Difference between revisions of "Salzburg" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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'''{{Audio|Salzburg.ogg|Salzburg}}''' ([[Austro-Bavarian]]: '''Såizburg''') is the [[List of cities and towns in Austria#List of cities and towns by population size|fourth-largest city]] (150,269) in [[Austria]] and the [[capital city|capital]] of the [[states of Austria|federal state]] of [[Salzburg (state)|Salzburg]]. Salzburg's "Old Town" with its world famous [[baroque architecture]] is one of the best-preserved city centers in the [[German language|German-speaking]] world, and was listed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1997. The city is noted for its [[Alps|Alpine]] setting. It is the birthplace of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] and the setting for parts of the musical and film ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]''. Salzburg is also a student city, with three universities.
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'''{{Audio|Salzburg.ogg|Salzburg}}''' ([[Austro-Bavarian]]: '''Såizburg''') is the [[List of cities and towns in Austria#List of cities and towns by population size|fourth-largest city]] (150,269) in [[Austria]] and the [[capital city|capital]] of the [[states of Austria|federal state]] of [[Salzburg (state)|Salzburg]]. Salzburg's "Old Town" with its world famous [[baroque architecture]] is one of the best-preserved city centers in the [[German language|German-speaking]] world, and was listed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1997.
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Salzburg was established around 696 when the missionary [[St. Rupert]] arrived in the area now known as Salzburg. The first establishment of Salzburg was the [[Benedictine Monastery]] of St. Peters. The small town quickly became an independent church state which was ruled by an [[archbishop]], at that time managed in a [[Vatican]]-like style and was called the "Rome of the North."  The face of the modern Salzburg, dominated by the [[baroque]] majesty of the old town, was actually created in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Even today, over 120 churches, castles, and cathedrals shows the power of the Salzburg archbishops. In 1756, the most famous Austrian, [[Mozart]], was born in Salzburg. (In 1842, a monument was built in dedication to Mozart, which is called [[Mozart Square]] today.) After 1816, Salzburg became part of the [[Habsburg Empire]].
  
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==Geography==
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Salzburg is only two hours from [[Munich]] and one hour from Vienna by [[train]]. More than 4500 cultural events taking place every year in Salzburg, including the world-famous Salzburg Festival, making the city one of the most important cultural centers of Europe. The city is noted for its [[Alps|Alpine]] setting, which is seen in parts of the musical and film ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]''. Salzburg is also a student city, with three universities.
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Salzburg is on the banks of the [[Salzach]] river, at the northern boundary of the Alps. The mountains to Salzburg's south contrast with the rolling plains to the north. The closest alpine peak – the 1972 m [[Untersberg]] – is only a few kilometers from the city center. The ''Altstadt'', or "old town," is dominated by its baroque towers and churches and the massive [[Festung Hohensalzburg]]. This area is surrounded by two smaller mountains, the [[Mönchsberg]] and [[Kapuzinerberg]] as the green lung of the city. Salzburg is approximately 150km east of [[Munich]], [[Germany]], and 300km west of [[Vienna]].
 
  
  
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==Geography==
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Salzburg is on the banks of the [[Salzach]] river, at the northern boundary of the Alps. The mountains to Salzburg's south contrast with the rolling plains to the north. The closest alpine peak, the 6,470-foor-high [[Untersberg]], is only a few miles from the city center. The ''Altstadt'', or "old town," is dominated by its [[baroque]] towers and churches and the massive [[Festung Hohensalzburg]]. This area is surrounded by two smaller mountains, the [[Mönchsberg]] and [[Kapuzinerberg]] as the green lung of the city. Salzburg is approximately 93 miles east of [[Munich]], [[Germany]], and 186 miles west of [[Vienna]].
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
 
===Ancient times and Middle Ages===
 
===Ancient times and Middle Ages===
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Traces of human settlements have been found in the area, dating to the [[Neolithic]] Age; probably it was later a [[Celt]] camp. Starting from 15 [[BCE]], the small communities were grouped into a single town, which was named by the  [[Roman Empire|Romans]] as '''''Juvavum'''''. A ''[[municipium]]'', from 45 [[Common Era|CE]] it became one of the most important cities in the province of [[Noricum]]. Juvavum declined sharply after the collapse of the Norican frontier, such that by the late 7th century it had become a "near ruin."
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Traces of human settlements have been found in the area, dating to the [[Neolithic]] Age; probably it was later a [[Celt]] camp. Starting from 15 [[B.C.E.]], the small communities were grouped into a single town, which was named by the  [[Roman Empire|Romans]] as '''''Juvavum'''''. A ''[[municipium]]'', from 45 [[Common Era|AD]] it became one of the most important cities in the province of [[Noricum]]. Juvavum declined sharply after the collapse of the Norican frontier, such that by the late-seventh century it had become a "near ruin."
  
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The Life of [[Saint Rupert]] credits the saint with the city's rebirth. When [[Theodo of Bavaria]] asked Rupert to become bishop c. 700, Rupert reconnoitered the river for the site of his basilica. Rupert chose Juvavum, ordained priests, and annexed the manor Piding. Rupert named the city "Salzburg," and then left to evangelize among the pagans.
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The Life of [[Saint Rupert]] credits the saint with the city's rebirth. When [[Theodo of Bavaria]] asked Rupert to become bishop c. 696, Rupert reconnoitered the river for the site of his basilica. Rupert chose Juvavum, ordained priests, and annexed the manor Piding. Rupert named the city "Salzburg," and then left to evangelize among the pagans.
  
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The name Salzburg literally means "Salt Castle," and derives its name from the barges carrying salt on the Salzach river, which were subject to a toll in the 8th century, as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers.
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The name Salzburg literally means "Salt Castle," and derives its name from the barges carrying salt on the Salzach river, which were subject to a toll in the eighth century, as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers.
  
