Difference between revisions of "Sun Zi" - New World Encyclopedia
MaedaMartha (talk | contribs) |
Keisuke Noda (talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
{{Infobox Writer | {{Infobox Writer | ||
| name = Sun Tzu | | name = Sun Tzu | ||
| − | | image = | + | | image = Suntzu2.jpg |
| − | | imagesize = | + | | imagesize = 200px |
| caption = Portrait of Sun Tzu | | caption = Portrait of Sun Tzu | ||
| pseudonym = | | pseudonym = | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Sun Tzu''' (孫, 子, '''Sūn Zǐ'''; c. 544 – 496 B.C.E.) was a [[China|Chinese]] author of ''The Art of War'' (Chinese: 兵, 法), an ancient [[China|Chinese]] classic on military strategy. He is also one of the earliest realists in international relations theory. According to a biography written about him in the second century B.C.E. by the historian Sima Qian, Sun Tzu was a general who lived in the state of Wu. According to tradition, King Helü of Wu hired Sun Tzu as a general in approximately 512 B.C.E., after he finished his military treatise, the ''Sun Tzu (The Art of War).'' After he was hired, the kingdom of Wu, previously considered a semi-barbaric state, went on to become the greatest state of the Spring and Autumn Period by conquering the powerful state of Chu. Sun Tzu suddenly disappeared when King Helu finally conquered Chu, and the date of his death remains unknown. | + | '''Sunzi''' or '''Sun Tzu''' (孫, 子, '''Sūn Zǐ'''; c. 544 – 496 B.C.E.) was a [[China|Chinese]] author of ''The Art of War'' (Chinese: 兵, 法), an ancient [[China|Chinese]] classic on military strategy. He is also one of the earliest realists in international relations theory. According to a biography written about him in the second century B.C.E. by the historian Sima Qian, Sun Tzu was a general who lived in the state of Wu. According to tradition, King Helü of Wu hired Sun Tzu as a general in approximately 512 B.C.E., after he finished his military treatise, the ''Sun Tzu (The Art of War).'' After he was hired, the kingdom of Wu, previously considered a semi-barbaric state, went on to become the greatest state of the Spring and Autumn Period by conquering the powerful state of Chu. Sun Tzu suddenly disappeared when King Helu finally conquered Chu, and the date of his death remains unknown. |
''The Art of War'' is a systematic guide to strategy and tactics for rulers and commanders. The book discusses various maneuvers and the effect of terrain on the outcome of battles, and emphasizes the importance of gathering accurate information about the enemy's forces, dispositions and deployments, and movements. Sun Tzu discusses the unpredictability of battle, the use of flexible strategies and tactics, the importance of deception and surprise, the close relationship between politics and military policy, and the high costs of war. The futility of seeking hard and fast rules and the subtle paradoxes of success are major themes. The best battle, Sun Tzu says, is the battle that is won without being fought. ''The Art of War'' has been one of the most popular works on military strategy in history. was included in the ancient Chinese civil service examinations, and in the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations in many East Asian countries. Leaders as diverse as [[Takeda Shingen]] (1521-1573), [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] [[Mao Zedong]], [[Joseph Stalin]] General Pervez Musharraf, Vo Nguyen Giap, and General [[Douglas MacArthur]] have drawn inspiration from the work. Since the 1980’s, the competitive strategies of the “Art of Warfare” have been applied to many fields, including business, politics, and personal relationships. | ''The Art of War'' is a systematic guide to strategy and tactics for rulers and commanders. The book discusses various maneuvers and the effect of terrain on the outcome of battles, and emphasizes the importance of gathering accurate information about the enemy's forces, dispositions and deployments, and movements. Sun Tzu discusses the unpredictability of battle, the use of flexible strategies and tactics, the importance of deception and surprise, the close relationship between politics and military policy, and the high costs of war. The futility of seeking hard and fast rules and the subtle paradoxes of success are major themes. The best battle, Sun Tzu says, is the battle that is won without being fought. ''The Art of War'' has been one of the most popular works on military strategy in history. was included in the ancient Chinese civil service examinations, and in the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations in many East Asian countries. Leaders as diverse as [[Takeda Shingen]] (1521-1573), [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] [[Mao Zedong]], [[Joseph Stalin]] General Pervez Musharraf, Vo Nguyen Giap, and General [[Douglas MacArthur]] have drawn inspiration from the work. Since the 1980’s, the competitive strategies of the “Art of Warfare” have been applied to many fields, including business, politics, and personal relationships. | ||
| Line 71: | Line 71: | ||
