Difference between revisions of "Skink" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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{{Taxobox
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| color = pink
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| name = Skinks
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| image = Mabuya vittata 001.jpg
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| image_width = 240px
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| image_caption = [[Bridled Mabuya]], ''Mabuya vittata''
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| phylum = [[Chordata]]
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| classis = [[Reptilia]] <small>([[paraphyletic]])</small>
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| unranked_ordo = [[Sauria]]
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| ordo = [[Squamata]] <small>([[paraphyletic]])</small>
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| infraordo = [[Scincomorpha]]
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| familia = '''Scincidae'''
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| familia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1825]]
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilies]]
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| subdivision =
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[[Acontinae]]<br/>
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[[Lygosominae]]<br/>
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[[Scincinae]] <small>(probably [[paraphyletic]])</small><br />
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For [[genera]], see [[#Genera|below]].
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}}
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 +
'''Skinks''' are the most diverse group of [[lizard]]s. They make up the family '''Scincidae''' which shares the superfamily or infraorder [[Scincomorpha]] with several other lizard families, including [[Lacertidae]] (the "true" or [[wall lizard]]s). Scincidae is the largest of the lizard families with about 1,200 species.
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==Description==
 +
Skinks look roughly like true lizards, but most species have no pronounced neck and relatively small legs. Several genera (e.g., ''[[Typhlosaurus]]'') have no limbs at all, others, such as ''[[Neoseps]]'', have only reduced limbs. Often, their way of moving resembles that of [[snakes]] more than that of other lizards. Skinks usually have long, tapering tails that can be shed and [[Regeneration (biology)|regenerated]].
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Most skinks are medium sized with a maximum length from the snout to the vent of some 12&nbsp;[[centimetre|cm]], although there are a few that grow to larger sizes, such as the ''[[Corucia]]'', which can reach 35&nbsp;cm from snout to vent.
 +
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==Diet==
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Skinks are generally carnivorous and largely eat [[insect]]s, including [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s, [[grasshopper]]s, [[beetle]]s, and [[caterpillar]]s. They also eat [[spider]]s, [[earthworm]]s, [[snail]]s, [[slug]]s, [[isopod]]s, other lizards, and small [[rodent]]s. Some species, particularly those favored as home pets, have a more varied diet and can be maintained on a regimen of roughly 60% vegetables/leaves/fruit and 40% meat and meat products (cat or dog food).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/lizardsaspets/a/bluetongues.htm |title=Keeping Blue Tongued Skinks as Pets |accessdate=2006-08-27 |author=McLeod, Lianne}}</ref>
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 +
== Habitat==
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Skinks are found in a variety of habitats worldwide. Some species are [[Endangered species|endangered]].
 +
 +
Many species are good burrowers. There are more terrestrial or fossorial (burying) species than arboreal (tree-climbing) or aquatic species. Some are "sand swimmers", especially the desert species, such as the [[Mole skink]] in [[Florida]]. Most skinks are [[Diurnal animal|diurnal]], so they are active during the day. They like to crawl out on rocks or logs to bask (soak up heat from the sun) during the day.
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 +
==Breeding==
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During the breeding season, some types of skink will exhibit orange or red markings to indicate sexual maturity. About 55% of the skinks are oviparous, that is, they lay eggs in small clutches. The other 45% are [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]], giving birth to living offspring.
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==Predators==
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[[Raccoon]]s, [[fox]]es, [[opossums]], [[snake]]s, [[cat]]s and [[hawk]]s all prey on skinks.
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==Gallery==
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<center>
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<gallery>
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Image:100_0306_tiny.jpg|Small backyard skink, [[Sydney, Australia]]
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Image:Skink.jpg|Skink, photographed at [[Okefenokee]] National Wildlife Refuge, Florida USA 2007
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Image:HPIM2548.JPG|Skink. Photographed by Patricia Hurtt at [[Florida Caverns State Park]], Florida USA 2007
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Image:HPIM2560.JPG|Skink. Photographed by Patricia Hurtt at [[Falling Waters State Park]], Florida USA 2007
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</gallery>
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</center>
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==Genera==
 +
Many large genera, ''[[Mabuya]]'' for example, are still insufficiently studied, and systematics is at times controversial, see e.g. the taxonomy of the [[Western Skink]] (''Eumeces skiltonianus'').
 +
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{{col-begin|width=80%}}
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{{col-break}}
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* ''[[Ablepharus]]''
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* ''[[Acontias]]''
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* ''[[Acontophiops]]''
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* ''[[Afroablepharus]]''
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* ''[[Amphiglossus]]''
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* ''[[Androngo]]''
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* ''[[Anomalopus]]''
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* ''[[Apterygodon]]''
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* ''[[Asymblepharus]]''
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* ''[[Ateuchosaurus]]''
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* ''[[Barkudia]]''
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* ''[[Bartleia]]''
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* ''[[Bassiana]]''
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* ''[[Brachymeles]]''
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* ''[[Caledoniscincus]]''
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* ''[[Calyptotis]]''
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* ''[[Carlia]]''
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* ''[[Cautula]]''
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* ''[[Chabanaudia]]''
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* ''[[Chalcides]]''
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* ''[[Chalcidoseps]]''
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* ''[[Coeranoscincus]]''
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* ''[[Cophoscincopus]]''
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* ''[[Corucia]]''
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* ''[[Cryptoblepharus]]''
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* ''[[Cryptoscincus]]''
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{{col-break}}
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* ''[[Ctenotus]]''
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* ''[[Cyclodina]]''
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* ''[[Cyclodomorphus]]''
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* ''[[Dasia (genus)|Dasia]]''
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* ''[[Davewakeum]]''
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* ''[[Egernia]]''
