Difference between revisions of "Sarnath" - New World Encyclopedia
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:''This article is about a place in India. For [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s fictitious city, see [[The Doom That Came to Sarnath]].'' | :''This article is about a place in India. For [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s fictitious city, see [[The Doom That Came to Sarnath]].'' | ||
{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | | {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | | ||
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==Origin of names== | ==Origin of names== | ||
| − | '''Mrigadava''' means "deer-park" | + | '''Mrigadava''' means "deer-park." '''Isipatana''' is the name used in the [[Pali Canon]], and means the place where holy men (Pali: ''isi'', Sanskrit: ''rishi'') fell to earth. |
The legend says that when the Buddha-to-be was born, some [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]]s came down to announce it to 500 rishis. The rishis all rose into the air and disappeared and their relics fell to the ground {{Fact|date=April 2007}}. Another explanation for the name is that Isipatana was so called because sages, on their way through the air (from the Himalayas), alight here or start from here on their aerial flight (isayo ettha nipatanti uppatanti cāti-Isipatanam). Pacceka Buddhas, having spent seven days in contemplation in the Gandhamādana, bathe in the Anotatta Lake and come to the habitations of men through the air, in search of alms. They descend to earth at Isipatana<ref>MA.i.387; AA.i.347 adds that sages also held the uposatha at Isipatana)</ref>. Sometimes the Pacceka Buddhas come to Isipatana from Nandamūlaka-pabbhāra<ref>(MA.ii.1019; PsA.437-8)</ref>. | The legend says that when the Buddha-to-be was born, some [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]]s came down to announce it to 500 rishis. The rishis all rose into the air and disappeared and their relics fell to the ground {{Fact|date=April 2007}}. Another explanation for the name is that Isipatana was so called because sages, on their way through the air (from the Himalayas), alight here or start from here on their aerial flight (isayo ettha nipatanti uppatanti cāti-Isipatanam). Pacceka Buddhas, having spent seven days in contemplation in the Gandhamādana, bathe in the Anotatta Lake and come to the habitations of men through the air, in search of alms. They descend to earth at Isipatana<ref>MA.i.387; AA.i.347 adds that sages also held the uposatha at Isipatana)</ref>. Sometimes the Pacceka Buddhas come to Isipatana from Nandamūlaka-pabbhāra<ref>(MA.ii.1019; PsA.437-8)</ref>. | ||
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===Isipatana after the Buddha=== | ===Isipatana after the Buddha=== | ||
| − | According to the [[Mahavamsa]], there was a large community of monks at Isipatana in the second century B.C.E. For, we are told that at the foundation ceremony of the [[Maha Thupa|Mahā Thūpa]] in [[Anuradhapura|Anurādhapura]], twelve thousand monks were present from Isipatana led by the Elder Dhammasena<ref>Mhv.xxix.31)</ref>. | + | According to the [[Mahavamsa]], there was a large community of monks at Isipatana in the second century B.C.E..E. For, we are told that at the foundation ceremony of the [[Maha Thupa|Mahā Thūpa]] in [[Anuradhapura|Anurādhapura]], twelve thousand monks were present from Isipatana led by the Elder Dhammasena<ref>Mhv.xxix.31)</ref>. |
Hiouen Thsang<ref>Beal: Records of the Western World, ii.45ff</ref> found, at Isipatana, fifteen hundred monks studying the Hīnayāna. In the enclosure of the Sanghārāma was a vihāra about two hundred feet high, strongly built, its roof surmounted by a golden figure of the mango. In the centre of the vihāra was a life-size statue of the Buddha turning the wheel of the Law. To the south-west were the remains of a stone stupa built by King [[Asoka]]. The Divy. (389-94) mentions Asoka as intimating to Upagupta his desire to visit the places connected with the Buddha's activities, and to erect thupas there. Thus he visited [[Lumbini|Lumbinī]], [[Bodhimula|Bodhimūla]], Isipatana, Migadāya and [[Kusinagara]]; this is confirmed by Asoka's lithic records, e.g. Rock Edict, viii. | Hiouen Thsang<ref>Beal: Records of the Western World, ii.45ff</ref> found, at Isipatana, fifteen hundred monks studying the Hīnayāna. In the enclosure of the Sanghārāma was a vihāra about two hundred feet high, strongly built, its roof surmounted by a golden figure of the mango. In the centre of the vihāra was a life-size statue of the Buddha turning the wheel of the Law. To the south-west were the remains of a stone stupa built by King [[Asoka]]. The Divy. (389-94) mentions Asoka as intimating to Upagupta his desire to visit the places connected with the Buddha's activities, and to erect thupas there. Thus he visited [[Lumbini|Lumbinī]], [[Bodhimula|Bodhimūla]], Isipatana, Migadāya and [[Kusinagara]]; this is confirmed by Asoka's lithic records, e.g. Rock Edict, viii. | ||
