Difference between revisions of "Skateboarding" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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===Second generation===
 
===Second generation===
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In the early 1970s, [[Frank Nasworthy]] started to develop a skateboard wheel made of [[polyurethane]],calling it the 'Cadillac' as he hoped this would convey the smooth ride it afforded the rider.<ref name="SBH"/> . Frank's wheels were much superior to the clay wheels introduced prior because they gave the skater better handling and they could roll over small obstacles in the road. The improvement in traction and performance was so immense that from the wheel's release in [[1974]] the popularity of skateboarding started to rise rapidly again, and companies wanted to invest more in product development.   
+
In the early [[1970]]s, a surfer named [[Frank Nasworthy]] was visiting a friend in [[Virgina]] when he discovered urethane roller skating wheels at a backyard shop. Frank decided to take 30 sets of wheels to try them out on a skateboard, and the results were incredible. "We had free rein over the entire [[Washington, DC]] area"<ref>The Concrete Wave</ref>. Frank's wheels were much superior to the clay wheels introduced prior because they gave the skater better handling and they could roll over small obstacles in the road.The improvement in traction and performance was so immense that from the wheel's release in [[1974]] the popularity of skateboarding started to rise rapidly again, and companies wanted to invest more in product development.   
  
 
Manufacturers started to experiment with more exotic composites and metals, like [[fiberglass]] and [[aluminium|aluminum]], but the common skateboards were made of maple plywood. The skateboarders took advantage of the improved handling of their skateboards and started inventing new tricks.  
 
Manufacturers started to experiment with more exotic composites and metals, like [[fiberglass]] and [[aluminium|aluminum]], but the common skateboards were made of maple plywood. The skateboarders took advantage of the improved handling of their skateboards and started inventing new tricks.  
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===Third generation===
 
===Third generation===
−
The third skateboard generation, from the early/mid eighties to early [[1990s|nineties]], was fueled by skateboard companies that were run by skateboarders. The focus was initially on [[vert ramp]] skateboarding. The invention of the no-hands aerial (later known as the [[Ollie (skateboarding trick)|ollie]]) by [[Alan Gelfand]] in Florida in [[1976]] <ref name="sm">Snyder, Craig [http://www.skateboarding.com/skate/stories/article/0,23271,1116287,00.html Gasbag], [[Transworld Skateboarding Magazine]] (October 2005, p. 44)</ref> and the almost parallel development of the grabbed aerial by [[George Orton]] and [[Tony Alva]] in California had made it possible for skaters to perform airs on vertical ramps. While this wave of skateboarding was sparked by commercialized vert ramp skating, a majority of people who skateboarded during this period never rode vert ramps. Because most people couldn't afford to build vert ramps or didn't have access to nearby ramps, street skating gained popularity. Freestyle skating remained healthy throughout this period with pioneers such as [[Rodney Mullen]] inventing the basics of modern street skating; the flatground ollie, the ollie kickflip, the heelflip, and the 360 flip, to name a few. The influence freestyle had on street skating became apparent during the mid-eighties, but street skating was still performed on wide vert boards with short noses, slide rails, and large soft wheels. Skateboarding, however, evolved quickly in the late 1980s to accommodate the street skater. Since few skateparks were available to skaters at this time, street skating pushed skaters to seek out shopping centers and public and private property as their "spot" to skate. Public opposition, and the threat of lawsuits, forced businesses and property owners to ban skateboarding on their property. By 1992, only a small fraction of skateboarders remained as a highly technical version of street skating, combined with the decline of vert skating, produced a sport that lacked the mainstream appeal to attract new skaters. <ref name="SKATE"/>
+
The third skateboard generation occured from [[1983]] to [[1991]], and it was during this time that streetskating becamse the main focus. In the early [[1980]]'s the legal issues of skateboarding and the popualarity of BMX biking were the main reasons for the second fallout for skateboarding. Events and contests were still being held, but attendance was small, and prize moeny was non-existent.  This started to change in [[1981]] when a group of die-hard skaters started publication on a new magazine called [[Thraser]]. The magazine gave readers information on the skateboard scene, and the sport's popularity started to increase.
 +
 