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* ''[[Emoia]]''
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* ''[[Eremiascincus]]''
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* ''[[Eroticoscincus]]''
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* ''[[Eugongylus]]''
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* ''[[Eulamprus]]''
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* ''[[Eumeces]]''
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* ''[[Eumecia]]''
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* ''[[Euprepes]]''
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* ''[[Eurylepis]]''
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* ''[[Feylinia]]''
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* ''[[Fojia]]''
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* ''[[Geomyersia]]''
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* ''[[Geoscincus]]''
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* ''[[Glaphyromorphus]]''
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* ''[[Gnypetoscincus]]''
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* ''[[Gongylomorphus]]''
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* ''[[Gongylus (Scincidae)|Gongylus]]''
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* ''[[Graciliscincus]]''
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* ''[[Haackgreerius]]''
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* ''[[Hemiergis]]''
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{{col-break}}
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* ''[[Hemisphaeriodon]]''
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* ''[[Isopachys]]''
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* ''[[Janetaescincus]]''
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* ''[[Lacertaspis]]''
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* ''[[Lacertoides]]''
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* ''[[Lacertus]]''
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* ''[[Lamprolepis]]''
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* ''[[Lampropholis]]''
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* ''[[Lankascincus]]''
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* ''[[Larutia]]''
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* ''[[Leiolopisma]]''
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* ''[[Leptoseps]]''
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* ''[[Leptosiaphos]]''
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* ''[[Lerista]]''
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* ''[[Lioscincus]]''
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* ''[[Lipinia]]''
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* ''[[Lobulia]]''
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* ''[[Lubuya]]''
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* ''[[Lygisaurus]]''
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* ''[[Lygosoma]]''
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* ''[[Mabuya]]''
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* ''[[Macroscincus]]''
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* ''[[Marmorosphax]]''
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* ''[[Melanoseps]]''
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* ''[[Menetia]]''
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{{col-break}}
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* ''[[Mesoscincus]]''
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* ''[[Mochlus]]''
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* ''[[Morethia]]''
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* ''[[Nangura]]''
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* ''[[Nannoscincus]]''
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* ''[[Neoseps]]''
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* ''[[Nessia]]''
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* ''[[Niveoscincus]]''
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* ''[[Notoscincus]]''
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* ''[[Novoeumeces]]''
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* ''[[Oligosoma]]''
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* ''[[Ophiomorus]]''
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* ''[[Ophioscincus]]''
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* ''[[Pamelaescincus]]''
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* ''[[Panaspis]]''
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* ''[[Papuascincus]]''
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* ''[[Parachalcides]]''
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* ''[[Paracontias]]''
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* ''[[Paralipinia]]''
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* ''[[Parvoscincus]]''
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* ''[[Phoboscincus]]''
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* ''[[Plestiodon]]''
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* ''[[Prasinohaema]]''
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* ''[[Proablepharus]]''
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* ''[[Proscelotes]]''
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{{col-break}}
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* ''[[Pseudoacontias]]''
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* ''[[Pseudemoia]]''
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* ''[[Pygomeles]]''
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* ''[[Riopa]]''
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* ''[[Ristella]]''
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* ''[[Saiphos]]''
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* ''[[Saproscincus]]''
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* ''[[Scelotes]]''
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* ''[[Scincella]]''
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* ''[[Scincopus]]''
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* ''[[Scincus]]''
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* ''[[Scolecoseps]]''
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* ''[[Sepsina]]''
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* ''[[Sigaloseps]]''
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* ''[[Simiscincus]]''
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* ''[[Sphenomorphus]]'' (probably [[paraphyletic]])
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* ''[[Sphenops]]''
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* ''[[Tachygia]]''
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* ''[[Tiliqua]]''
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* ''[[Tribolonotus]]''
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* ''[[Tropidophorus]]''
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* ''[[Tropidoscincus]]''
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* ''[[Typhlacontias]]''
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* ''[[Typhlosaurus]]''
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* ''[[Voeltzkowia]]''
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{{col-end}}
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==References==
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* {{aut|De Vosjoli, Philippe}} ((1993): ''Prehensile-Tailed Skinks''. Advanced Vivarium Systems. <small>ISBN 1-882770-24-2</small>
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==External links==
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* [http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/families/Scincidae.html Description of Skinks] at the [[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]].
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* [http://www.fcps.edu/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/five-lined_skink.htm The Five-lined Skink]
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* [http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/herpetol/molizard/ The Lizards of Missouri]
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* [http://www.unc.edu/~dtkirkpa/stuff/corucia.html Observations on Mating Behavior of the Solomon Island Skink]
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*[http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=26 Five-lined Skink - Eumeces fasciatus] Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide
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{{credit|Skink\145186340}}
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[[Category:Life sciences]]