 
The [[Festung Hohensalzburg]], the city's [[fortification|fortress]], was built in 1077 and expanded during the following centuries.
 
The [[Festung Hohensalzburg]], the city's [[fortification|fortress]], was built in 1077 and expanded during the following centuries.
  
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Independence from [[History of Bavaria|Bavaria]] was secured in the late 14th century.
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Independence from [[History of Bavaria|Bavaria]] was secured in the late-fourteenth century.
  
 
=== Expulsion of the Protestants ===
 
=== Expulsion of the Protestants ===
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On October 31 1731, the 214th anniversary of [[Martin Luther]]'s nailing of his [[95 Theses]] to the [[Wittenberg]] School door, [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Archbishopric of Salzburg|Archbishop]] Count [[Leopold Anton von Firmian]] signed his Edict of Expulsion (not to be confused with many similar [[Edict of Expulsion|edicts of expulsion]] issued against the [[history of the Jews in Europe|Jews]] in various cities in [[Europe]]), the ''Emigrationspatent'', declaring that all [[Protestantism|Protestants]] recant their non-Catholic beliefs or be banished.
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On October 31, 1731, the 214th anniversary of [[Martin Luther]]'s nailing of his [[95 Theses]] to the [[Wittenberg]] School door, [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Archbishopric of Salzburg|Archbishop]] Count [[Leopold Anton von Firmian]] signed his Edict of Expulsion (not to be confused with many similar [[Edict of Expulsion|edicts of expulsion]] issued against the [[history of the Jews in Europe|Jews]] in various cities in [[Europe]]), the ''Emigrationspatent'', declaring that all [[Protestantism|Protestants]] recant their non-Catholic beliefs or be banished.
  
 
[[Image:SalzburgerAltstadt02.JPG|thumb|right|250px|View of the old town and [[fortress]], seen from [[Kapuzinerberg]]]]
 
[[Image:SalzburgerAltstadt02.JPG|thumb|right|250px|View of the old town and [[fortress]], seen from [[Kapuzinerberg]]]]
  
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Archbishop von Firmian declared that it was to be read publicly November 11 1731, the 248th anniversary of Luther's [[baptism]]. Believing that his edict would drive away a few hundred troublesome infidels in the hills around the town, Firmian was surprised when 21,475 citizens professed on a public list their Protestant beliefs.
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Archbishop von Firmian declared that it was to be read publicly November 11, 1731, the 248th anniversary of Luther's [[baptism]]. Believing that his edict would drive away a few hundred troublesome infidels in the hills around the town, Firmian was surprised when 21,475 citizens professed on a public list their Protestant beliefs.
  
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Landowners were given three months to sell their lands and leave. Cattle, sheep, furniture and land all had to be dumped on the market, and the Salzburgers received little money from the well-to-do Catholic allies of Von Firmian. Von Firmian himself confiscated much of their land for his own family, and ordered all Protestant books and [[Bible]]s [[book burning|burned]]. Many children aged 12 and under were seized to be raised as Roman Catholics. Yet those who owned land benefitted from one key advantage: the three-month deadline delayed their departure until after the worst of winter.
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Landowners were given three months to sell their lands and leave. Cattle, sheep, furniture, and land all had to be dumped on the market, and the Salzburgers received little money from the well-to-do Catholic allies of Von Firmian. Von Firmian himself confiscated much of their land for his own family, and ordered all Protestant books and [[Bible]]s [[book burning|burned]]. Many children aged 12 and under were seized to be raised as Roman Catholics. Yet those who owned land benefitted from one key advantage: the three-month deadline delayed their departure until after the worst of winter.
  
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Non-owner farmers, tradesmen, laborers and miners were given only 8 days to sell what they could and leave. The first refugees marched north through the [[Alps]] in desperately cold temperatures and snow storms, seeking shelter in the few cities of Germany controlled by Protestant Princes, while their children walked or rode on wooden wagons loaded with baggage.
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Non-owner farmers, tradesmen, laborers, and miners were given only eight days to sell what they could and leave. The first refugees marched north through the [[Alps]] in desperately cold temperatures and snow storms, seeking shelter in the few cities of Germany controlled by Protestant Princes, while their children walked or rode on wooden wagons loaded with baggage.
  
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As they went, the exiles' savings were quickly drained away as they were set upon by [[highwayman|highwaymen]], who seized taxes, tolls and payment for protection by soldiers from robbers.
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As they went, the exiles' savings were quickly drained away as they were set upon by [[highwayman|highwaymen]], who seized taxes, tolls, and payment for protection by soldiers from robbers.
  
 
The story of their plight spread quickly as their columns marched north. [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]] wrote the poem ''[[Hermann and Dorothea]]'' about the Salzburg exiles' march. Protestants and even some Catholics were horrified at the cruelty of their expulsion in winter, and the courage they had shown by not renouncing their faith. Slowly at first, they came upon towns that welcomed them and offered them aid. But there was no place where such a large number of refugees could settle.
 