 +
In [[1983]] skateboarding manufactuers noticed the upward trend, and [[Transworld Skateboarding]] magazine was introducted.
 +
 
 +
Vert riding took over in [[1984]], and more and more skaters were skating on launch ramps and developing aerial moves. The focus on vert riding was due to the invention of the no-hands aerial (later known as the [[Ollie (skateboarding trick)|ollie]]) by [[Alan Gelfand]] in Florida in [[1976]] <ref name="sm">Snyder, Craig [http://www.skateboarding.com/skate/stories/article/0,23271,1116287,00.html Gasbag], [[Transworld Skateboarding Magazine]] (October 2005, p. 44)</ref> and the almost parallel development of the grabbed aerial by [[George Orton]] and [[Tony Alva]] in California.  
 +
 
 +
Street skating gained popularity in the mid to late [[1980]]'s, and pro skaters decided to leave large manufactures and start their own skate businesses. One of the first to make the switch was [[Steve Rocco]], who started World Industries, one of the new companies who started the trend toward "new school" skatboarding. Since few skateparks were available to skaters at this time, street skating pushed skaters to seek out shopping centers and public and private property as their "spot" to skate.
 +
 
 +
By the time [[1991]] came, a worldwide recession hit, leading the skate industry to have to find a way to reinvent itself again.
 +
 
 +
Public opposition, and the threat of lawsuits, forced businesses and property owners to ban skateboarding on their property. By 1992, only a small fraction of skateboarders remained as a highly technical version of street skating, combined with the decline of vert skating, produced a sport that lacked the mainstream appeal to attract new skaters. <ref name="SKATE"/>
  
 
===Current generation===
 
===Current generation===
 
[[Image:Teen male skater in Salem Oregon park jump.jpg|thumb|350px|Teen skater in [[Salem, Oregon]], May, 2007.]]
 
[[Image:Teen male skater in Salem Oregon park jump.jpg|thumb|350px|Teen skater in [[Salem, Oregon]], May, 2007.]]
−
The fourth and current generation of skateboards is dominated by street skating. Most boards are about 7¼ to 8&nbsp;inches wide and 30 to 32&nbsp;inches long.  The wheels are made of an extremely hard [[polyurethane]], with hardness([[durometer]]) approximately 99a. As [[Steve Caballero]] had shown on vert in the mid-80's, very high durometers offer the benefit of reduced drag on hard surfaces which results in an overall faster ride, so long as one avoids rougher terrain.  The wheel sizes are relatively small so that the boards are lighter,and the wheel's inertia is overcome quicker, thus making tricks more manageable. Today, modern wheels are currently around 48 to 60&nbsp;mm in diameter and advances in technology have made them extremely light compared to the wheels of the eighties. Most decks are still constructed out of [[Canadian Maple]], with 7-plies being the industry standard for strength and durability. Board styles have changed dramatically since the 1970s but have remained mostly alike since the mid 1990s. The contemporary shape of the skateboard is derived from the [[Freestyle skateboarding|freestyle]] boards of the 1980s with a largely symmetrical shape and relatively narrow width. This form had become standard by 1992. During the 90s ramp or vert skateboarding dropped in popularity.
+
The fourth and current generation of skateboards is dominated by street skating. During the early times of this period starting in [[1993]], skateboarding had to compete with [[rollerblading]] and the economic recession. By the time the mid [[1990]]'s came around, cable television, and the internet's increase in popularity led to increased awareness of the sport. This helped the sporte reemerge once again, and by [[1995]] skateboarding was one of the key focuses of the ESPN 2 Extreme Games. Public skateboard parks were being built once again in [[California]], and from the start of the genearation until now, skateboarding has continued to have success in its current era.  
  
 
While street skateboarding remains popular, its rigid conformity and high attrition rate does not appeal to everyone, and there is a resurgence of other types of skateboarding brewing. [[Longboard (skateboard)|Longboarding]], speedboarding, downhill sliding, pool or bowl skating, slalom, and ditch skateboarding are thriving all over the world, albeit below the radar.
 
