Shahbag

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Shahbag Thana
ShahbagCoreMap.svg
Map of the neighbourhood
Administration
Wards 51, 52, 53
Parliamentary Seat Dhaka-10 (Ramna-Tejgaon)
Municipality Dhaka
Coordinates 23°44'18" N, 90°23'45" E
RAB Area RAB 3
Information
Old and New Dhaka.svg
Location of Shahbag in Dhaka
Established 2004*
Area 17.4 km²*
Population 112,000*
HQ Shahbag Intersection
Neighbouring Thanas Lalbag, Dhanmondi, Ramna, Kotwali, Paltan, New Market
Website DMP page on Shahbag
* Dhaka Metropolitan Police data

Shahbag (also Shahbaugh, Bengali: শাহবাগ Shabag; IPA: [ˈʃabag]) is a major neighborhood in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. A major public transport hub,[1] it serves as a junction between two contrasting sections of the city—Old Dhaka and New Dhaka—which lie, respectively, to its north and south. Developed in the seventeenth century during Mughal rule in Bengal, when Old Dhaka served as the provincial capital and a center of the flourishing muslin industry, the neighborhood was originally named Bagh-e-Badshahi (Persian: Garden of the Master Kings), but later the name shortened to Shah (Persian:شاه, king) Bagh (Persian: باغ, garden).[2] In the mid-nineteenth century, the construction of buildings in and around Shahbag ushered in the development of New Dhaka as a provincial centee of the British Raj and ended a century of decline brought on with the passing of Mughal rule.

The nation's leading educational and public institutions, including the University of Dhaka, the oldest and largest public university in Bangladesh, and the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, the largest public university for technological studies in the country have made Shahbag their home. Shahbag hosts many street markets and bazaars, and since the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent country in 1971, the Shahbag area has become a venue for celebrating major festivals, such as the Bengali New Year and Basanta Utsab.

Shahbag's numerous ponds, palaces and gardens have inspired the work of writers, singers, and poets. The Thana area, with Dhaka University at its center, has seen the debut of some of the major political movements in the nation's history, including the All India Muslim Education Conference in 1905, which in turn spawned the All India Muslim League and led, in 1947, to both the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan; the Bengali Language Movement in 1952, which led to the recognition of Bengali as an official language of Pakistan; and the Six point movement in 1966, which led to the nation's independence. On March 7, 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman delivered a historic speech calling for the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan and, later that year, the Pakistani Army surrendered in the Liberation War of Bangladesh. The area has since become a staging ground for protests by students and other groups.[3]

History

Although urban settlements in the Dhaka area date back to the 7th century CE,[4] the earliest evidence of urban construction in the Shahbag area is to be found at monuments constructed after 1610, when the Mughals turned Dhaka into a provincial capital and established the gardens of Shahbag. Among these monuments are: the Dhaka Gate, located near the Bangla Academy in Shahbag, and erected by Mir Jumla, the Mughal subadar of Bengal from 1660 to 1663;[5] the Mariam Saleha Mosque, a three-domed Mughal-style mosque in Nilkhet-Babupara, constructed in 1706;[6] the Musa Khan Mosque on the western side of Dhaka University, likely constructed in the late 17th century;[7] and the Khwaja Shahbaz's Mosque-Tomb,[8] located behind the Dhaka High Court and built in 1679 by Khwaja Shahbaz, a merchant-prince of Dhaka during the vice-royalty of Prince Muhammad Azam, the son of Mughal Emperor Aurengzeb.[9]

Mosque/Tomb of Khwaja Shahbaz

However, with the decline of Mughal power in Bengal, the Shahbag gardens—the Gardens of the Kings—fell into neglect. In 1704, when the provincial capital was moved to Murshidabad, they became the property of the Naib Nazims—the Deputy-Governors of the sub-province of East Bengal—and the representatives of the Nawabs of Murshidabad. Although British power was established in Dacca in 1757, the upkeep of Shahbag gardens was resumed only in the early 19th century under the patronage of an East India Company judge, Griffith Cook,[10] and a leader of the Armenian community of Dhaka, P. Aratun.[11] In 1830, the Ramna area, which included Shahbag, was incorporated into Dhaka city consequent to the deliberations of the Dacca Committee (for the development of Dacca town) founded by district collector Henry Walters.[12] A decade later, Nawab Khwaja Alimullah, founder of the Dhaka Nawab Family and father of Nawab Khwaja Abdul Ghani, purchased the Shahbag zamindari (estate) from the East India Company. Upon his death, in 1868, the estate passed to his grandson Nawab Khwaja Ahsanullah. In the early 20th century, Ahsanullah's son, Sir Nawab Khwaja Salimullah, was able to reclaim some of the lost splendour of the gardens by dividing them into two smaller gardens—the present-day Shahbag and Paribag (or, "garden of fairies")—the latter named after Paribanu, one of Ahsanullah's daughters.[13]