The story of their plight spread quickly as their columns marched north. [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]] wrote the poem ''[[Hermann and Dorothea]]'' about the Salzburg exiles' march. Protestants and even some Catholics were horrified at the cruelty of their expulsion in winter, and the courage they had shown by not renouncing their faith. Slowly at first, they came upon towns that welcomed them and offered them aid. But there was no place where such a large number of refugees could settle.
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[[image:Stadt_salzburg_flag_horizon.png|thumb|250px|[[List of flags#City flags|Flag of Salzburg]].]]
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[[Image:Salzburg , early morning , Kodacolor by Scott Williams.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Early Morning Scene]]
  
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Finally, in 1732 [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] King [[Frederick William I of Prussia]] accepted 12,000 Salzburger Protestant emigrants, who settled in areas of [[East Prussia]] that had been devastated by the [[Black Death|plague]] twenty years before. Their new homelands were located in what today is northeastern [[Poland]], the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], and [[Lithuania]]. Other, smaller groups made their way to the [[Banat]] region of modern [[Romania]], to what is now [[Slovakia]], to areas near [[Berlin]] and [[Hannover]] in Germany, and to the [[Netherlands]]. Another small group made its way to [[Debrecen]] ([[Hungary]]).
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Finally, in 1732, [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] King [[Frederick William I of Prussia]] accepted 12,000 Salzburger Protestant emigrants, who settled in areas of [[East Prussia]] that had been devastated by the [[Black Death|plague]] 20 years before. Their new homelands were located in what today is northeastern [[Poland]], the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], and [[Lithuania]]. Other, smaller groups made their way to the [[Banat]] region of modern [[Romania]], to what is now [[Slovakia]], to areas near [[Berlin]] and [[Hannover]] in Germany, and to the [[Netherlands]]. Another small group made its way to [[Debrecen]] ([[Hungary]]).
  
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On March 12 1734, a small group of about sixty exiles from Salzburg who had traveled to [[London]] arrived in the British American colony of [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] seeking religious freedom. Later in that year, they were joined by a second group, and, by 1741, a total of approximately 150 of the Salzburg exiles had founded the town of [[Ebenezer, Georgia|Ebenezer]] on the [[Savannah River]], about twenty-five miles north of the city of [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]]. Other [[German language|German]]-speaking families – mostly Swiss Germans, Palatines and Swabians – also joined the Salzburgers at Ebenezer. In time, all of these Germanic people became known as "Salzburgers."
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On March 12, 1734, a small group of about 60 exiles from Salzburg who had traveled to [[London]] arrived in the British American colony of [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] seeking religious freedom. Later in that year, they were joined by a second group, and, by 1741, a total of approximately 150 of the Salzburg exiles had founded the town of [[Ebenezer, Georgia|Ebenezer]] on the [[Savannah River]], about 25 miles north of the city of [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]]. Other [[German language|German]]-speaking families – mostly Swiss Germans, Palatines, and Swabians – also joined the Salzburgers at Ebenezer. In time, all of these Germanic people became known as "Salzburgers."
  
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In 1772-1803, under archbishop [[Hieronymus von Colloredo]], Salzburg was a centre of late [[Illuminism]]. In 1803, the archbishopric was secularized and handed over to [[Ferdinand III of Tuscany]], former [[rulers of Tuscany|Grand Duke of Tuscany]], and, two years later it was annexed to [[Austria]] together with [[Berchtesgaden]]. In 1810 it was returned to Bavaria, but after the [[Congress of Vienna]] (1816) it was again restored to Austria. In 1850 it became an independent territory of the Austrian crown.
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From 1772 to 1803, under archbishop [[Hieronymus von Colloredo]], Salzburg was a center of late [[Illuminism]]. In 1803, the archbishopric was secularized and handed over to [[Ferdinand III of Tuscany]], former [[rulers of Tuscany|Grand Duke of Tuscany]] and, two years later, it was annexed to [[Austria]] together with [[Berchtesgaden]]. In 1810, it was returned to Bavaria, but after the [[Congress of Vienna]] (1816) it was again restored to Austria. In 1850, it became an independent territory of the Austrian crown.
  
 
[[Image: Salzburg (31).JPG|thumb|right|250px|Shoppers on Getreidegasse.]]
 
[[Image: Salzburg (31).JPG|thumb|right|250px|Shoppers on Getreidegasse.]]
  
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=== 20th century ===
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===Twentieth century===
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In 1921, in an unofficial poll, 99% of citizens voted for annexation to Germany<ref>http://mdz1.bib-bvb.de/cocoon2/histlexbay/artikel/artikel_44926</ref>. On March 13 1938, during the [[Anschluss]], [[Nazi Germany|German]] troops occupied Salzburg; political opponents and [[history of the Jews in Austria|Jewish citizens]] were subsequently arrested, and the synagogue was destroyed. Several [[prisoner-of-war camp|POW camp]]s for prisoners from the [[Soviet Union]] and other nations were organized in the area.
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In 1921, in an unofficial poll, 99 percent of citizens voted for annexation to Germany. On March 13, 1938, during the [[Anschluss]], [[Nazi Germany|German]] troops occupied Salzburg; political opponents and [[history of the Jews in Austria|Jewish citizens]] were subsequently arrested, and the synagogue was destroyed. Several [[prisoner-of-war camp|POW camp]]s for prisoners from the [[Soviet Union]] and other nations were organized in the area.
  
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During [[World War II]], the KZ Salzburg-Maxglan [[concentration camp]] was located here. It was a gyspy camp and provided [[slave labour]] to local industry.<ref>Christine O'Keefe. ''Concentration Camps.''www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html</ref>  [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombing destroyed 7,600 houses and killed 550 inhabitants. Although the town's bridges and the dome of the [[Salzburger Dom|cathedral]] were demolished, much of its Baroque architecture remained intact. As a result, it is one of the few remaining examples of a town of its style. [[List of major U.S. Commands of World War II|American troops]] entered Salzburg on May 5 1945
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During [[World War II]], the KZ Salzburg-Maxglan [[concentration camp]] was located here. It was a gyspy camp and provided [[slave labor]] to local industry. [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombing destroyed 7,600 houses and killed 550 inhabitants. Although the town's bridges and the dome of the [[Salzburger Dom|cathedral]] were demolished, much of its Baroque architecture remained intact. As a result, it is one of the few remaining examples of a town of its style. [[List of major U.S. Commands of World War II|American troops]] entered Salzburg on May 5, 1945.
  