Revision as of 23:11, 10 August 2007


Skinks
Bridled Mabuya, Mabuya vittata
Bridled Mabuya, Mabuya vittata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia (paraphyletic)
(unranked) Sauria
Order: Squamata (paraphyletic)
Infraorder: Scincomorpha
Family: Scincidae
Gray, 1825
Subfamilies

Acontinae
Lygosominae
Scincinae (probably paraphyletic)
For genera, see below.

Skinks are the most diverse group of lizards. They make up the family Scincidae which shares the superfamily or infraorder Scincomorpha with several other lizard families, including Lacertidae (the "true" or wall lizards). Scincidae is the largest of the lizard families with about 1,200 species.

Description

Skinks look roughly like true lizards, but most species have no pronounced neck and relatively small legs. Several genera (e.g., Typhlosaurus) have no limbs at all, others, such as Neoseps, have only reduced limbs. Often, their way of moving resembles that of snakes more than that of other lizards. Skinks usually have long, tapering tails that can be shed and regenerated.

Most skinks are medium sized with a maximum length from the snout to the vent of some 12 cm, although there are a few that grow to larger sizes, such as the Corucia, which can reach 35 cm from snout to vent.

Diet

Skinks are generally carnivorous and largely eat insects, including crickets, grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars. They also eat spiders, earthworms, snails, slugs, isopods, other lizards, and small rodents. Some species, particularly those favored as home pets, have a more varied diet and can be maintained on a regimen of roughly 60% vegetables/leaves/fruit and 40% meat and meat products (cat or dog food).[1]

Habitat

Skinks are found in a variety of habitats worldwide. Some species are endangered.

Many species are good burrowers. There are more terrestrial or fossorial (burying) species than arboreal (tree-climbing) or aquatic species. Some are "sand swimmers", especially the desert species, such as the Mole skink in Florida. Most skinks are diurnal, so they are active during the day. They like to crawl out on rocks or logs to bask (soak up heat from the sun) during the day.