The French translation may have influenced influenced [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]],<ref>Samuel B. Griffith. [http://www.geocities.com/gcalla1/war.htm]</ref> Leaders as diverse as [[Mao Zedong]], General Pervez Musharraf, Vo Nguyen Giap, and General [[Douglas MacArthur]] have claimed to have drawn inspiration from the work. It is said that [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Joseph Stalin]] both read this book while at war, and that Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communists took from The Art of War many of the tactics they utilized in fighting the Japanese and, later, the Chinese Nationalists. | The French translation may have influenced influenced [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]],<ref>Samuel B. Griffith. [http://www.geocities.com/gcalla1/war.htm]</ref> Leaders as diverse as [[Mao Zedong]], General Pervez Musharraf, Vo Nguyen Giap, and General [[Douglas MacArthur]] have claimed to have drawn inspiration from the work. It is said that [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Joseph Stalin]] both read this book while at war, and that Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communists took from The Art of War many of the tactics they utilized in fighting the Japanese and, later, the Chinese Nationalists. | ||
| − | |||
The translator Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" citing ''The Art of War'' an influence on Mao's ''On Guerilla Warfare,'' ''On the Protracted War,'' and ''Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War'' and including a quote from Mao: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster.'" | The translator Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" citing ''The Art of War'' an influence on Mao's ''On Guerilla Warfare,'' ''On the Protracted War,'' and ''Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War'' and including a quote from Mao: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster.'" | ||
| Line 83: | Line 82: | ||
{{ChineseText}} | {{ChineseText}} | ||
[[Image:Bamboo book - binding - UCR.jpg|thumb|250px|The beginning of ''The Art of War'', in a bamboo book from the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.]] | [[Image:Bamboo book - binding - UCR.jpg|thumb|250px|The beginning of ''The Art of War'', in a bamboo book from the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.]] | ||
| − | |||
''The Art of War'' has also been applied, with much success, to [[business]] and managerial strategies<ref>Floyd, Raymond E. [http://www.allbusiness.com/management/benchmarking-strategic-planning/338250-1.html] The art of war and the art of management. | ''The Art of War'' has also been applied, with much success, to [[business]] and managerial strategies<ref>Floyd, Raymond E. [http://www.allbusiness.com/management/benchmarking-strategic-planning/338250-1.html] The art of war and the art of management. | ||
| Line 210: | Line 208: | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Revision as of 17:33, 21 May 2007
- For the mathematician, see Sun Tzu (mathematician).
| 200px Portrait of Sun Tzu | |
| Born: | c. 544 B.C.E. Probably in state of Qi]] |
|---|---|
| Died: | c. 496 B.C.E. Probably in state of Wu |
| Occupation(s): | General |
| Nationality: | Chinese |
| Subject(s): | Military strategy |
| Magnum opus: | The Art of War |
Sunzi or Sun Tzu (孫, 子, Sūn Zǐ; c. 544 – 496 B.C.E.) was a Chinese author of The Art of War (Chinese: 兵, 法), an ancient Chinese classic on military strategy. He is also one of the earliest realists in international relations theory. According to a biography written about him in the second century B.C.E. by the historian Sima Qian, Sun Tzu was a general who lived in the state of Wu. According to tradition, King Helü of Wu hired Sun Tzu as a general in approximately 512 B.C.E., after he finished his military treatise, the Sun Tzu (The Art of War). After he was hired, the kingdom of Wu, previously considered a semi-barbaric state, went on to become the greatest state of the Spring and Autumn Period by conquering the powerful state of Chu. Sun Tzu suddenly disappeared when King Helu finally conquered Chu, and the date of his death remains unknown.
The Art of War is a systematic guide to strategy and tactics for rulers and commanders. The book discusses various maneuvers and the effect of terrain on the outcome of battles, and emphasizes the importance of gathering accurate information about the enemy's forces, dispositions and deployments, and movements. Sun Tzu discusses the unpredictability of battle, the use of flexible strategies and tactics, the importance of deception and surprise, the close relationship between politics and military policy, and the high costs of war. The futility of seeking hard and fast rules and the subtle paradoxes of success are major themes. The best battle, Sun Tzu says, is the battle that is won without being fought. The Art of War has been one of the most popular works on military strategy in history. was included in the ancient Chinese civil service examinations, and in the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations in many East Asian countries. Leaders as diverse as Takeda Shingen (1521-1573), Napoleon Mao Zedong, Joseph Stalin General Pervez Musharraf, Vo Nguyen Giap, and General Douglas MacArthur have drawn inspiration from the work. Since the 1980’s, the competitive strategies of the “Art of Warfare” have been applied to many fields, including business, politics, and personal relationships.