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In the city of Salzburg there were several [[displaced persons camp|DP Camp]]s following World War II. Among these were [[Riedenburg]], [[Camp Herzl]] (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne), [[Camp Mülln]], [[Bet Bialik]], [[Bet Trumpeldor]], and [[New Palestine, Salzburg|New Palestine]]. Salzburg was the centre of the American-occupied area in Austria.
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In the city of Salzburg there were several [[displaced persons camp|DP Camp]]s following World War II. Among these were [[Riedenburg]], [[Camp Herzl]] (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne), [[Camp Mülln]], [[Bet Bialik]], [[Bet Trumpeldor]], and [[New Palestine, Salzburg|New Palestine]]. Salzburg was the center of the American-occupied area in Austria.
  
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=== 21st century ===
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===Twenty-first century ===
 
As of 2006, Salzburg's Jewish community consists of little more than 100 people. The synagogue at Lasserstrasse 8 is still the religious center.
 
As of 2006, Salzburg's Jewish community consists of little more than 100 people. The synagogue at Lasserstrasse 8 is still the religious center.
  
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On January 27, 2006, the 250th anniversary of the birth of [[Wolfgang Mozart]], all 35 churches of Salzburg rang their bells a little after 8PM (local time) to celebrate the occasion.
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On January 27, 2006, the 250th anniversary of the birth of [[Wolfgang Mozart]], all 35 churches of Salzburg rang their bells a little after 8:00 PM (local time) to celebrate the occasion.
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==Transportation==
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The city is serviced by comprehensive rail connections, with frequent east-west trains servicing [[Vienna]], [[Munich]], [[Innsbruck]], and [[Zürich]], including daily high-speed [[InterCityExpress|ICE]] services. The city also acts as a hub for south-bound trains through the Alps into [[Italy]].
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[[Salzburg Airport]] has scheduled flights to European cities such as [[Frankfurt]], [[Vienna]], [[London]], [[Amsterdam]], and [[Zürich]], as well as [[Dublin]] and [[Charleroi]]. In addition to these, there is an even greater number of charter flights.
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In the main city there is a [[trolleybus]] and bus system with more than 20 lines, and service every 10 minutes. Salzburg also has an [[S-Bahn]] system with four Lines (S1, S2, S3, S11); trains depart from the main station every 30 minutes. Suburb line number S1 reaches the world famous [[Silent Night chapel]] in [[Oberndorf bei Salzburg|Oberndorf]] in about 25 minutes.
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==Popular culture==
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[[Image: Mozart (5).JPG|thumb|250px|Mozart's birthplace at Getreidegasse 9]]
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In the 1960s, the movie ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]'' was filmed in Salzburg and [[Salzburg (state)|the state of Salzburg]]. The movie was based on the true story of [[Maria von Trapp]], a Salzburg-based [[nun]] who took up with an aristocratic family and fled German occupation. Although the film is not popular among Austrians, the town draws many visitors who wish to visit the filming locations, alone or on tours.
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The composer [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] was born and raised in Salzburg, for whose [[archbishop]]s he worked from 1769 to 1781. His house of birth and residence are tourist attractions. His family is buried in a small church graveyard in the old town, and there are many monuments to "Wolferl" in the city.
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The [[Salzburg Festival]] is a world-famous music festival that attracts visitors during the months of July and August each year. A smaller [[Salzburg Easter Festival]] is held around Easter each year. The [[Europrix]] multimedia award takes place in Salzburg.
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===Sports===
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The former [[SV Austria Salzburg]] reached the [[UEFA Cup]] final in 1994. On April 6, 2005 [[Red Bull]] bought the club and changed the name into [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. The clubs future plans are to be among the 10 best Europe football clubs. The stadium of Red Bull Salzburg is the [[Wals Siezenheim Stadium]] in a suburb in the agglomeration of Salzburg, and will be one of the venues for the [[2008 European Football Championship]].
  
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==Main sights==
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* Salzburg was a candidate city for [[2010 Winter Olympics|2010 Olympic Winter Games]]. It was a favorite in its [[2010 Winter Olympics bids|2010 bid]], but lost to [[Vancouver]], [[Canada]]. On January 24, 2005, Salzburg was once again selected by the Austrian Olympic Committee as their [[2014 Winter Olympics bids|applicant city]] for the [[2014 Winter Olympics]]. It was selected as a candidate city by the [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] on June 22, 2006 along with [[Sochi]], [[Russia]], and [[Pyeongchang County|PyeongChang]], [[South Korea]], but was eliminated in the first round of voting on July 4, 2007. Sochi was selected as host city of the 2014 Olympic Winter Games. Salzburg is expected to try through at least the 2022 Games in order to win a bid.
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[[Image:Salzburg , early morning , Kodacolor by Scott Williams.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Early Morning Scene]]
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===Main sights===
 
Salzburg is a [[tourism in Austria|tourist]] favourite, with the number of tourists outnumbering locals by a large margin in peak times. In addition to Mozart's birthplace noted above, other notable places include:
 
Salzburg is a [[tourism in Austria|tourist]] favourite, with the number of tourists outnumbering locals by a large margin in peak times. In addition to Mozart's birthplace noted above, other notable places include:
 
[[Image:salzburgfort.jpg|thumb|right|A view of Salzburg from the [[Festung Hohensalzburg|Fortress Hohensalzburg]].]]
 
[[Image:salzburgfort.jpg|thumb|right|A view of Salzburg from the [[Festung Hohensalzburg|Fortress Hohensalzburg]].]]
 
[[Image:Mirabell_Gardens.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Gardens in Mirabell Palace]]
 
[[Image:Mirabell_Gardens.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Gardens in Mirabell Palace]]
 
'''Old Town'''
 
'''Old Town'''
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* The whole Old Town of Salzburg was nominated as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1996.
 