Elephants being ridden through Ramna Gate, Race Course, 1875

With the partition of Bengal in 1905, and with Dacca becoming the capital of the new province of East Bengal, European-style houses were rapidly built in the area, especially along the newly-constructed Fuller Road (named after Sir Bampfylde Fuller, the first Lieutenant Governor of East Bengal). Around this time, the first zoo in the Dhaka area was also opened in Shahbag.[14][15]

After the creation of the new nation of Pakistan in 1947, when Dhaka became the capital of East Pakistan, many new buildings were built in the Shahbag area, including, in 1960, the office of Bangladesh Betar,[16] (then Pakistan Radio), the national radio station, the (now-defunct) Dacca race-course, as well as the second electric power-plant in East Bengal. On March 7, 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman chose the Ramna Racecourse near Shahbag to deliver his speech calling for an independent Bangladesh. During the ensuing Bangladesh Liberation War, many foreign journalists, including the Associated Press bureau chief in Pakistan, Arnold Zeitlin, and Washington Post reporter, David Greenway stayed at Hotel Intercontinental (now Hotel Sheraton) at the Shahbag Intersection. The hotel, which had been declared a neutral zone,[17][18][19] nonetheless came under fire from both combatants in the war—the Mukti Bahini and Pakistani army.[20][21] At the conclusion of the war, the Hotel Intercontinental was at first chosen as the venue for the surrender ceremony of the West Pakistan army;[20] however, the final surrender ceremony later took place in the nearby Ramna Park (now Suhrawardy Uddan).

Urban layout

See also: Dhaka

Landmarks
BSMMU | BIRDEM
Hotel Sheraton | Institute of Fine Arts
Bangladesh National Museum
Central Public Library
University Mosque and Cemetery | IBA, DU
Dhaka Club | Shishu Park
Tennis Federation | Police Control Room

With an area of 4.2 square kilometers (1.6 sq mi) and an estimated 2006 population of 112,000[22] Shabag lies within the monsoon climate zone at an elevation of 1.5 to 13 meters (5 to 43 ft) above mean sea level.[23] Like rest of Dhaka city it has an annual average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in August. Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of 1,854 mm (73 in) occurs between May and September.[24]

The Shahbag neighbourhood covers a large approximately rectangular area, extending on the east from Ramna Park to the Supreme Court of Bangladesh; on the west as far as Sonargaon Road; on the south as far as Fuller Road and from the University of Dhaka[25] to the Suhrawardy Udyan (formerly, Ramna Racecourse); and on the north as far as Minto Road, Hotel Sheraton and the Diabetic Hospital.

Shahbag is home to the Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) Control Room as well as a Dhaka Electric Supply Authority substation. The mausoleums of three leaders—Bengali statesman A.K. Fazlul Huq (1873—1962), former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (1892—1963), and former Prime Minister and Governor-General of Pakistan, Khwaja Nazimuddin (1894—1964)—are all located in Shahbag. The major academic bodies around Shahbag Intersection and in Shahbag Thana area include: Dhaka University, Dhaka Medical College, BUET, Bangladesh Civil Service Administration Academy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU[26]), the only public medical university in the country, Institute of Fine Arts (formerly, Dhaka Art College), Institute of Cost & Management Accountants, IBA, Institute of Modern Languages, Udayan School, University Laboratory School, and the Engineering University School. Other public and educational institutions in the area include the Bangladesh National Museum, the Central Public Library, and the Shishu Academy, the National Academy for Children.

