee Hin and Ramanathan Subramaniam (eds.),    ''[http://www.igi-pub.com/books/details.asp?id=4894 E-learning and Virtual Science Centers]'',  Section 3: Case Studies, Chapter XVIII,  pages 366–392. Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, USA, 2005. Retrieved August 2, 2008.</ref>. It includes links to other related museums, both real and virtual, around the world, as well as having its own virtual galleries of information. A particular feature is the early computing pioneer [[Alan Turing]], among others.
+===Museum of Computer Art===
-This [[virtual museum]] was founded by [[Jonathan Bowen]] in [[1994]], originally at the [[Oxford University Computing Laboratory]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. It is now supported by [[Museophile]] and also forms part of the [[Virtual Library museums pages]], hosted at [[London South Bank University]] and mirrored around the world.
+One of the most successful and comprehensive of the virtual museums is the [http://moca.virtual.museum Museum of Computer Art], often identified by its acronym MOCA. It was founded in 1993 and is directed by Don Archer. It operates as a non-profit corporation under charter from the Department of Education of New York State (US). It was awarded .museum top-level domain (TLD) status by the Museum Domain Management Association (MuseDoma) in 2002.
-==Virtual Museum of New France==
+==See also==
-The '''Virtual Museum of New France''' ([[French language|French]]: '''''Le Musée virtuel de la Nouvelle-France''''') was established by the [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]] Corporation on [[January 22]], [[1997]]. As an entirely [[virtual museum]], it has no physical exhibits and only exists on the World Wide Web at [http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/ www.civilization.ca/vmnf].  The mission of the museum is to promote awareness of all facets of life in [[New France]], as it existed from the [[16th century]] until the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]]. When it opened, it claimed to be "the only museum without walls in the world."<ref>
+* [[Digital art]]
-{{cite  press release
+* [[Museum]]
-|url=http://www.civilisations.ca/media/show_pr_e.asp?ID=142
-|title=Multimedia Versatility at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Hull: Art, Technology and Education!
-|publisher=Canadian Museum of Civilization
-|date=[[1997-01-21]]
-|accessdate=2006-08-03
-}}</ref>
-==See also==
-* [[Virtual Library museums pages]]
-* [[Virtual Museum of Canada]]
-* [[Virtual Museum of Computing]]
-* [[Virtual Museum of New France]]
 ==Notes==
 <references/>
 ==References==
+*Anton, S., and S. Dietz. 2000. "The Virtual Museum." ''FLASH ART -INTERNATIONAL EDITION-.'' no. 210: 56-58.
+*Bowen, J. 2000. "The Virtual Museum." ''MUSEUM INTERNATIONAL.'' 52, no. 205: 4-7.
+*Cameron, Fiona, and Sarah Kenderdine. ''Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage: A Critical Discourse. Media in transition.'' Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2007. ISBN 9780262033534
+*MacDonald, L. W. ''Digital Heritage: Applying Digital Imaging to Cultural Heritage.'' Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006. ISBN 9780750661836
+*Mannoni, B. 1997. "A Virtual Museum." ''COMMUNICATIONS- ACM.'' 40, no. 9: 61-62.
+*Moscati, Paola. ''Virtual Museums and Archaeology: The Contribution of the Italian National Research Council.'' Firenze: All'Insegna del giglio, 2007. ISBN 9788878143531
+*Parry, Ross. ''Recoding the Museum: Digital Heritage and the Technologies of Change. Museum meanings.'' London: Routledge, 2007. ISBN 9780203347485
+*Robering, Klaus. ''Information Technology for the Virtual Museum: Museology and the Semantic Web. Semiotik der kultur/semiotics of culture, 6.'' Berlin: Lit, 2008. ISBN 9783825802622
+*Walczak, K., W. Cellary, and M. White. 2006. "Virtual Museum Exhibitions." ''COMPUTER -IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY-.'' 39, no. 3: 93-95.
 ==External links==
-* [http://www.organismedia.com/virtualmuseum/ ORGANISMuseum - The first Realtime 3D Online Virtual Museum]
+There are numerous web based museums, ranging from a portal site to a fully functional virtual museum. A sampling is listed below.
-* [http://www.virtual-museums.eu/ ARCO Center - software for virtual museums]
-* [http://www.museocaprai.it/en/stanza_04.htm Virtual Museum of Textile Arts - powered by Macromedia Director technology]
-* [[http://www.gothicmed.com GOTHICmed. A Virtual Museum of Mediterranean Gothic Architecture]]
-* [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/ Virtual Museum of Canada website]
-* [http://www.museevirtuel.ca/ French language version]
-* [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/English/ English language version]
+All links retrieved May 3, 2023.
+*[http://www.typewritermuseum.org/ Virtual Typewriter Museum]
-* [http://vmoc.museophile.com/ Virtual Museum of Computing]
+[[Category:Politics and social sciences]]
-**[http://vmoc.museophile.com/pioneers/ Pioneers of Computing] gallery, including [http://www.turing.org.uk/ Alan Turing] and [http://vmoc.museophile.com/babbage/ Charles Babbage]
+[[Category:Education]]
-**[http://vmoc.museophile.com/algebra/ A Brief History of Algebra and Computing] gallery
+[[Category:library and information science]]
-**[http://vmoc.museophile.com/cards/ Early Microprocessor Instruction Set Cards] gallery
+[[Category:Art]]
-* [http://icom.museum/vlmp/computing.html VMoC ICOM mirror website]
-[[Category:Virtual museums]]
-[[Category:Types of museum]]
-[[Category:Types of art museums and galleries]]
 {{credits|Virtual_museum|216788019|Virtual_Museum_of_Canada|205001636|Virtual_Museum_of_Computing|222838914|Virtual_Museum_of_New_France|217392751}}