* The whole Old Town of Salzburg was nominated as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1996.
 
* The baroque architecture including the many churches are world famous.
 
* The baroque architecture including the many churches are world famous.
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* Tour companies operate tours of locations used in the film ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]''.
 
* Tour companies operate tours of locations used in the film ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]''.
  
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'''Within the greater Salzburg area'''
 
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* [[Anif]] Castle
 
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* The Basilika Maria Plain on the Calvary Hill, a late Baroque church, on the northern edge of Salzburg.
 
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* [[Salzburger Freilichtmuseum Großgmain]], an open-air museum containing old farmhouses/farm buildings from all over the state assembled in historic setting.
 
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* The [[Schloß Klessheim]] Palace (today a Casino) was formerly used by [[Adolf Hitler]]
 
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* The [[Berghof]], Hitler's mountain retreat of which only the [[Kehlsteinhaus|Eagle's Nest]] remains, was in nearby [[Berchtesgaden]]
 
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* The [[Salzkammergut]] is an area of lakes in [[Salzburg (state)|the Salzburg state]], east of the city and further on into the provinces of [[Upper Austria]] and [[Styria (state)|Styria]].
 
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* The [[Untersberg]] mountain is next to the city, straddling the [[Germany|German]]-Austrian border, and on a clear day provides panoramic views of the city and the Alps.
 
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* [[Skiing]] is a key attraction during winter. Salzburg itself has no skiing facilities, but it acts as a gateway to skiing areas to the south. During the winter months its airport receives a large number of [[charter flight]]s from around Europe.
 
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==Notable citizens==
 
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<!-- this should not go above section as it was placed —>
 
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[[Image: Mozart (5).JPG|thumb|250px|Mozart's birthplace at Getreidegasse 9]]
 
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* The composer [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] was born and raised in Salzburg, for whose [[archbishop]]s he worked from 1769 to 1781. His house of birth and residence are tourist attractions. His family is buried in a small church graveyard in the old town, and there are many monuments to "Wolferl" in the city.
 
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* [[Christian Doppler]], an expert on [[acoustics|acoustic]] theory, was born in Salzburg. He is most known for his discovery of the [[Doppler effect]].
 
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* [[Josef Mohr]] was born in Salzburg. Together with [[Franz Gruber]], he composed and wrote the text for "[[Silent Night (song)|Silent Night]]." As a priest in neighbouring [[Oberndorf]] he performed the song for the first time in 1818.
 
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* Noted writer [[Stefan Zweig]] lived in Salzburg for about 15 years, until 1934.
 
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* Maria Von Trapp (later [[Maria Trapp]]) and her family lived in Salzburg until they fled to America following the Nazi takeover.
 
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* Salzburg is the birthplace of [[Hans Makart]], a 19th-century Austrian painter-decorator and national celebrity. Makartplatz (''Makart Square'') is named in his honour.
 
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* Writer [[Thomas Bernhard]] was raised in Salzburg and spent part of his life there.
 
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* [[Herbert von Karajan]] was a notable musician and conductor. He was born in Salzburg and died in 1989 in neighbouring [[Anif]].
 
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* Anthropologist [[Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff]] was born here.
 
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* [[Roland Ratzenberger]], [[Formula One]] driver, was born in Salzburg. He died in the [[1994 San Marino Grand Prix]].
 
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* [[Joseph Ignaz Leitgeb]], French horn virtuoso
 
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==Events==
 
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* The [[Salzburg Festival]] is a world-famous music festival that attracts visitors during the months of July and August each year. A smaller [[Salzburg Easter Festival]] is held around Easter each year.
 
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* The [[Europrix]] multimedia award takes place in Salzburg.
 
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==Transportation==
 
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The city is serviced by comprehensive rail connections, with frequent east-west trains servicing [[Vienna]], [[Munich]], [[Innsbruck]], and [[Zürich]], including daily high-speed [[InterCityExpress|ICE]] services. The city also acts as a hub for south-bound trains through the Alps into [[Italy]].
 
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[[Salzburg Airport]] has scheduled flights to European cities such as [[Frankfurt]], [[Vienna]], [[London]], [[Amsterdam]] and [[Zürich]], as well as [[Dublin]] and [[Charleroi]]. In addition to these, there is an even greater number of charter flights.
 
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In the main city there is a [[trolleybus]] and bus system with more than 20 lines, and service every 10 minutes. Salzburg also has an [[S-Bahn]] system with four Lines (S1, S2, S3, S11), trains depart from the main station every 30 minutes. Suburb line number S1 reaches the world famous [[Silent Night chapel]] in [[Oberndorf bei Salzburg|Oberndorf]] in about 25 minutes.
 
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==Popular culture==
 
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In the 1960s, the movie ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]'' was filmed in Salzburg and [[Salzburg (state)|the state of Salzburg]]. The movie was based on the true story of [[Maria von Trapp]], a Salzburg-based [[nun]] who took up with an aristocratic family and fled German occupation. Although the film is not popular among Austrians, the town draws many visitors who wish to visit the filming locations, alone or on tours.
 
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==Sports==
 
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The former [[SV Austria Salzburg]] reached the [[UEFA Cup]] final in 1994. On April 6, 2005 [[Red Bull]] bought the club and changed the name into [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]. The clubs future plans are to be among the 10 best Europe football clubs. The home Stadium of Red Bull Salzburg is the [[Wals Siezenheim Stadium]] in a suburb in the agglomeration of Salzburg, will be one of the venues for the [[2008 European Football Championship]].
 