While street skateboarding remains popular, its rigid conformity and high attrition rate does not appeal to everyone, and there is a resurgence of other types of skateboarding brewing. [[Longboard (skateboard)|Longboarding]], speedboarding, downhill sliding, pool or bowl skating, slalom, and ditch skateboarding are thriving all over the world, albeit below the radar.
 +
  
 
==Trick skating==
 
==Trick skating==
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With the evolution of [[skatepark]]s and ramp riding, the skateboard began to change.  Early skate tricks had consisted mainly of two-dimensional maneuvers (e.g. riding on only two wheels (wheelie,a.k.a. manual), spinning like an ice skater on the back wheels (a 360 pivot), high jumping over a bar (nowadays called a "Hippie Jump"), long jumping from one board to another (often over a line of small barrels or fearless teenagers lying on their backs), and slalom.
 
With the evolution of [[skatepark]]s and ramp riding, the skateboard began to change.  Early skate tricks had consisted mainly of two-dimensional maneuvers (e.g. riding on only two wheels (wheelie,a.k.a. manual), spinning like an ice skater on the back wheels (a 360 pivot), high jumping over a bar (nowadays called a "Hippie Jump"), long jumping from one board to another (often over a line of small barrels or fearless teenagers lying on their backs), and slalom.
  
−
In 1976, skateboarding was transformed by the invention of the first modern skateboarding trick by [[Alan Gelfand|Alan "Ollie" Gelfand]]. It remained largely a unique Florida trick from 1976 until the summer of 1978, when Gelfand made his first visit to California. Gelfand and his revolutionary manoeuver caught the attention of the West Coast skaters and the media where it began to spread worldwide. An [[Ollie (skateboarding trick)|ollie]] is performed by popping the tail of the skateboard, sliding the front foot towards the nose and lifting up the back foot to level the skateboard out.  This results in the skateboarder, along with his or her skateboard, lifting into the air without the aid of foot straps or the skateboarder's hands.
+
In [[1976]], skateboarding was transformed by the invention of the first modern skateboarding trick by [[Alan Gelfand|Alan "Ollie" Gelfand]]. It remained largely a unique Florida trick from [[1976]] until the summer of [[1978]], when Gelfand made his first visit to [[California]]. Gelfand and his revolutionary manoeuver caught the attention of the West Coast skaters and the media where it began to spread worldwide. An [[Ollie (skateboarding trick)|ollie]] is performed by popping the tail of the skateboard, sliding the front foot towards the nose and lifting up the back foot to level the skateboard out.  This results in the skateboarder, along with his or her skateboard, lifting into the air without the aid of foot straps or the skateboarder's hands.
  
−
The ollie was reinvented by [[Rodney Mullen]] in 1981, who adapted it to freestyle skating by ollieing on flat ground rather than out of a vert ramp.  Mullen also invented the ollie [[kickflip]], which, at the time of its invention, was dubbed the "magic flip." The flat ground ollie allowed skateboarders to perform tricks in mid-air without any more equipment than the skateboard itself. The development of these complex tricks by Rodney Mullen and others transformed skateboarding. Skateboarders began performing their tricks down stair sets and on other urban obstacles - they were no longer confined to empty pools and expensive wooden ramps.
+
The ollie was reinvented by [[Rodney Mullen]] in [[1981]], who adapted it to freestyle skating by ollieing on flat ground rather than out of a vert ramp.  Mullen also invented the ollie [[kickflip]], which, at the time of its invention, was dubbed the "magic flip." The flat ground ollie allowed skateboarders to perform tricks in mid-air without any more equipment than the skateboard itself. The development of these complex tricks by Rodney Mullen and others transformed skateboarding. Skateboarders began performing their tricks down stair sets and on other urban obstacles - they were no longer confined to empty pools and expensive wooden ramps.
  
 
The act of "ollieing" onto an obstacle and sliding along it on the trucks of the board is known as ''grinding,'' and has become a mainstay of modern skateboarding. Types of grinds include the 50-50 grind (balancing on the front and back trucks while grinding a rail), the 5-0 grind (balancing on only the back truck while grinding a rail)  the nose grind (balancing on only the front truck while grinding a rail), and the crooked grind (balancing on the front truck at an angle while grinding) among many others. There are various other grinds that involve touching both the trucks and the deck to the rail, ledge, or lip. The most common of these is the smith grind, in which the rider balances over the back truck while touching the outer middle of the board to the grinding surface in the direction from which he or she ollied. Popping and landing on the back truck and touching the inner edge of the board, i.e. popping "over", is known as a feeble grind. Boardslides, lipslides, noseslides, and tailslides are on the wooden deck of the skateboard, rather than on the trucks.
 