Life
The name Sun Tzu ("Master Sun") is an honorific title bestowed upon Sun Wu (孫|孫, 武; Sūn Wǔ), the author's name. The character 武, wu, meaning "military", is the same as the character in wu shu, or martial art. Sun Wu also has a Chinese courtesy name, Chang Qing (長: 卿; Cháng Qīng).
The only surviving source on the life of Sun Tzu is the biography written in the second century B.C.E. by the historian Sima Qian, who describes him as a general who lived in the state of Wu in the sixth century B.C.E., and therefore a contemporary of one of the great Chinese thinkers of ancient times, Confucius. According to tradition, Sun Tzu was a member of the landless Chinese aristocracy, the shi, descendants of nobility who had lost their dukedoms during the consolidation of the Spring and Autumn Period. Unlike most shi, who were traveling academics, Sun Tzu worked as a mercenary (similar to a modern military consultant).
According to tradition, King Helü of Wu hired Sun Tzu as a general in approximately 512 B.C.E., after he finished his military treatise, the Sun Tzu (The Art of War) (naming a written work after the author was common in China prior to the Qin era). After he was hired, the kingdom of Wu, previously considered a semi-barbaric state, went on to become the greatest state of the Spring and Autumn Period by conquering the powerful state of Chu. Sun Tzu suddenly disappeared when King Helu finally conquered Chu, and the date of his death remains unknown.
Sun Tzu also is rumored to be an ancestor of Sun Jian, the founder of the Wu Kingdom, which was one of the three competing dynasties during the Three Kingdoms era.
The Art of War
The Chinese classic Ping-fa (The Art of War, 兵, 法), the earliest known treatise on war and military science, is traditionally attributed to Sun Tzu (personal name Sun Wu). It is likely, however, that it was written earlier in the Warring States period (475–221 B.C.E.), when China was divided into six or seven states that often resorted to war with each other in their struggles for supremacy. In Chinese Sun Tzu (the original book title) is now commonly called Sunzi bingfa (also transliterated as Sun-tzu ping fa or Sun-tse ping fa). Sunzi is a modern transliteration of Sun Tzu. Bing Fa can be translated as "principal for using forces"[1], "military methods", "army procedures", or "martial arts". Around 298 B.C.E., the historian Zhuang Zi, writing in the state of Zhao, recorded that Sun Tzu’s theory had been incorporated into the martial arts techniques of both offense and defense and of both armed and unarmed combat. Bing Fa was the philosophical basis of what we now know as the Asian martial arts.
Composed of thirteen chapters, each devoted to one aspect of warfare, The Art of War has long been considered the definitive work of its time on military strategies and tactics. It was translated into a European language in 1782 by French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot, as Art Militaire des Chinois, and that name probably influenced the subsequent English translations titled The Art of War.
Annotations
In 1972 a set of bamboo engraved texts were discovered in a grave near Linyi in Shandong.[2] These have helped to confirm parts of the text which were already known and have also added new sections.[3] This version has been dated to between 134–118 B.C.E., and therefore rules out older theories that parts of the text had been written much later.
Before the bamboo scroll version was discovered, the most cited version of The Art of War was the Annotation of Sun Tzu's Strategies by Cao Cao, the founder of Cao Wei Kingdom. In the preface, he wrote that previous annotations were not focused on the essential ideas. Other annotations cited in official history books include Shen You (176-204)'s Sun Tzu's Military Strategy, Jia Xu's Copy of Sun Tzu's Military Strategy, Cao Cao and Wang Ling (a nephew of Wang Yun)'s Sun Tzu's Military Strategy.
The Book of Sui documented seven books named after Sun Tzu. An annotation by Du Mu also includes Cao Cao's annotation. Li Jing's The Art of War is said to be a revision of Sun Tzu's strategies. Annotations by Cao Cao, Du Mu and Li Quan were translated into Tangut language before 1040 C.E..