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Buddhism flourished in Sarnath in part because of kings and wealthy merchants based in [[Varanasi]]. By the [[third century]] Sarnath had become an important center for the arts, which reached its zenith during the [[Gupta]] period (4th to 6th centuries CE). In the [[7th century]] by the time [[Xuan Zang]] visited from China, he found 30 monasteries and 3000 monks living at Sarnath. | Buddhism flourished in Sarnath in part because of kings and wealthy merchants based in [[Varanasi]]. By the [[third century]] Sarnath had become an important center for the arts, which reached its zenith during the [[Gupta]] period (4th to 6th centuries CE). In the [[7th century]] by the time [[Xuan Zang]] visited from China, he found 30 monasteries and 3000 monks living at Sarnath. | ||
| − | Sarnath became a major centre of the [[Early Buddhist schools|Sammatiya]] school of Buddhism, one of the | + | Sarnath became a major centre of the [[Early Buddhist schools|Sammatiya]] school of Buddhism, one of the early Buddhist schools. However, the presence of images of [[Heruka]] and [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]] indicate that [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism was (at a later time) also practiced here. Also images of Brahminist gods as [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]] were found at the site, and there is still a [[Jain]] temple (at Chandrapuri) located very close to the [[Dhamekh Stupa]]. |
At the end of the [[12th century]] Sarnath was sacked by Turkish Muslims, and the site was subsequently plundered for building materials. | At the end of the [[12th century]] Sarnath was sacked by Turkish Muslims, and the site was subsequently plundered for building materials. | ||
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Image:Sarnath Ashoka Pillar.jpg|The base of the [[Ashoka pillar]] in [[Sarnath]] which was broken during Turk invasions, it was originally surmounted by the "[[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]" which is presently at display at the [[Sarnath Museum]]. This particular Lion Capital of Ashoka, originally atop this pillar in Sarnath has been adopted as the '''"[[National Emblem of India]]"'''. | Image:Sarnath Ashoka Pillar.jpg|The base of the [[Ashoka pillar]] in [[Sarnath]] which was broken during Turk invasions, it was originally surmounted by the "[[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]" which is presently at display at the [[Sarnath Museum]]. This particular Lion Capital of Ashoka, originally atop this pillar in Sarnath has been adopted as the '''"[[National Emblem of India]]"'''. | ||
Image:Aramaic_Inscriptures_in_Sarnath.JPG|[[Brahmi]] Inscriptures on the main pillar | Image:Aramaic_Inscriptures_in_Sarnath.JPG|[[Brahmi]] Inscriptures on the main pillar | ||
| − | Image:Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka.jpg|This is the famous original sandstone sculpted [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] preserved at [[Sarnath Museum]] which was originally erected around | + | Image:Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka.jpg|This is the famous original sandstone sculpted [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] preserved at [[Sarnath Museum]] which was originally erected around 250 B.C.E. atop an [[Ashoka Pillar]] at [[Sarnath]]. The angle from which this picture has been taken, minus the [[inverted bell]]-shaped [[Indian lotus|lotus]] flower, has been adopted as the [[National Emblem of India]] showing the Horse on the left and the Bull on the right of the [[Ashoka Chakra]] in the circular base on which the four [[Indian lion]]s are standing back to back. On the far side there is an Elephant and a Lion instead. The wheel "Ashoka Chakra" from its base has been placed onto the center of the [[National Flag of India]]. |
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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*[http://www.DougBlane.com/buddhism Turning the wheel of the Dharma through pictures] | *[http://www.DougBlane.com/buddhism Turning the wheel of the Dharma through pictures] | ||
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{{credits|164536109}} | {{credits|164536109}} | ||
Revision as of 15:28, 28 November 2007
- This article is about a place in India. For H. P. Lovecraft's fictitious city, see The Doom That Came to Sarnath.
| Sarnath Uttar Pradesh • India | |
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| Coordinates: | |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
Coordinates: Sarnath (also Mrigadava, Migadāya, Rishipattana, Isipatana) is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna. Sarnath is located 13 kilometres north-east of Varanasi, in Uttar Pradesh, India.
Isipatana is mentioned by the Buddha as one of the four places of pilgrimage which his devout followers should visit, if they wanted to visit a place for that reason[1].
Origin of names
Mrigadava means "deer-park." Isipatana is the name used in the Pali Canon, and means the place where holy men (Pali: isi, Sanskrit: rishi) fell to earth.