The act of "ollieing" onto an obstacle and sliding along it on the trucks of the board is known as ''grinding,'' and has become a mainstay of modern skateboarding. Types of grinds include the 50-50 grind (balancing on the front and back trucks while grinding a rail), the 5-0 grind (balancing on only the back truck while grinding a rail)  the nose grind (balancing on only the front truck while grinding a rail), and the crooked grind (balancing on the front truck at an angle while grinding) among many others. There are various other grinds that involve touching both the trucks and the deck to the rail, ledge, or lip. The most common of these is the smith grind, in which the rider balances over the back truck while touching the outer middle of the board to the grinding surface in the direction from which he or she ollied. Popping and landing on the back truck and touching the inner edge of the board, i.e. popping "over", is known as a feeble grind. Boardslides, lipslides, noseslides, and tailslides are on the wooden deck of the skateboard, rather than on the trucks.
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There are many female-only skate companies, sessions, and camps to help advance the female skateboarding movement. An alliance of professional  female skaters has also been established.<ref>[http://www.actionsportsalliance.com/index.php]</ref>
 
There are many female-only skate companies, sessions, and camps to help advance the female skateboarding movement. An alliance of professional  female skaters has also been established.<ref>[http://www.actionsportsalliance.com/index.php]</ref>
 
There have been two major skate films focusing on female skaters - ''Getting Nowhere Faster'' and ''AKA: Girl Skater''.<ref>[http://www.akagirlskater.com/]</ref><ref>[http://www.villavillacola.com/]</ref>
 
There have been two major skate films focusing on female skaters - ''Getting Nowhere Faster'' and ''AKA: Girl Skater''.<ref>[http://www.akagirlskater.com/]</ref><ref>[http://www.villavillacola.com/]</ref>
−
 
−
==Skate shops==
 
−
As skateboarding has become increasingly popular, so has the market for skater merchandise. In the early days, local surf shops with limited variety were the only place to find skateboards. Later, skateboard shops started to appear on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] of the [[USA]], and soon the trend spread to the [[East Coast]]. At present, there are many skate shops across the country, especially along coastal areas such as [[California]].
 
−
 
−
Skate shops carry a variety of accessories such as clothes, skateboarding tools, skateboard videos, stickers, and shoes.
 
−
 
−
==Miscellaneous==
 
−
[[Image:Usmcskateboard.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A member of Charlie Company 1st Battalion 5th Marines carries a skateboard during military exercise ''Urban Warrior '99'']]
 
−
 
−
===Skateboard ban in Norway===
 
−
The only country ever to ban skateboards was [[Norway]], in the period between 1978 and 1989. The use, ownership and sale of skateboards were forbidden. The ban was said to be due to the perceived high amount of injuries caused by boards. The ban led skateboarders to construct ramps in the forest and other secluded areas to avoid the police. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://oslopuls.no/film/article1536291.ece | title=Criminals on wheels | accessdate=2006-12-13}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
===Military experimentation in the United States===
 
−
 
−
It has been publicly reported that the [[United States Marine Corps]] tested the usefulness of commercial off-the-shelf skateboards during [[urban combat]] [[military exercise]]s in the late 1990s. Their special purpose has been described as "for maneuvering inside buildings in order to detect [[tripwire]]s and [[sniper]] fire"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/DVIC_View/Still_Details.cfm?SDAN=DMSD0002959&JPGPath=/Assets/2000/Marines/DM-SD-00-02959.JPG | title=Defense Visual Information Center database / US Department of Defense| accessdate=2006-12-30}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://newton.nap.edu/books/0309088739/html/82.html | title=The Role of Experimentation in Building Future Naval Forces (2004), Naval Studies Board | accessdate=2006-12-30}}</ref>.
 