Breeding

During the breeding season, some types of skink will exhibit orange or red markings to indicate sexual maturity. About 55% of the skinks are oviparous, that is, they lay eggs in small clutches. The other 45% are ovoviviparous, giving birth to living offspring.

Predators

Raccoons, foxes, opossums, snakes, cats and hawks all prey on skinks.

Gallery

  • 100 0306 tiny.jpg

    Small backyard skink, Sydney, Australia

  • Skink, photographed at Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida USA 2007

  • HPIM2548.JPG

    Skink. Photographed by Patricia Hurtt at Florida Caverns State Park, Florida USA 2007

  • HPIM2560.JPG

    Skink. Photographed by Patricia Hurtt at Falling Waters State Park, Florida USA 2007

Genera

Many large genera, Mabuya for example, are still insufficiently studied, and systematics is at times controversial, see e.g. the taxonomy of the Western Skink (Eumeces skiltonianus).

  • Ablepharus
  • Acontias
  • Acontophiops
  • Afroablepharus
  • Amphiglossus
  • Androngo
  • Anomalopus
  • Apterygodon
  • Asymblepharus
  • Ateuchosaurus
  • Barkudia
  • Bartleia
  • Bassiana
  • Brachymeles
  • Caledoniscincus
  • Calyptotis
  • Carlia
  • Cautula
  • Chabanaudia
  • Chalcides
  • Chalcidoseps
  • Coeranoscincus
  • Cophoscincopus
  • Corucia
  • Cryptoblepharus
  • Cryptoscincus
  • Ctenotus
  • Cyclodina
  • Cyclodomorphus
  • Dasia
  • Davewakeum
  • Egernia
  • Emoia
  • Eremiascincus
  • Eroticoscincus
  • Eugongylus
  • Eulamprus
  • Eumeces
  • Eumecia
  • Euprepes
  • Eurylepis
  • Feylinia
  • Fojia
  • Geomyersia
  • Geoscincus
  • Glaphyromorphus
  • Gnypetoscincus
  • Gongylomorphus
  • Gongylus
  • Graciliscincus
  • Haackgreerius
  • Hemiergis
  • Hemisphaeriodon
  • Isopachys
  • Janetaescincus
  • Lacertaspis
  • Lacertoides
  • Lacertus
  • Lamprolepis
  • Lampropholis
  • Lankascincus
  • Larutia
  • Leiolopisma
  • Leptoseps
  • Leptosiaphos
  • Lerista
  • Lioscincus
  • Lipinia
  • Lobulia
  • Lubuya
  • Lygisaurus
  • Lygosoma
  • Mabuya
  • Macroscincus
  • Marmorosphax
  • Melanoseps
  • Menetia
  • Mesoscincus
  • Mochlus
  • Morethia
  • Nangura
  • Nannoscincus
  • Neoseps
  • Nessia
  • Niveoscincus
  • Notoscincus
  • Novoeumeces
  • Oligosoma
  • Ophiomorus
  • Ophioscincus
  • Pamelaescincus
  • Panaspis
  • Papuascincus
  • Parachalcides
  • Paracontias
  • Paralipinia
  • Parvoscincus
  • Phoboscincus
  • Plestiodon
  • Prasinohaema
  • Proablepharus
  • Proscelotes
  • Pseudoacontias
  • Pseudemoia
  • Pygomeles
  • Riopa
  • Ristella
  • Saiphos
  • Saproscincus
  • Scelotes
  • Scincella
  • Scincopus
  • Scincus
  • Scolecoseps
  • Sepsina
  • Sigaloseps
  • Simiscincus
  • Sphenomorphus (probably paraphyletic)
  • Sphenops
  • Tachygia
  • Tiliqua
  • Tribolonotus
  • Tropidophorus
  • Tropidoscincus
  • Typhlacontias
  • Typhlosaurus
  • Voeltzkowia

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • De Vosjoli, Philippe ((1993): Prehensile-Tailed Skinks. Advanced Vivarium Systems. ISBN 1-882770-24-2

External links

Credits

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  1. ↑ McLeod, Lianne. Keeping Blue Tongued Skinks as Pets. Retrieved 2006-08-27.
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