The Shahbag Intersection, the nerve centre of the neighbourhood, is the location of many Dhaka landmarks. Well-known ones include Hotel Sheraton[27] (formerly Hotel Intercontinental, the second five-star hotel in Dhaka); the Dhaka Club, the oldest and largest club in Dhaka, established in 1911; the National Tennis Complex; Shishu Park, the oldest children's entertainment park in Dhaka, notable for admitting underprivileged children gratis on weekends; Sakura, the first bar in Dhaka; and Peacock, the first Dhaka bar with outdoor seating. The Shahbag Intersection is one of the major public transportation hubs in Dhaka, along with Farmgate, Gulistan, Mohakhali, and Moghbazar.

Double deckers at Shahbag, one of the busiest bus-ports in the city

The thana also contains a hospitals complex, which is a major destination for Bangladeshis seeking medical treatment. The Diabetic Association of Bangladesh (DAB[28]) is located at the Shahbag Intersection, as are BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders) and the BIRDEM Hospital. Flanking BIRDEM hospital is the Ibrahim Memorial Cardiac Hospital, named after Dr Muhammad Ibrahim, the founder of DAB and BIRDEM. Other facilities in the area are BSMMU Hospital (at the Intersection) and the Dhaka Medical College Hospital at the southern end of Shahbag.

Located at the juncture of two major bus routes – Gulistan to Mirpur and Motijheel to Uttara – Shahbag Intersection serves as a public transport hubs in Dhaka, where the population commutes exclusively by the city bus services.[29][30] The Intersection also has one of the few taxi stands in Dhaka. The thoroughfares of Shahbag has been made free of cycle-rickshaws, the traditional transport of Dhaka.[31]

Historic mansions

Water tower in Shahbagh gardens, 1904

Also located in Shahbag are several mansions built by Dhaka Nawab Family in the 19th century. These mansions not only figured prominently in the history of Dhaka, but also gained mention in the histories of both Bengal and British India.

A well-known Nawab family mansion is the Ishrat Manzil. Originally, a dance-hall for the performances of Baijees, or dancing women, (including, among the famous ones, Piyari Bai, Heera Bai, Wamu Bai and Abedi Bai), the mansion became the venue for the All-India Muslim Education Society Conference in 1906, which was attended by 4,000 participants. In 1912, Society convened here again under the leadership of Nawab Salimullah, and met with Lord Hardinge, the Viceroy of India. The Ishrat Manzil was subsequently rebuilt as Hotel Shahbag (designed by British architects Edward Hicks and Ronald McConnel), the first major international hotel in Dhaka. In 1965, the building was acquired by the Institute of Post-graduate Medicine and Research (IPGMR), and later, in 1998, by the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU).[15]

The Jalsaghar in early 20th century

Another Nawab mansion is the Jalsaghar. Built as a skating rink and a ballroom for the Nawabs, it was later converted into an eatery and meeting place for students and faculty of Dhaka University and renamed Modhur Canteen. In the late 1960s, Modhur Canteen became a focal point for planning student protests against the West Pakistan regime. Flanked on one side by the Arts Faculty of Dhaka University and on the other by the IBA (Institute of Business Administration), the Modhur Canteen remains a powerful political symbol.[15][32]

Nishat Manjil was built as the princely stable and clubhouse for the Nawabs, and served as a venue of receptions for the statesmen of the day, including Lord Dufferin (Viceroy of India), Lord Carmichael (Governor of Bengal), Sir Steuart Bayley (Lt. Governor of Bengal), Sir Charles Elliott (Lt. Governor of Bengal), and John Woodburn (Lt. Governor of Bengal).

The Nawab's Paribag House was built by Khwaja Salimullah in the memory of his sister, Pari Banu. Later, with the downturn in the family's fortunes, his son, Nawab Khwaja Habibullah, lived here for many years. The hammam (bath) and the hawakhana (green house) were regarded as marvels of design in early 20th century.[13]

Sujatpur Palace, the oldest Nawab mansion in the area, later became the residence for the Governor of East Bengal during the Pakistani Regime, and was subsequently turned into the Bangla Academy, the Supreme Bengali Language Authority in Bangladesh. Some of the palace grounds was handed over to the TSC (Teacher Student Center[33][34]) of Dhaka University, and became a major cultural and political meeting place in 1970s.