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* Salzburg was a candidate city for [[2010 Winter Olympics|2010 Olympic Winter Games]]. It was a favourite in its [[2010 Winter Olympics bids|2010 bid]], but lost to [[Vancouver]], [[Canada]]. On January 24 2005, Salzburg was once again selected by the Austrian Olympic Committee as their [[2014 Winter Olympics bids|applicant city]] for the [[2014 Winter Olympics]]. It was selected as a candidate city by the [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] on June 22 2006 along with [[Sochi]], [[Russia]] and [[Pyeongchang County|PyeongChang]], [[South Korea]] but was eliminated in the first round of voting on July 4 2007 in [[Guatemala City]], [[Guatemala]]. Sochi was selected as host city of the 2014 Olympic Winter Games. Salzburg is expected to try through at least the 2022 Games in order to win a bid.
 
 
== Gallery ==
 
== Gallery ==
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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==Notes==
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<div class="references-small">
 
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<references />
 
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</div>
 
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<BR>
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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==External links==
 
==External links==
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===Culture-related===
 
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*[http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id27.html] - Article by Brian Robins: "Mozart's Salzburg."
 
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===Olympic-related===
 
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*[http://www.salzburg2014.com Salzburg 2014 — 2014 Olympic bid website]
 
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===Tourism-related===
 
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{{commons|Salzburg (Stadt)}}
 
 
*[http://www2.salzburg.info/ Salzburg City Tourist Office] – Official tourist board website.
 
*[http://www2.salzburg.info/ Salzburg City Tourist Office] – Official tourist board website.
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*[http://www.salzburg-night.at/multilingual.php?lan=en Salzburg-Night] – Nightlife Guide.
 
 
*[http://www.visit-salzburg.net/ Visit Salzburg] - Local information
 
*[http://www.visit-salzburg.net/ Visit Salzburg] - Local information
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*[http://www.salzburg.com/tourismus_e/ Salzburger Nachrichten] – Tourism site maintained by the local newspaper, ''Salzburger Nachrichten''.
 
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* [http://www.privatvermieter.com Tourist information for all cities and villages in the country of Salzburg incl. accommodation] <!-- official website of the association of private landlords in Salzburg and the Country of Salzburg: Bed and Breakfast & Apartments —> {{en icon}}
 
 
*[http://www.anaustriaattraction.com/austria-attractions-qz/salzburg.html Salzburg Tourism] Tourist attractions in Salzburg, with descriptions and maps {{en icon}}
 
*[http://www.anaustriaattraction.com/austria-attractions-qz/salzburg.html Salzburg Tourism] Tourist attractions in Salzburg, with descriptions and maps {{en icon}}
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*[http://fotoserver.salzburgnet.com/ Pictureserver] Views of Salzburg
 
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*[http://www.georgiasalzburgers.com/ Georgia Salzburger Society] – The website of the Georgia Salzburger Society, descendents of the refugees who settled in Georgia after their expulsion from Salzburg in 1731.
 
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*[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/europe/austria/salzburg LonelyPlanet Salzburg]
 
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*[http://www.safaribears.de/content.php?page=SlideshowAustriaBavaria&image=46 Pictures from Salzburg] (within a Salzburg/Burghausen slideshow) {{en icon}}{{de icon}}
 
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*[http://www.ais-salzburg.at AIS-Salzburg] - The [[American International School-Salzburg]]
 
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*[http://www.visitingaustria.com/salzburg.htm Main touristic attractions in Salzburg]
 
  
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===others===
 
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*[http://public-transport.net/bus/Salzburg.htm trolley and diesel buses in Salzburg]
 
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*[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/?lang=en&coll=collections:a0000&q=(&quot;salzburg&quot;) Digitised Salzburg objects] in [[The European Library]]
 
  
  
 
[[Category:nations and places]]
 
[[Category:nations and places]]
 
{{Credit|148569488}}
 
{{Credit|148569488}}

Revision as of 01:54, 10 September 2007


Salzburg
Coat of arms of Salzburg Location of Salzburg in Austria
Country Austria
State Salzburg
Administrative region Statutory city
Population 150,269 (01.01.2007 [1])
Area 65.678 km²
Population density 2,288 /km²
Elevation 424 m
Coordinates 47°48′N 13°02′E / 47.8, 13.033Coordinates: 47°48′N 13°02′E / 47.8, 13.033
Postal code 5020
Area code 0662
Licence plate code S
Mayor Heinz Schaden (SPÖ)
Website www.stadt-salzburg.at
Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The old town seen over the River Salzach, viewed from the Hohensalzburg fortress.
State Party Flag of Austria Austria
Type Cultural
Criteria ii, iv, vi
Reference 784
Region** Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1996  (20th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.

Salzburg ▶ (Austro-Bavarian: Såizburg) is the fourth-largest city (150,269) in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. Salzburg's "Old Town" with its world famous baroque architecture is one of the best-preserved city centers in the German-speaking world, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.

Salzburg was established around 696 when the missionary St. Rupert arrived in the area now known as Salzburg. The first establishment of Salzburg was the Benedictine Monastery of St. Peters. The small town quickly became an independent church state which was ruled by an archbishop, at that time managed in a Vatican-like style and was called the "Rome of the North." The face of the modern Salzburg, dominated by the baroque majesty of the old town, was actually created in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Even today, over 120 churches, castles, and cathedrals shows the power of the Salzburg archbishops. In 1756, the most famous Austrian, Mozart, was born in Salzburg. (In 1842, a monument was built in dedication to Mozart, which is called Mozart Square today.) After 1816, Salzburg became part of the Habsburg Empire.

Salzburg is only two hours from Munich and one hour from Vienna by train. More than 4500 cultural events taking place every year in Salzburg, including the world-famous Salzburg Festival, making the city one of the most important cultural centers of Europe. The city is noted for its Alpine setting, which is seen in parts of the musical and film The Sound of Music. Salzburg is also a student city, with three universities.