After the movable type printer was invented, The Art of War (with Cao Cao's annotations) was published as a military text book, known as Seven Military Classics (武經七書) with six other strategy books. A book named Ten Schools of The Art of War Annotations was published before 1161 C.E.. Seven Military Classics has been required reading as a military textbook since the Song Dynasty, and had many annotations. More than thirty differently annotated versions of this book exist today. In the late 1920’s vernacular Chinese became increasingly popular, and annotations in vernacular Chinese began to appear. Some of these works were translated from other languages, such as Japanese.
Sun Bin, also known as Sun the Mutilated, allegedly a crippled descendent of Sun Tzu, also wrote a text known as the Art of War. A more accurate title might be the Art of Warfare since this was more directly concerned with the practical matters of warfare, rather than military strategy.[4] At least one translator has used the title The Lost Art of War, referring to the long period of time during which Sun Bin's book was lost. There is, however, no commonality between the content or writing style in the works of Sun Bin and Sun Tzu.
Theory of Sun Tzu
The Art of War is a systematic guide to strategy and tactics for rulers and commanders. The book discusses various maneuvers and the effect of terrain on the outcome of battles. It emphasizes the importance of gathering accurate information about the enemy's forces, dispositions and deployments, and movements.
“Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.”
Sun Tzu stresses the unpredictability of battle, the use of flexible strategies and tactics, the importance of deception and surprise, the close relationship between politics and military policy, and the high costs of war. The futility of seeking hard and fast rules and the subtle paradoxes of success are major themes. The best battle, Sun Tzu says, is the battle that is won without being fought.
Sun-tzu laid down the essential rules of guerrilla tactics in The Art of War, advocating the use of deception and surprise to harass and demoralize the enemy until sufficient military strength was built up to defeat him in battle, or until political and military pressure caused him to seek peace.
“All warfare,” he said, “is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe that we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.”
The book's insistence on the close relationship between political considerations and military policy greatly influenced some modern strategists. Sun Tzu's work is also one of the first to recommend the physical conditioning of armies prior to combat. He stated that physical training exercises should be basic in nature, with movements similar to today's jumping jacks and arm circles.
Influence of Sun Tzu
Influence on Military Strategy
The Art of War has been one of the most popular works on military strategy in history. It is one of the most important collections of books in the Chinese literature, and was included in the ancient Chinese civil service examinations. In many East Asian countries, The Art of War was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.
During the Sengoku era in Japan, Takeda Shingen (1521-1573), a samurai lord, is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on firearms, because he studied The Art of War. The book was the inspiration for his famous battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as wind, silent as forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as mountain.[5]
The French translation may have influenced influenced Napoleon,[6] Leaders as diverse as Mao Zedong, General Pervez Musharraf, Vo Nguyen Giap, and General Douglas MacArthur have claimed to have drawn inspiration from the work. It is said that Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin both read this book while at war, and that Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communists took from The Art of War many of the tactics they utilized in fighting the Japanese and, later, the Chinese Nationalists.
The translator Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" citing The Art of War an influence on Mao's On Guerilla Warfare, On the Protracted War, and Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War and including a quote from Mao: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster.'"
During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers studied The Art of War , and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory.
The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, has directed all units to maintain libraries within their respective headquarters for the continuing education of personnel in the art of war. The Art of War is specifically mentioned by name as an example of works to be maintained at each individual unit, and staff duty officers are obliged to prepare short papers for presentation to other officers on their readings.[7]. The book was even referred to during the planning of Operation Desert Storm.[8][9]
| Sun Zi | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese: | 孫子兵法 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese: | 孙子兵法 | ||||||||||||
| Literal meaning: | Sun Tzu's Military Strategy | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
|
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
The Art of War has also been applied, with much success, to business and managerial strategies[10]
Applicability Outside the Military
Since at least the 1980s, The Art of War has been applied to many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat. The book has gained popularity in corporate culture; a number of business books have been written applying its lessons to "office politics" and corporate strategy. Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their key corporate executives. The book is also popular among Western business managers, who have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. “The Art of Warfare” has aso been applied to political campaigns; Republican election strategist Lee Atwater claimed he travelled everywhere with it.[11]
It has also found its way into sport: Australian cricket coach John Buchanan handed out excerpts from the book to his players before a match against England in 2001, and the book is allegedly a favorite of University of South Carolina football head coach Steve Spurrier. Former Brazilian football coach, and current coach of the Portuguese national football team, Luiz Felipe Scolari, uses the book to plot his football strategy. In the 2002 FIFA World Cup he gave a copy to each of his players. In the recent 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany he used the book to plan his team's win against England.