Culture

Sri Anandamoyi Ma, early 20th century Hindu religious figure

Shahbag is populated by mostly teachers and students, and its civic life is dominated by the activities of its academic institutions. Its commercial life too reflects its occupants' intellectual and cultural pursuits. Among its best known markets is the country's largest second-hand, rare, and antiquarian book-market,[35] comprising of Nilkhet-Babupura Hawkers Market, a street market, and Aziz Supermarket, an indoor bazaar.[36] Shahbag is also home to the largest flower market (a street side open air bazaar) in the country, which is located at Shahbag Intersection,[37][38] as well as the largest pet market in the country, the Katabon Market.[39] In addition, Elephant Road features a large shoe market and, Nilkhet-Babupura, a large market for bedding accessories.

Shahbag's numerous ponds, palaces and gardens have inspired the work of artists, including poet Buddhadeva Bose, singer Protiva Bose, writer-chronicler Hakim Habibur Rahman, and two Urdu poets of 19th century Dhaka, Obaidullah Suhrawardy and Abdul Gafoor Nassakh.[40] Shahbag was at the centre of the cultural and political activities associated with the Language movement of 1952, which resulted in the founding here of the Bangla Academy, a national academy for promoting the Bengali language. The first formal art school in Dhaka—the Dhaka Art College (now Institute of Fine Arts)—was founded in Shahbag by Zainul Abedin in 1948. Later, Mazharul Islam, the pioneer of modern architecture in Bangladesh, designed the Art College as one of his early projects. In the 1970s, Jiraz Art Gallery opened as the first commercial art wing in the Shahbag area. Other cultural landmarks in the area include the Bangladesh National Museum,[41] the National Public Library, and the Dhaka University Mosque and Cemetery, containing the graves of Kazi Nazrul Islam, the national poet, of painters Zainul Abedin and Quamrul Hassan, and of the teachers killed by Pakistani forces during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971.

The Shahbag area has a rich religious history. In the late 1920s, Sri Anandamoyi Ma, the noted Hindu ascetic, also known as the Mother of Shahbag, built her ashram near Ramna Kali Mandir, or the Temple of Kali, at Ramna. Her presence in Dhaka owed directly to Shahbag, for her husband, Ramani Mohan Chakrabarti, had accepted the position of caretaker of Shahbag gardens a few years earlier. In 1971 the Temple of Kali was destroyed by the Pakistani Army in the Liberation War of Bangladesh.[42] A well-known local Muslim saint of the early 20th century was Syed Abdur Rahim, supervisor of the dairy farm established by Khwaja Salimullah, the Nawab of Dhaka, at Paribag. Known as the Shah Shahib of Paribag, Abdur Rahim had his khanqah (Persian: خانگاه, spiritual retreat) here; his tomb lies at the same location today.[43] Katabon Mosque, an important centre for Muslim missionaries in Bangladesh, is located in Shahbag as well. In addition, the only Sikh Gurdwara in Dhaka stands next to the Institute of Modern Languages in Shahbag.[44]

Rally on Pohela Baishakh

Since 1875, the Shahbag gardens have hosted a famous fair celebrating the Gregorian New Year and containing exhibits of agricultural and industrial items, as well as those of animals and birds. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the gardens were the private property of the Nawab of Dhaka, and, although a portion of the gardens had been donated to Dhaka University in 1918, ordinary citizens could enter the main gardens only during the fair. In 1921, at the request of the Nawab's daughter, Paribanu, the organisers of the fair set aside one day during which only women were admitted to the fair, a tradition that has continued down to the present. Today, the fair features dance recitals by girls, Jatra (a native form of folk theater), putul naach (puppet shows), magic shows and Bioscope shows.[15] Historically, Shahbag was also the main venue in Dhaka for other recreational sports like Boli Khela (wrestling) and horse racing.

The Basanta Utsab (Festival of Spring) takes place every February 14—the first day of spring, according to the reformed Bangladeshi Calendar. Originating in Shahbag in the late 1960s, Basanta Utsab has now become a major festival in Dhaka.[45][46][47] Face painting, wearing yellow clothes (signifying Spring), music, and local fairs are typical of the many activities associated with the festival, which often also includes themes associated with Valentine's Day. Shahbag is also the focal point of the Pohela Baishakh (the Bengali New Year) festival in Dhaka, celebrated every April 14 following the revised Bengali Calendar, and now the biggest carnival in Dhaka.[48][49] From 1965 to 1971 the citizens of Dhaka observed the festival as a day of protest against the Pakistani regime.[50] Other local traditions associated with the festival include the Boishakhi Rally and the Boishakhi Mela begun by the Institute of Fine Arts and the Bangla Academy respectively. In addition, Chayanaut Music School began the tradition of singing at dawn under the Ramna Batamul (Ramna Banyan tree).