The legend says that when the Buddha-to-be was born, some devas came down to announce it to 500 rishis. The rishis all rose into the air and disappeared and their relics fell to the ground [citation needed]. Another explanation for the name is that Isipatana was so called because sages, on their way through the air (from the Himalayas), alight here or start from here on their aerial flight (isayo ettha nipatanti uppatanti cāti-Isipatanam). Pacceka Buddhas, having spent seven days in contemplation in the Gandhamādana, bathe in the Anotatta Lake and come to the habitations of men through the air, in search of alms. They descend to earth at Isipatana[2]. Sometimes the Pacceka Buddhas come to Isipatana from Nandamūlaka-pabbhāra[3].
Hiouen Thsang quotes the Nigrodhamiga Jātaka (J.i.145ff) to account for the origin of the Migadāya. According to him the Deer Park was the forest gifted by the king of Benares of the Jātaka, where the deer might wander unmolested. The Migadāya was so-called because deer were allowed to roam about there unmolested.
Sarnath, from Saranganath, means "Lord of the Deer" and relates to another old Buddhist story in which the Bodhisattva is a deer and offers his life to a king instead of the doe the latter is planning to kill. The king is so moved that he creates the park as a sanctuary for deer. The park is still there today.
History
| Pilgrimage to Buddha's Holy Sites |
|
| The Four Main Sites |
|---|
| Lumbini · Bodh Gaya Sarnath · Kushinagar |
| Four Additional Sites |
| Sravasti · Rajgir Sankissa · Vaishali |
| Other Sites |
| Patna · Gaya Kausambi · Mathura Kapilavastu · Devadaha Kesariya · Pava Nalanda · Varanasi |
|
History of Buddhism | |
|
Timeline of Buddhism | |
|
Foundations | |
|
Four Noble Truths | |
|
Key Concepts | |
|
Three marks of existence | |
|
Major Figures | |
|
Gautama Buddha | |
|
Practices and Attainment | |
|
Buddhahood · Bodhisattva | |
|
Regions | |
|
Southeast Asia · East Asia | |
|
Branches | |
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Theravāda · Mahāyāna | |
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Texts | |
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Pali Canon · Mahayana Sutras | |
|
Comparative Studies | |
Gautama Buddha at Isipatana
The Buddha went from Bodhgaya to Sarnath about 5 weeks after his enlightenment. Before Gautama (the Buddha-to-be) attained enlightenment, he gave up his austere penances and his friends, the Pañcavaggiya monks, left him and went to Isipatana[4].
After attaining Enlightenment the Buddha, leaving Uruvela, travelled to the Isipatana to join and teach them. He went to them because, using his spirital powers, he had seen that his five former companions would be able to understand Dharma quickly. While travelling to Sarnath, Gautama Buddha had to cross the Ganges. Having no money with which to pay the ferryman, he crossed the Ganges through the air. When King Bimbisāra heard of this, he abolished the toll for ascetics. When Gautama Buddha found his five former companions, he taught them, they understood and as a result they also became enlightened. At that time the Sangha, the community of the enlightened ones, was founded. The sermon Buddha gave to the five monks was his first sermon, called the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. It was given on the full-moon day of Asalha[5]. Buddha subsequently also spent his first rainy season at Sarnath[6] at the Mulagandhakuti. The Sangha had grown to 60 in number (after Yasa and his fiends had become monks), and Buddha sent them out in all directions to travel alone and teach the Dharma. All 60 monks were Arahants.
Several other incidents connected with the Buddha, besides the preaching of the first sermon, are mentioned as having taken place in Isipatana. Here it was that one day at dawn Yasa came to the Buddha and became an Arahant[7]. It was at Isipatana, too, that the rule was passed prohibiting the use of sandals made of talipot leaves[8]. On another occasion when the Buddha was staying at Isipatana, having gone there from Rājagaha, he instituted rules forbidding the use of certain kinds of flesh, including human flesh[9]. Twice, while the Buddha was at Isipatana, Māra visited him but had to go away discomfited[10].
Besides the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta mentioned above, several other suttas were preached by the Buddha while staying at Isipatana, among them
- the Anattalakkhana Sutta,
- the Saccavibhanga Sutta,
- the Pañca Sutta (S.iii.66f),
- the Rathakāra or Pacetana Sutta (A.i.110f),
- the two Pāsa Suttas (S.i.105f),
- the Samaya Sutta (A.iii.320ff),
- the Katuviya Sutta (A.i.279f.),
- a discourse on the Metteyyapañha of the Parāyana (A.iii.399f), and
- the Dhammadinna Sutta (S.v.406f), preached to the distinguished layman Dhammadinna, who came to see the Buddha.