  
 
===Novice and amateur skate teams===
 
===Novice and amateur skate teams===
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Many novice and amateur skateboarding teams have emerged in the last ten years consisting of groups of talented skateboarders. These are most popular in the USA, where skateboarding started.
 
Many novice and amateur skateboarding teams have emerged in the last ten years consisting of groups of talented skateboarders. These are most popular in the USA, where skateboarding started.
  
−
==Further reading and information==
+
==References==
 +
*Brooke, Michael (1999) ''The Concrete Wave - the History of Skateboarding''. Warwick Publishing. ISBN 1894020545.
 +
*Mullen, Rodney and Mortimer, Sean (2003). ''The Mutt''
 +
*Hill,P, and Hill, S. "Skate Hard" The Five Mile Press. ISBN 0867881801
 +
 
 +
==See also==
 +
{{commonscat}}
 +
{{Wiktionarypar|Skateboarding}}
 
*Borden, Iain. (2001). ''Skateboarding, Space and the City: Architecture and the Body''. Oxford: Berg.  
 
*Borden, Iain. (2001). ''Skateboarding, Space and the City: Architecture and the Body''. Oxford: Berg.  
 
*Hocking, Justin, Jeffrey Knutson and Jared Maher (Eds.). (2004). ''Life and Limb: Skateboarders Write from the Deep End''. New York: Soft Skull Press.
 
*Hocking, Justin, Jeffrey Knutson and Jared Maher (Eds.). (2004). ''Life and Limb: Skateboarders Write from the Deep End''. New York: Soft Skull Press.
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*Hawk, Tony and Mortimer, Sean. (2000). ''Hawk: Occupation: Skateboarder''. New York: HarperCollins.
 
*Hawk, Tony and Mortimer, Sean. (2000). ''Hawk: Occupation: Skateboarder''. New York: HarperCollins.
 
*Thrasher Magazine. (2001). ''Thrasher: Insane Terrain''. New York: Universe.
 
*Thrasher Magazine. (2001). ''Thrasher: Insane Terrain''. New York: Universe.
−
*Brooke, Michael (1999) ''The Concrete Wave - the History of Skateboarding''. Warwick Publishing
 
−
*Mullen, Rodney and Mortimer, Sean (2003). ''The Mutt''
 
−
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7734067482568610083&q=skateboard+kings Skateboard Kings], a 1978 documentary on skateboarding
 
−
 
−
==See also==
 
−
{{commonscat}}
 
−
{{Wiktionarypar|Skateboarding}}
 
  
−
==References==
+
==Notes==
 
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See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below.  

Revision as of 00:09, 16 October 2007


A skateboarder performing a frontside lipslide

Skateboarding is the act of riding on or performing tricks with a skateboard. A person who skateboards is referred to as a skateboarder or skater.

Skateboarding—often portrayed in the media as an extreme sport—can be a form of art, a hobby, or a method of transportation.[1] Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2002 report by American Sports Data found that there were 12.5 million skateboarders in the world. Eighty percent of skateboarders polled who had used a board in the last year were under the age of 18, and 74 percent were male.[2]

Skateboarding is a relatively modern sport—it originated as "sidewalk surfing" in the United States—particularly California—in the 1950s. A key skateboarding trick, the ollie, was only developed in the late 1970s.[3]

History

A child learning to skateboard

Early Time

The first skateboard was made sometime in the 1950s and coincided with the initial popularization of surfing in California. The earliest skateboards were homemade and constructed of flat wooden planks attached to roller-skate trucks and wheels. Skateboarding was originally called "sidewalk surfing" and early skaters emulated surfing style and moves. Skateboards may or may not have evolved from "crate scooters." Crate scooters preceded skateboards, and were essentially similar except for having a wooden crate attached to the front, which formed rudimentary handlebars. In the film Back to the Future, Marty McFly is seen commandeering such a scooter from an unsuspecting '50s youth, and ripping the crate off to fashion an improvised skateboard. [4]

The 1950's market the first time that the skateboard was a commercial interest, and in 1959 the first skatobard appeared for sale. The reason skateboards became popular were mainly due to the shared market with surfers. Surfers felt that there was no better way to practice surfing movement off the beach than with the skateboard.