Books and movies figure prominently in the cultural life of Shahbag. The biggest book fair in Bangladesh is held every February on the premises of the Bangla Academy in Shahbag. The only internationally recognised film festival[51] in Bangladesh—the Short and Independent Film Festival, Bangladesh—takes place every year at the National Public Library premises. The organisers of the film festival, the Bangladesh Short Film Forum, have their offices in Aziz Market.

In 2001, a suicide bomber killed 10 people and injured 50 others during the Pohela Baishakh festivals. The Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami, an Islamic militant group, was alleged to be behind the incident.[52]

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ Nawazish, Mohammed, "Bus Menace In Dhaka Streets", Bangladesh Observer, 2003-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-09. (written in English)
  2. ↑ Dhaka City under the Mughals. Dhaka City Corporation. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  3. ↑ Khan, Mubin S., "Eight days that shook the campus", Weekly Holiday, Bangladesh, August 2, 2002. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
  4. ↑ Jatindramohan Rai quotes Rajtarangini by Kalhan in Dhakar Itihas, 1913
  5. ↑ Juberee, Abdullah, "Dhaka Gate at DU stands unnoticed", New Age, 2006-03-11. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  6. ↑ Mariam Saleha Mosque. Banglapedia. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  7. ↑ Musa Khan Mosque. Banglapedia. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  8. ↑ Khwaja Shahbaz's Mosque-Tomb. Banglapedia. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  9. ↑ Syed Aulad, Hasan (1912). Notes on the Antiquities of Dacca, 40–41. 
  10. ↑ Ahmed, Sharif Uddin (1986). Dacca, 131. 
  11. ↑ Rahman Ali Taesh, Munshi and (trans. AMM Sharfuddin) (1985). Tawarikhey Dhaka, 158–159. 
  12. ↑ Dhaka under the East India Company. Dhaka City Corporation. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Paribagh. Banglapedia. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  14. ↑ Ramna Race course. Banglapedia. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Shahbag. Banglapedia. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  16. ↑ Bangladesh Betar. Bangladesh Ministry of Information. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
  17. ↑ Hasan, Khalid, "PostCard USA: Arnold Zeitlin’s Pakistan", Observer Magazine, 2006-11-12. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  18. ↑ Zeitlin, Arnold, ""I would rather die than sign any false statement"", The Daily Star, 2004-12-16. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  19. ↑ Badiuzzaman, Syed, "War and remembrance", Weekly Holiday, 2005-08-21. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Khan, Md. Asadullah, "My Experience on the First Victory Day", Observer Magazine, 2004-12-16. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  21. ↑ Rashid, Harun Ur, "Gallant Urban Guerrillas of 1971", The Daily Star, 2004-12-17. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  22. ↑ Dhaka Metropolitan Police (2006-06-30). Shahbag Thana. Press release.
  23. ↑ S.A.T.M. Aminul Hoque. "Dhaka". Disaster Management Committee, Dhaka City Corporation. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  24. ↑ Dhaka. Bangla 2000. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  25. ↑ Fun Facts. University of Dhaka. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  26. ↑ Homepage. BSMMU. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  27. ↑ Homepage. Dhaka Sheraton. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  28. ↑ Homepage. Diabetic Association of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  29. ↑ Parveen, Shahnaz, "Commuting in Dhaka city and its changing phases", Daily Star, 2003-07-01. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  30. ↑ Light Rail Transit in Dhaka. Daily Star Article. Engconsult Ltd. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  31. ↑ Rahman, Sultana, "DUTP gets more time", Daily Star, 2004-06-23. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  32. ↑ Khan, Mubin S, "Glory days", New Age, 2005-11-04. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
  33. ↑ The Place Where Bangladesh Is Alive. www.bangladeshlive.net. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  34. ↑ Kamol, Ershad, "A modern-day theatre tradition second to none", Daily Star, 2006-04-02. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  35. ↑ Staff Reporter, , "Hawkewrs on Gausia, Nilkhet footpath", New Age, 2006-01-21. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  36. ↑ Staff Reporter, , "A Favourite Haunt of Book Lovers", Daily Independent, 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  37. ↑ Parveen, Shahnaz, "Shop talk: Beli, Rajanigandha and more", Daily Star, 2006-04-12. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  38. ↑ Mehriban, Sharmin, "Bad days for flower traders at Shahbagh", Daily Star, 2005-11-30. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  39. ↑ Khan, Marchel, "Endangered species being sold", Weekly Holiday, 2002-06-28. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  40. ↑ Taifoor, Syed Muhammed (1952). Glimpses of Old Dhaka. Dacca: SM Perwez, 257-58. ASIN B0007K0SFK. 
  41. ↑ Homepage. Bangladesh National Museum. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  42. ↑ Khan, SD, "The Race Course Maidan that once was", The Daily Star, Bangladesh, 2005-11-01. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
  43. ↑ Duttagupta, Amulyakumar (1938). Shree Shree Ma Anandamayi Prosonge (vol 1) (in Bengali), 2–3. 
  44. ↑ "SGPC to repair Bangladesh gurdwaras", The Tribune India, 2005-09-25. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  45. ↑ Cultural Correspondent, , "Basanta Utsab observed in city", Weekly Holiday, 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  46. ↑ Staff Correspondent, , "People join in spring festival", New Age, 2003-02-04. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  47. ↑ Parveen, Shahnaz, "Celebrating the festival of colours", Daily Star, 2004-02-10. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  48. ↑ Deepita, Novera, "Preparation on in full swing", Daily Star, 2006-04-10. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
  49. ↑ Ahsan, Syed Badrul, "Speaking of the soul of Bengal...", New Age, 2006-04-14. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
  50. ↑ Shanto, Aminul Haque, "Celebration of Pahela Baishakh", Bangladesh Independent, 2006-04-14. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
  51. ↑ 7th International Short and Independent Film Festival, Dhaka 2001. Bangladesh Online (December 2001). Retrieved 2007-04-13.
  52. ↑ Court Correspondent, , "Mufti Hannan placed on fresh remand", Daily Star, 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2006-11-17.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