Some of the most eminent members of the Sangha seem to have resided at Isipatana from time to time; among recorded conversations at Isipatana are several between Sariputta and Mahakotthita[11], and one between Mahākotthita and Citta-Hatthisariputta[12]. Mention is made, too, of a discourse in which several monks staying at Isipatana tried to help Channa in his difficulties[13].
According to the Udapāna Jātaka (J.ii.354ff ) there was a very ancient well near Isipatana which, in the Buddha's time, was used by the monks living there.
Isipatana after the Buddha
According to the Mahavamsa, there was a large community of monks at Isipatana in the second century B.C.E. For, we are told that at the foundation ceremony of the Mahā Thūpa in Anurādhapura, twelve thousand monks were present from Isipatana led by the Elder Dhammasena[14].
Hiouen Thsang[15] found, at Isipatana, fifteen hundred monks studying the Hīnayāna. In the enclosure of the Sanghārāma was a vihāra about two hundred feet high, strongly built, its roof surmounted by a golden figure of the mango. In the centre of the vihāra was a life-size statue of the Buddha turning the wheel of the Law. To the south-west were the remains of a stone stupa built by King Asoka. The Divy. (389-94) mentions Asoka as intimating to Upagupta his desire to visit the places connected with the Buddha's activities, and to erect thupas there. Thus he visited Lumbinī, Bodhimūla, Isipatana, Migadāya and Kusinagara; this is confirmed by Asoka's lithic records, e.g. Rock Edict, viii.
In front of it was a stone pillar to mark the spot where the Buddha preached his first sermon. Near by was another stupa on the site where the Pañcavaggiyas spent their time in meditation before the Buddha's arrival, and another where five hundred Pacceka Buddhas entered Nibbāna. Close to it was another building where the future Buddha Metteyya received assurance of his becoming a Buddha.
Buddhism flourished in Sarnath in part because of kings and wealthy merchants based in Varanasi. By the third century Sarnath had become an important center for the arts, which reached its zenith during the Gupta period (4th to 6th centuries CE). In the 7th century by the time Xuan Zang visited from China, he found 30 monasteries and 3000 monks living at Sarnath.
Sarnath became a major centre of the Sammatiya school of Buddhism, one of the early Buddhist schools. However, the presence of images of Heruka and Tara indicate that Vajrayana Buddhism was (at a later time) also practiced here. Also images of Brahminist gods as Shiva and Brahma were found at the site, and there is still a Jain temple (at Chandrapuri) located very close to the Dhamekh Stupa.
At the end of the 12th century Sarnath was sacked by Turkish Muslims, and the site was subsequently plundered for building materials.
Discovery of Isipatana
Isipatana is identified with the modern Sarnath, six miles from Benares. Alexander Cunningham[16] found the Migadāya represented by a fine wood, covering an area of about half a mile, extending from the great tomb of Dhamekha on the north to the Chaukundi mound on the south.
Legendary characteristics of Isipatana
According to the Buddhist Commentarial Scriptures, all the Buddhas preach their first sermon at the Migadāya in Isipatana. It is one of the four avijahitatthānāni (unchanging spots), the others being the bodhi-pallanka, the spot at the gate of Sankassa, where the Buddha first touched the earth on his return from Tāvatimsa, and the site of the bed in the Gandhakuti in Jetavana[17]
In past ages Isipatana sometimes retained its own name, as it did in the time of Phussa Buddha (Bu.xix.18), Dhammadassī (BuA.182) and Kassapa (BuA.218). Kassapa was born there (ibid., 217). But more often Isipatana was known by different names (for these names see under those of the different Buddhas). Thus in Vipassī's time it was known as Khema-uyyāna. It is the custom for all Buddhas to go through the air to Isipatana to preach their first sermon. Gotama Buddha, however, walked all the way, eighteen leagues, because he knew that by so doing he would meet Upaka, the Ajivaka, to whom he could be of service[18].
Current Features of Isipatana
Most of the ancient buildings and structures at Sarnath were damaged or destroyed by the Turks. However, amongst the ruins can be distinguished:
- The Dhamek Stupa; it is an impressive 128 feet high and 93 feet in diameter.
- The Dharmarajika Stupa is one of the few pre-Ashokan stupas remaining, although only the foundations remain. The rest of the Dharmarajika Stupa was removed to Varanasi to be used as building materials in the 18h century. At that time, also relics were found in the Dharmarajika Stupa. These relics were subsequently thrown in the Ganges river.