With the surfing crowd behind them, some surfing manufacturers like Makaha and Hobie decided to build plastic skateboards that looked like a smaller version of a surfboard.

The popularity of skateboarding at this time spawned a national magazine, The Quarterly Skateboarder and the 1965 international championships were broadcast on national television. The growth of skateboarding at this time can also be seen in Makaha's sales figures which quoted $4 million worth of board sales between 1963 and 1965 (Weyland, 2002:28). Yet by 1966 sales had dropped significantly (ibid) and Skateboarder Magazine had stopped publication. Skateboarding's popularity dropped and remained low until the early 1970s. The main reason for this was because of bad design and lack of safety features. Once skateboarders started to get hurt, cities banned skateboarding and it led to too much inventory for the companies that first manufactured them. [4][5]

Second generation

In the early 1970s, a surfer named Frank Nasworthy was visiting a friend in Virgina when he discovered urethane roller skating wheels at a backyard shop. Frank decided to take 30 sets of wheels to try them out on a skateboard, and the results were incredible. "We had free rein over the entire Washington, DC area"[6]. Frank's wheels were much superior to the clay wheels introduced prior because they gave the skater better handling and they could roll over small obstacles in the road.The improvement in traction and performance was so immense that from the wheel's release in 1974 the popularity of skateboarding started to rise rapidly again, and companies wanted to invest more in product development.

Manufacturers started to experiment with more exotic composites and metals, like fiberglass and aluminum, but the common skateboards were made of maple plywood. The skateboarders took advantage of the improved handling of their skateboards and started inventing new tricks.

Suddenly for the first time in the history of skateboarding, outdoor skateparks were created, leading to a meeting place for addicts of the sport. Before the time of skateparks, skaters had a hard time finding legal places to skate, but with the boom of skateparks came a new revolution for skaters everywhere.

Skateboarders, most notably Ty Page, Bruce Logan, Bobby Piercy, Kevin Reed, and the Z-Boys, started to skate the vertical walls of swimming pools that were left empty in the 1976 California drought. This started the vert trend in skateboarding. With increased control, vert skaters could skate faster and perform more dangerous tricks, such as slash grinds and frontside/backside airs. [7]

With more dangerous tricks in play, liability concerns and increased insurance costs to skatepark owners created a downside for the industry. With safety being at the forefront of the skating indsutry, the development (first by Norcon,then more successfully by Rector) of improved knee pads that had a hard sliding cap and strong strapping proved to be too-little-too-late. During this era, the "freestyle" movement in skateboarding began to splinter off and develop into a much more specialised discipline,characterized by the development of a wide assortment of flat-ground tricks.

Skateparks increasingly had to contend with high-liability costs that led to many parks closing. Vert skaters therefore started making their own ramps and freestylers didn't need skateparks. Thus by the beginning of the 1980s, skateboarding had died again. [5]

File:Cardone.jpg
A skater does a pivot stall, a lip trick.

Third generation

The third skateboard generation occured from 1983 to 1991, and it was during this time that streetskating becamse the main focus. In the early 1980's the legal issues of skateboarding and the popualarity of BMX biking were the main reasons for the second fallout for skateboarding. Events and contests were still being held, but attendance was small, and prize moeny was non-existent. This started to change in 1981 when a group of die-hard skaters started publication on a new magazine called Thraser. The magazine gave readers information on the skateboard scene, and the sport's popularity started to increase.

In 1983 skateboarding manufactuers noticed the upward trend, and Transworld Skateboarding magazine was introducted.

Vert riding took over in 1984, and more and more skaters were skating on launch ramps and developing aerial moves. The focus on vert riding was due to the invention of the no-hands aerial (later known as the ollie) by Alan Gelfand in Florida in 1976 [8] and the almost parallel development of the grabbed aerial by George Orton and Tony Alva in California.

Street skating gained popularity in the mid to late 1980's, and pro skaters decided to leave large manufactures and start their own skate businesses. One of the first to make the switch was Steve Rocco, who started World Industries, one of the new companies who started the trend toward "new school" skatboarding. Since few skateparks were available to skaters at this time, street skating pushed skaters to seek out shopping centers and public and private property as their "spot" to skate.