Geography

Salzburg is on the banks of the Salzach river, at the northern boundary of the Alps. The mountains to Salzburg's south contrast with the rolling plains to the north. The closest alpine peak, the 6,470-foor-high Untersberg, is only a few miles from the city center. The Altstadt, or "old town," is dominated by its baroque towers and churches and the massive Festung Hohensalzburg. This area is surrounded by two smaller mountains, the Mönchsberg and Kapuzinerberg as the green lung of the city. Salzburg is approximately 93 miles east of Munich, Germany, and 186 miles west of Vienna.

History

Ancient times and Middle Ages

Traces of human settlements have been found in the area, dating to the Neolithic Age; probably it was later a Celt camp. Starting from 15 B.C.E., the small communities were grouped into a single town, which was named by the Romans as Juvavum. A municipium, from 45 C.E. it became one of the most important cities in the province of Noricum. Juvavum declined sharply after the collapse of the Norican frontier, such that by the late-seventh century it had become a "near ruin."

The Life of Saint Rupert credits the saint with the city's rebirth. When Theodo of Bavaria asked Rupert to become bishop c. 696, Rupert reconnoitered the river for the site of his basilica. Rupert chose Juvavum, ordained priests, and annexed the manor Piding. Rupert named the city "Salzburg," and then left to evangelize among the pagans.

The name Salzburg literally means "Salt Castle," and derives its name from the barges carrying salt on the Salzach river, which were subject to a toll in the eighth century, as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers.

The Festung Hohensalzburg, the city's fortress, was built in 1077 and expanded during the following centuries.

Independence from Bavaria was secured in the late-fourteenth century.

Expulsion of the Protestants

On October 31, 1731, the 214th anniversary of Martin Luther's nailing of his 95 Theses to the Wittenberg School door, Roman Catholic Archbishop Count Leopold Anton von Firmian signed his Edict of Expulsion (not to be confused with many similar edicts of expulsion issued against the Jews in various cities in Europe), the Emigrationspatent, declaring that all Protestants recant their non-Catholic beliefs or be banished.

View of the old town and fortress, seen from Kapuzinerberg

Archbishop von Firmian declared that it was to be read publicly November 11, 1731, the 248th anniversary of Luther's baptism. Believing that his edict would drive away a few hundred troublesome infidels in the hills around the town, Firmian was surprised when 21,475 citizens professed on a public list their Protestant beliefs.

Landowners were given three months to sell their lands and leave. Cattle, sheep, furniture, and land all had to be dumped on the market, and the Salzburgers received little money from the well-to-do Catholic allies of Von Firmian. Von Firmian himself confiscated much of their land for his own family, and ordered all Protestant books and Bibles burned. Many children aged 12 and under were seized to be raised as Roman Catholics. Yet those who owned land benefitted from one key advantage: the three-month deadline delayed their departure until after the worst of winter.

Non-owner farmers, tradesmen, laborers, and miners were given only eight days to sell what they could and leave. The first refugees marched north through the Alps in desperately cold temperatures and snow storms, seeking shelter in the few cities of Germany controlled by Protestant Princes, while their children walked or rode on wooden wagons loaded with baggage.

As they went, the exiles' savings were quickly drained away as they were set upon by highwaymen, who seized taxes, tolls, and payment for protection by soldiers from robbers.

The story of their plight spread quickly as their columns marched north. Goethe wrote the poem Hermann and Dorothea about the Salzburg exiles' march. Protestants and even some Catholics were horrified at the cruelty of their expulsion in winter, and the courage they had shown by not renouncing their faith. Slowly at first, they came upon towns that welcomed them and offered them aid. But there was no place where such a large number of refugees could settle.

Early Morning Scene

Finally, in 1732, Lutheran King Frederick William I of Prussia accepted 12,000 Salzburger Protestant emigrants, who settled in areas of East Prussia that had been devastated by the plague 20 years before. Their new homelands were located in what today is northeastern Poland, the Kaliningrad Oblast, and Lithuania. Other, smaller groups made their way to the Banat region of modern Romania, to what is now Slovakia, to areas near Berlin and Hannover in Germany, and to the Netherlands. Another small group made its way to Debrecen (Hungary).

On March 12, 1734, a small group of about 60 exiles from Salzburg who had traveled to London arrived in the British American colony of Georgia seeking religious freedom. Later in that year, they were joined by a second group, and, by 1741, a total of approximately 150 of the Salzburg exiles had founded the town of Ebenezer on the Savannah River, about 25 miles north of the city of Savannah. Other German-speaking families – mostly Swiss Germans, Palatines, and Swabians – also joined the Salzburgers at Ebenezer. In time, all of these Germanic people became known as "Salzburgers."

From 1772 to 1803, under archbishop Hieronymus von Colloredo, Salzburg was a center of late Illuminism. In 1803, the archbishopric was secularized and handed over to Ferdinand III of Tuscany, former Grand Duke of Tuscany and, two years later, it was annexed to Austria together with Berchtesgaden. In 1810, it was returned to Bavaria, but after the Congress of Vienna (1816) it was again restored to Austria. In 1850, it became an independent territory of the Austrian crown.

Shoppers on Getreidegasse.

Twentieth century

In 1921, in an unofficial poll, 99 percent of citizens voted for annexation to Germany. On March 13, 1938, during the Anschluss, German troops occupied Salzburg; political opponents and Jewish citizens were subsequently arrested, and the synagogue was destroyed. Several POW camps for prisoners from the Soviet Union and other nations were organized in the area.

During World War II, the KZ Salzburg-Maxglan concentration camp was located here. It was a gyspy camp and provided slave labor to local industry. Allied bombing destroyed 7,600 houses and killed 550 inhabitants. Although the town's bridges and the dome of the cathedral were demolished, much of its Baroque architecture remained intact. As a result, it is one of the few remaining examples of a town of its style. American troops entered Salzburg on May 5, 1945.