- The Chaukhandi Stupa commemorates the spot where the Buddha met his first disciples, dating back to the fifth century or earlier and later enhanced by the addition of an octagonal tower of Islamic origin. In recent years it is undergoing restoration.
- The ruins of the Mulagandhakuti vihara mark the place where the Buddha spent his first rainy season.
- The modern Mulagandhakuti Vihara is a monastery buiilt in the 1930s by the Sri Lankan Mahabodhi Society, with beautiful wall paintings. Behind it is a the Deer Park (where deer are still to be seen).
- The Ashoka Pillar erected here, originally surmounted by the "Lion Capital of Asoka" (presently on display at the Sarnath Museum), was broken during Turk invasions but the base still stands at the original location.
- The Sarnath Archeological Museum houses the famous Ashokan lion capital, which miraculously survived its 45 foot drop to the ground (from the top of the Ashokan Pillar), and became the National Emblem of India and national symbol on the Indian flag. The museum also houses a famous and refined Buddha-image of the Buddha in Dharmachakra-posture.
- There is also a Bodhi tree planted by Anagarika Dharmapala which was grown from a cutting of the Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya.
For Buddhists, Sarnath (or Isipatana) is one of four pilgrimage sites designated by Gautama Buddha, the other three being Kushinagar, Bodh Gaya, and Lumbini.
- SarnathWallPaintings.jpg
Murals inside the Mulagandhakuti Vihara
- SarnathWallPaintings2.jpg
Murals inside the Mulagandhakuti Vihara
Sarnath ruins
Dharmarajika Stupa from the pre-Ashokan Era
- Sarnath Ashoka Pillar.jpg
The base of the Ashoka pillar in Sarnath which was broken during Turk invasions, it was originally surmounted by the "Lion Capital of Ashoka" which is presently at display at the Sarnath Museum. This particular Lion Capital of Ashoka, originally atop this pillar in Sarnath has been adopted as the "National Emblem of India".
- Aramaic Inscriptures in Sarnath.JPG
Brahmi Inscriptures on the main pillar
- Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka.jpg
This is the famous original sandstone sculpted Lion Capital of Ashoka preserved at Sarnath Museum which was originally erected around 250 B.C.E. atop an Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath. The angle from which this picture has been taken, minus the inverted bell-shaped lotus flower, has been adopted as the National Emblem of India showing the Horse on the left and the Bull on the right of the Ashoka Chakra in the circular base on which the four Indian lions are standing back to back. On the far side there is an Elephant and a Lion instead. The wheel "Ashoka Chakra" from its base has been placed onto the center of the National Flag of India.
Notes
- ↑ (D.ii.141)
- ↑ MA.i.387; AA.i.347 adds that sages also held the uposatha at Isipatana)
- ↑ (MA.ii.1019; PsA.437-8)
- ↑ J.i.68
- ↑ Vin.i.10f.; on this occasion 80 kotis of Brahmas and innumerable gods attained the comprehension of the Truth (Mil.30); (130 kotis says Mil.350). The Lal. (528) gives details of the stages of this journey
- ↑ BuA., p.3
- ↑ Vin.i.15f
- ↑ Vin.i.189
- ↑ Vin.i.216ff.; the rule regarding human flesh was necessary because Suppiyā made broth out of her own flesh for a sick monk
- ↑ S.i.105f
- ↑ S.ii.112f;iii.167f;iv.162f; 384ff
- ↑ (A.iii.392f)
- ↑ S.iii.132f)
- ↑ Mhv.xxix.31)
- ↑ Beal: Records of the Western World, ii.45ff
- ↑ Arch. Reports, i. p. 107
- ↑ (BuA.247; DA.ii.424).
- ↑ DA.ii.471)
See also
- Ashoka's Major Rock Edict
- Buddhist pilgrimage
External links
- Travel guide to Sarnath from Wikitravel
- Entry on Isipatana in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names
- Description of Sarnath by the Chinese pilgrim monk Faxian (399-414 AC)
- Suttas spoken by Gautama Buddha concerning Isipatana: (more)
- Anatta-lakkhana Sutta - The Discourse on the Not-self Characteristic
- Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta - Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion''
- Buddhanet
- Map showing Sarnath
- Buddhist Pilgrimage: Trail of Buddha's Path - Saranath (Sarnath)
- For Pictures of the famous original "Lion Capital of Ashoka" preserved at the Sarnath Museum which has been adopted as the "National Emblem of India" and the Ashoka Chakra (Wheel) from which has been placed in the center of the "National Flag of India" - See "lioncapital" from Columbia University Website, New York, USA
- Turning the wheel of the Dharma through pictures
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