By the time 1991 came, a worldwide recession hit, leading the skate industry to have to find a way to reinvent itself again.

Public opposition, and the threat of lawsuits, forced businesses and property owners to ban skateboarding on their property. By 1992, only a small fraction of skateboarders remained as a highly technical version of street skating, combined with the decline of vert skating, produced a sport that lacked the mainstream appeal to attract new skaters. [3]

Current generation

Teen skater in Salem, Oregon, May, 2007.

The fourth and current generation of skateboards is dominated by street skating. During the early times of this period starting in 1993, skateboarding had to compete with rollerblading and the economic recession. By the time the mid 1990's came around, cable television, and the internet's increase in popularity led to increased awareness of the sport. This helped the sporte reemerge once again, and by 1995 skateboarding was one of the key focuses of the ESPN 2 Extreme Games. Public skateboard parks were being built once again in California, and from the start of the genearation until now, skateboarding has continued to have success in its current era.

While street skateboarding remains popular, its rigid conformity and high attrition rate does not appeal to everyone, and there is a resurgence of other types of skateboarding brewing. Longboarding, speedboarding, downhill sliding, pool or bowl skating, slalom, and ditch skateboarding are thriving all over the world, albeit below the radar.


Trick skating

See Skateboarding trick for detailed description of trick skating maneuvers
A skater performs a kickflip over an 11-set of stairs.

With the evolution of skateparks and ramp riding, the skateboard began to change. Early skate tricks had consisted mainly of two-dimensional maneuvers (e.g. riding on only two wheels (wheelie,a.k.a. manual), spinning like an ice skater on the back wheels (a 360 pivot), high jumping over a bar (nowadays called a "Hippie Jump"), long jumping from one board to another (often over a line of small barrels or fearless teenagers lying on their backs), and slalom.

In 1976, skateboarding was transformed by the invention of the first modern skateboarding trick by Alan "Ollie" Gelfand. It remained largely a unique Florida trick from 1976 until the summer of 1978, when Gelfand made his first visit to California. Gelfand and his revolutionary manoeuver caught the attention of the West Coast skaters and the media where it began to spread worldwide. An ollie is performed by popping the tail of the skateboard, sliding the front foot towards the nose and lifting up the back foot to level the skateboard out. This results in the skateboarder, along with his or her skateboard, lifting into the air without the aid of foot straps or the skateboarder's hands.

The ollie was reinvented by Rodney Mullen in 1981, who adapted it to freestyle skating by ollieing on flat ground rather than out of a vert ramp. Mullen also invented the ollie kickflip, which, at the time of its invention, was dubbed the "magic flip." The flat ground ollie allowed skateboarders to perform tricks in mid-air without any more equipment than the skateboard itself. The development of these complex tricks by Rodney Mullen and others transformed skateboarding. Skateboarders began performing their tricks down stair sets and on other urban obstacles - they were no longer confined to empty pools and expensive wooden ramps.

The act of "ollieing" onto an obstacle and sliding along it on the trucks of the board is known as grinding, and has become a mainstay of modern skateboarding. Types of grinds include the 50-50 grind (balancing on the front and back trucks while grinding a rail), the 5-0 grind (balancing on only the back truck while grinding a rail) the nose grind (balancing on only the front truck while grinding a rail), and the crooked grind (balancing on the front truck at an angle while grinding) among many others. There are various other grinds that involve touching both the trucks and the deck to the rail, ledge, or lip. The most common of these is the smith grind, in which the rider balances over the back truck while touching the outer middle of the board to the grinding surface in the direction from which he or she ollied. Popping and landing on the back truck and touching the inner edge of the board, i.e. popping "over", is known as a feeble grind. Boardslides, lipslides, noseslides, and tailslides are on the wooden deck of the skateboard, rather than on the trucks.

Culture

Skateboarding was, at first, tied to the culture of surfing. As skateboarding spread across the United States to places unfamiliar with surfing or surfing culture, it developed an image of its own. For example, the classic film short Video Days (1991)[9] portrayed skateboarders as reckless rebels.