Some have also interpreted The Art of War as a guide for social strategies, such as establishing and maintaining social and romantic relationships. "The Art of War" has been frequently mentioned in popular media such as film and television. The book has also gained influence among players of TCGs, Collectible Miniatures Games, and other strategy games.
Many scholars of Chinese history have criticized the use of individual quotations from the book as aphorisms, saying that doing so obscures the deeper significance and general coherence of the text.
The Thirteen Chapters
|
Chapter titles from Lionel Giles' 1910 translation
|
Chapter titles from Chow-Hou Wee's 2003 translation
|
Read full text The Art of War By: Sun Tzu translated by Lionel Giles[12]
Quotations
Verses from the book, such as the last verse of Chapter 3, occur daily in modern Chinese idioms and phrases:
- 故曰：知彼知己，百戰不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼，不知己，每戰必敗
- So it is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you will win a hundred times in a hundred battles. If you only know yourself, but not your opponent, you win one and lose the next. If you do not know yourself or your enemy, you will always lose.
This has been more tersely interpreted and condensed into the modern proverb:
- 知己知彼, 百戰百勝
- If you know both yourself and your enemy, you will come out of one hundred battles with one hundred victories.
Other popular verses emphasize that true skill as a warrior means achieving victory "without fighting":
- （是故）百戰百勝，非善之善者也；不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也
- Therefore One hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the most skillful. Seizing the enemy without fighting is the most skillful.
- War is of vital importance to the state and should not be engaged carelessly
Sources and translations
- Mastering the Art of War - Memoirs and notes by famous Chinese military strategists Zhuge Liang and Liu Ji. This book details Zhuge and Liu's personal opinions and comments regarding Sun Tzu's The Art of War. Translated by Thomas Cleary.
- Sun Tzu translated by Dr Han Hiong Tan (2001). Sun Zi's The Art of War. H H Tan Medical P/L. ISBN 0-9580067-0-9.
- Sun Tzu translated by Filiquarian Publishing (2006). The Art of War. Filiquarian Publishing. ISBN 1-59986-977-2.
- Sun Tzu translated by the Denma translation group (2001). The Art of War: the Denma translation. Shambhala Classics. ISBN 1-57062-904-8.
- Sun Tzu translated by Lionel Giles (2002). The Art of War. Deodand Publishing. ISBN 0-9578868-7-X. Text link (reprint; Giles translated the book in 1910)
- Sun-Tzu translated by Roger Ames (1993). The Art of Warfare. Random House. ISBN 0-345-36239-X. , includes the Yin-ch'ueh-shan (Silver Sparrow Mountain) texts
- Sun Tzu edited by James Clavell (1983). The Art of War. Delacorte Press. ISBN 0-385-29216-3. This edition was published as a tie-in with Clavell's Asian Saga; it is essentially a re-working of the Lionel Giles translation.
- Sun Tzu translated by Ralph D. Sawyer (1994). The Art of War. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 1-56619-297-8. This translation tries to put The Art of War in its original context as a work of military strategy. It also includes a lengthy introduction and translations of some of the "bamboo strips" recovered from the shrine.
- Sun Tzu translated by John Minford (2002). The Art of War. Viking. ISBN 0-670-03156-9. This translation contains two parts. The first part is a completely unadorned, “raw�?version of the core text. The second part is that same text with Chinese commentators as well as others.
- Sun Tzu translated by Yuan Shibing (1987). Sun Tzu's Art of War: The Modern Chinese Interpretation. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.. ISBN 0-8069-6638-6. This book is written by General Tao Hanzhang, a senior officer in the People's Liberation Army. He is a senior advisor at the Beijing Institute for International Strategic Studies.
- Sun Tzu translated by J.H. Huang (1993). The Art of War: The New Translation. Quill William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-12400-3. This text is not a new interpretation of same texts that other editions are based on. Mr. Huang writes a new text based on manuscripts recently discovered in Linyi, China that predates all previous texts by as much as 1000 years.
- Sun Tzu translated by Samuel B. Griffith (1963). The Art of War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-501476-6. This book is written by Samuel B. Griffith, Brigadier General (retired), U.S. Marine Corps., with a foreward by Sir B. H. Liddell Hart. "Wu Ch'i's Art of War" in six chapters is appended.
- Sun Tzu translated by Donald G. Krause (1995). The Art of War For Executives. Berkely Publishing Group (Under Perigee Books. ISBN 0-399-51902-5. This book written by Donald Krause is interpreted for today's business reader.