In the city of Salzburg there were several DP Camps following World War II. Among these were Riedenburg, Camp Herzl (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne), Camp Mülln, Bet Bialik, Bet Trumpeldor, and New Palestine. Salzburg was the center of the American-occupied area in Austria.

Twenty-first century

As of 2006, Salzburg's Jewish community consists of little more than 100 people. The synagogue at Lasserstrasse 8 is still the religious center.

On January 27, 2006, the 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Mozart, all 35 churches of Salzburg rang their bells a little after 8:00 PM (local time) to celebrate the occasion.

Transportation

The city is serviced by comprehensive rail connections, with frequent east-west trains servicing Vienna, Munich, Innsbruck, and Zürich, including daily high-speed ICE services. The city also acts as a hub for south-bound trains through the Alps into Italy.

Salzburg Airport has scheduled flights to European cities such as Frankfurt, Vienna, London, Amsterdam, and Zürich, as well as Dublin and Charleroi. In addition to these, there is an even greater number of charter flights.

In the main city there is a trolleybus and bus system with more than 20 lines, and service every 10 minutes. Salzburg also has an S-Bahn system with four Lines (S1, S2, S3, S11); trains depart from the main station every 30 minutes. Suburb line number S1 reaches the world famous Silent Night chapel in Oberndorf in about 25 minutes.

Popular culture

Mozart's birthplace at Getreidegasse 9

In the 1960s, the movie The Sound of Music was filmed in Salzburg and the state of Salzburg. The movie was based on the true story of Maria von Trapp, a Salzburg-based nun who took up with an aristocratic family and fled German occupation. Although the film is not popular among Austrians, the town draws many visitors who wish to visit the filming locations, alone or on tours.

The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born and raised in Salzburg, for whose archbishops he worked from 1769 to 1781. His house of birth and residence are tourist attractions. His family is buried in a small church graveyard in the old town, and there are many monuments to "Wolferl" in the city.

The Salzburg Festival is a world-famous music festival that attracts visitors during the months of July and August each year. A smaller Salzburg Easter Festival is held around Easter each year. The Europrix multimedia award takes place in Salzburg.

Sports

The former SV Austria Salzburg reached the UEFA Cup final in 1994. On April 6, 2005 Red Bull bought the club and changed the name into FC Red Bull Salzburg. The clubs future plans are to be among the 10 best Europe football clubs. The stadium of Red Bull Salzburg is the Wals Siezenheim Stadium in a suburb in the agglomeration of Salzburg, and will be one of the venues for the 2008 European Football Championship.

  • Salzburg was a candidate city for 2010 Olympic Winter Games. It was a favorite in its 2010 bid, but lost to Vancouver, Canada. On January 24, 2005, Salzburg was once again selected by the Austrian Olympic Committee as their applicant city for the 2014 Winter Olympics. It was selected as a candidate city by the IOC on June 22, 2006 along with Sochi, Russia, and PyeongChang, South Korea, but was eliminated in the first round of voting on July 4, 2007. Sochi was selected as host city of the 2014 Olympic Winter Games. Salzburg is expected to try through at least the 2022 Games in order to win a bid.

Main sights

Salzburg is a tourist favourite, with the number of tourists outnumbering locals by a large margin in peak times. In addition to Mozart's birthplace noted above, other notable places include:

A view of Salzburg from the Fortress Hohensalzburg.
Gardens in Mirabell Palace

Old Town

  • The whole Old Town of Salzburg was nominated as a World Heritage Site in 1996.
  • The baroque architecture including the many churches are world famous.
  • The Salzburg Cathedral
  • The fortress Hohensalzburg on a hill dominating the old town is one of the largest castles in Europe, with views over Salzburg.
  • The Franziskanerchurch
  • The St.Peter cemetery
  • The Nonnberg Abbey a Benedictine monastery
  • The "Residenz" Palace (the magnificent former Prince-Archbishop's residence)
  • Mozart's Birthplace
  • Mozart's Residence
  • The University Church
  • The Siegmundstor (or Neutor)
  • The Getreidegasse

Outside the Inner Old Town

  • Palace of Mirabell with its wide gardens full of flowers
  • The palace of Leopoldskron is a rococo palace and a national historic monument in Leopoldskron-Moos, a southern district of the city of Salzburg.
  • Hellbrunn with its parks and castles
  • Tour companies operate tours of locations used in the film The Sound of Music.

Gallery

  • Untersberg (16).JPG

    The Salzburg basin

  • Salzburg (34).JPG

    Salzburg seen on takeoff from Salzburg Airport

  • Salzburg (16).JPG

    The fortress (background), Salzburg Cathedral (middle), River Salzach (foreground)

  • The fortress at day.JPG

    A sunny day on the fortress

  • Salzburg (4).JPG

    Festung Hohensalzburg (background), Kapitel Square with the "Pferdeschwemme," (foreground)

  • Feb20532.JPG

    ÖBB rail connection to Salzburg in Innsbruck

  • Untersberg Feb20522.jpg

    Untersberg mountain

  • Feb20516.JPG

    Mozart Monument

  • Salzburg.fountain.500pix.jpg

    Fountain in the Residenzplatz

  • P1060482.JPG

    Mirabell Gardens.

  • Mozart's birthplace


References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Knuth, D.L. Salzburg Secrets, Pleasant Word, 2005. ISBN 978-1414104232
  • Naxos DVD. Musical Journey: Salzburg, City of Mozart (DVD), 2006. ASIN B000FDDYY6
  • Staff. Bliss R.L. Salzburg for Pleasure, Pallas Athene, 2006. ISBN 978-1873429747
  • Sterneck, Margaret. Insight Compact Guide Salzburg, Langenscheidt Publishers, 1998. ISBN 978-0887295621

External links

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