The image of the skateboarder as a rebellious, non-conforming youth has faded in recent years. The rift between the old image of skateboarding and a newer one is quite visible: magazines such as Thrasher portray skateboarding as dirty, rebellious, and still firmly tied to punk, while other publications, Transworld Skateboarding as an example, paint a more modern, diverse, and controlled picture of skateboarding stars. Furthermore, as more professional skaters use hip hop music accompaniment in their videos, many urban youths and hip-hop fans are drawn to skateboarding, further diluting the sport's punk image.[10]

Films such as Dishdogz (2005)[11] have helped improve the reputation of skateboarding youth, depicting individuals of this subculture as having a positive outlook on life, prone to poking harmless fun at each other, and engaging in healthy sportsman's competition. According to the film, lack of respect, egotism and hostility towards fellow skateboarders is generally frowned upon, albeit each of the characters (and as such, proxies of the "stereotypical" skateboarder) have a firm disrespect for authority and for rules in general. Group spirit is supposed to heavily influence the members of this community. In presentations of this sort, showcasing of criminal tendencies is absent, and no attempt is made to tie extreme sports to any kind of illegal activity.

Female skateboarders

File:Keeani Lei 10.jpg
Keeani Lei

Skateboarding has long been a male-dominated sport; a survey in 2002 estimated that only 26 percent of skateboarders are female.[12]

In the early years of the sport, few female skaters gained widespread visibility; Peggy Oki, Ellen O'Neal, and Ellen Berryman were a few who achieved fame in the 1970s. The skateboarding boom in the 1990s, coupled with an overall advancement in womens' sports, produced more female skaters than in previous decades. Skaters such as Elissa Steamer and Cara-Beth Burnside elevated women's skateboarding to a new level. This trend continued into the new millennium with Amy Caron, Vanessa Torres, and Lyn-z Adams Hawkins. Presently, skateboarding competitions for women can be seen at all major skateboarding events, such as the X-games, the Gravity Games, and the Slam City Jam.

There are many female-only skate companies, sessions, and camps to help advance the female skateboarding movement. An alliance of professional female skaters has also been established.[13] There have been two major skate films focusing on female skaters - Getting Nowhere Faster and AKA: Girl Skater.[14][15]

Novice and amateur skate teams

Many novice and amateur skateboarding teams have emerged in the last ten years consisting of groups of talented skateboarders. These are most popular in the USA, where skateboarding started.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Brooke, Michael (1999) The Concrete Wave - the History of Skateboarding. Warwick Publishing. ISBN 1894020545.
  • Mullen, Rodney and Mortimer, Sean (2003). The Mutt
  • Hill,P, and Hill, S. "Skate Hard" The Five Mile Press. ISBN 0867881801

See also

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  • Borden, Iain. (2001). Skateboarding, Space and the City: Architecture and the Body. Oxford: Berg.
  • Hocking, Justin, Jeffrey Knutson and Jared Maher (Eds.). (2004). Life and Limb: Skateboarders Write from the Deep End. New York: Soft Skull Press.
  • Weyland, Jocko. (2002). The Answer is Never: a History and Memoir of Skateboarding. New York: Grove Press.
  • Hawk, Tony and Mortimer, Sean. (2000). Hawk: Occupation: Skateboarder. New York: HarperCollins.
  • Thrasher Magazine. (2001). Thrasher: Insane Terrain. New York: Universe.

Notes

  1. ↑ Ocean Howell, Topic Magazine. Extreme Market Research. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
  2. ↑ John Fetto. Your Questions Answered - statistics about skateboarders. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Steve Cave, about.com. Skateboarding: A Brief History (page 2). Retrieved 2006-12-13.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Skateboarding: A Brief History (page 1). Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Skateboarding History. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
  6. ↑ The Concrete Wave
  7. ↑ http://www.skateboardhistorian.com/2007/03/the_70s.html
  8. ↑ Snyder, Craig Gasbag, Transworld Skateboarding Magazine (October 2005, p. 44)
  9. ↑ Video Days at the Internet Movie Database
  10. ↑ Team Ice Cream Skate Video. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
  11. ↑ Dishdogz at the Internet Movie Database
  12. ↑ [1]
  13. ↑ [2]
  14. ↑ [3]
  15. ↑ [4]
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