- Sun Tzu translated by Ralph D. Sawyer (1995). 100 Lessons In The Art of War. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-0998-X. This book by Ralph Sawyer is a culmination on various Chinese strategic texts.
- Sun Tzu translated by Stephen F. Kaufman (1996). The Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Classic Book of Strategy. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3080-0. Aimed mainly (but not exclusively) at the martial artist, Kaufman's rendition of Sun Tzu's work was written from the perspective of a Hanshi ("teacher of teachers").
- Sun Tzu (1988-05). The Art of Strategy, translated by R. L. Wing, Seattle, Washington: Main Street Books. ISBN 0-385-23784-7.
- Sun Tzu (2003-01-14). The Art of War plus The Ancient Chinese Revealed, translated by Gary Gagliardi, 1st hardcover ed., second printing, Seattle, Washington: Clearbridge Publishing. ISBN 1-929194-19-6. Winner of a 2003 Independent Publishers Book Award for Multicultural Nonfiction.[7]
- Sun Tzu translated by Prof. Chow-Hou WEE (2003). Sun Zi Art of War: An Illustrated Translation with Asian Perspectives and Insights. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 0-13-100137-X.
See also
- Thirty-Six Strategies, another Chinese strategy book
- Philosophy of war
- On War
- The Book of Five Rings
Notes
- ↑ J H Huang, Sun Tzu The New Translation, 1993
- ↑ http://membres.lycos.fr/suntsu/Sun_Tzu.htm Book Review, Sun Tzu: The New Translation of the Art of War.,Huang, J.H., trans.New York: William Morrow, 1993, 299 pp. Retrieved May 19,2007
- ↑ http://www.sonshi.com/ames.html Interview with Roger Ames by Sonshi.com Retrieved May 19, 2007
- ↑ http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/jul-aug/killigrew.html Dr. John W. Killigrew, Sun Pin’s Art of War: A Summary, Air University Review , July-August 1980 Retrieved May 19, 2007
- ↑ [1] City of Hokuto Official Website, Retrieved May 19, 2007
- ↑ Samuel B. Griffith. [2]
- ↑ Army, U. S. (no date (1985?)). Military History and Professional Development. U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. 85-CSI-21 85. The Art of War is mentioned for each unit's acquisition on page 18, "Military History Libraries for Duty Personnel"
- ↑ Paul K. Van Riper. [3]
- ↑ Grant T. Hammond. [4].
- ↑ Floyd, Raymond E. [5] The art of war and the art of management. By Floyd, Raymond E., in Industrial Management Date: Sept-Oct 1992 Retrieved May19, 2007
- ↑ 'What Lee Atwater Knows About Winning'by Jan Collins Stucker, Southern Magazine, April 1989, Retrieved May 19, 2007
- ↑ Lionel Giles [6]
External links
- The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles (1910), available for free via Project Gutenberg
- The Art of War Online English Version
- About Sun Tzu and the Art of War, in Chinese and English
- Sun Tzu The Art of War Translation by Sonshi with many readers' interpretations
- Sun Tzu The Art of War Modern translation by W. Lidwell, free PDF ebook
- Sun Tzu The Art of War Ebook Free Microsoft Reader version for download
- Sun Tzu the Art of War text (with recorded Mandarin speech), Denma translation
- Sun Tzu and Hollywood on how the appearance of the book in movies influenced the number of books sold
- The Art of War, audio edition Free mp3 downloads Narrated by Michael Scott of ThoughtAudio.com
- Sun Zi's The Art of War text translated by Dr Han Hiong Tan 2001
External links
- Works by Sun Tzu. Project Gutenberg
- The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles (1910), Project Gutenberg edition with considerable (but dated) text on Sun Tzu
- The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles (1910), Project Gutenberg edition without the translator's annotations, and including an HTML version.
- The Art of War, Chinese original at Project Gutenberg
- Sun Tzu The Art of War by Sonshi Translation, message board, author interviews
- Sun Tzu The Art of War Modern translation by W. Lidwell, free PDF ebook
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tzu, Sun |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Sun Tzu; 孫子 (Chinese); Sūn Zǐ (pinyin) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Chinese general and writer |
| DATE OF BIRTH | circa 544 B.C.E. |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Probably in state of Qi |
| DATE OF DEATH | circa 496 B.C.E. |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Probably in state of Wu |
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