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  • Ahmed, Sharif Uddin (2001). Dhaka: Itihasa o Nagarjiban: 1840–1921. 
  • Old files and documents preserved at Ahsan Manzil Museum and Nawab State's Office
  • Ahsanullah, Nawab, Personal Diary (Urdu) preserved at Ahsan Manzil.
  • Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1962). Dacca: A Record of its Changing Fortunes (revised edn.). Dhaka: Crescent Book Centre. 
  • Geddes, Patrick (1911). Report on Town Planning-Dacca. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. 
  • Haider, Azimusshan (1966). A City and its Civic Body. Dhaka: Dacca Municipality. 
  • Haider, Azimusshan (1967). Dacca: History and Romance in Place Names. Dhaka: Dacca Municipality. 
  • Hardinge of Penshurst, Lord Charles (1948). My Indian Years: 1910–1916. London: John Murray. ASIN B0007IW7V0. 
  • Hasan, Sayid Aulad (1912). Notes on the Antiquities of Dacca. Dacca: University Press Limited. ASIN B0000CQXW3. 
  • Islam, Nazrul (1996). Dhaka: From city to megacity (Perspectives on people, places, planning, and development issues): Bangladesh urban studies series No. 1. Urban Studies Programme, Department of Geography, University of Dhaka. ISBN 984 510 004 X. 
  • Mamoon, Muntasir (2004). Dhaka: Smrti Bismrtir Nagari. Dhaka: Ananya Publishers. ISBN 9844121043. 
  • Maniruzzaman, KM. Dhaka City: A sketch of its development. ASIN B000720FH0. 
  • Rabbani, Golam (1997). Dhaka: from Mughal Outpost to Metropolis. Dhaka: University Press Limited. ISBN 9840513745. 
  • Serajuddin, Asma (1991). Mughal Tombs in Dhaka (ed. by Sharifuddin Ahmed). 
  • Taesh, Munshi Rahman Ali (1991). Tawarikhey Dhaka (trans. by AMM Sharafuddin). 
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External links

Coordinates: 23°44.3′N 90°23.75′E


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