Difference between revisions of "Rudra" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Rudra''' ([[Sanskrit]]: रुद्रः) ("Howler") is a [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] God of the storm, the hunt, [[death]], [[Nature]] and the [[ | + | '''Rudra''' ([[Sanskrit]]: रुद्रः) ("Howler") is a [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] God of the storm, the hunt, [[death]], [[Nature]] and the [[medicine]]. Alternatively, Rudra means "One who gives speech." Rudra also means "one who drives away sorrows." Rudra is frequently depicted in the Vedas as a terrifying entity, representing the numinous aspect of God with fear-inspiring abilities such as that which causes disease. In contrast, Rudra also possesses milder characteristics such as the ability to heal. This simultaneous ability to cause and cure disease illustrates Rudra's role as reconciler of opposites. Rudra is thought to be an early form of [[Shiva]], the lord of destruction in [[Hinduism]]. |
| − | + | ==Origins== | |
| − | + | Worship of Rudra seems to take root in the early pre-Aryan phallus worship. This theory is supported by the discovery of seals at Harappa which depict an ithyphallic deity. This deity has a pair of horns, and is attended on one of the seals by a number of creatures including a tiger and a rhinoceros. Thus, the erect phallus and close relation to animals suggests that this deity was a precursor to Rudra-Shiva, whose character would be further developed in Vedic times. Rudra also embodies many qualities of [[Varuna]], the supreme god of the early Vedas who was eventually eclipsed by [[Indra]]. In the Great God of the later Vedas, Rudra seems to have inherited many of Varuna's essential attributes. For example, Varuna's power of [[maya]], or the ability by which he created, gradually became [[Shakti]] one of Rudra-Shiva's paramount powers. | |
| − | + | ==Attributes== | |
| − | + | Rudra is the divine archer, constantly in search of another being to devour. Rudra has arrows which cause [[disease]] in whomever he hits whether it be a god, human or animal. His arrows bring disease and death, therefore beings who are shot with one are prone to great suffering, including fevers, coughs and poisoning. Thus, every being lives in fear of Rudra. This includes the other gods, who recognize their inferiority to Rudra's immense power, since he can destroy any one of them, as well. Rudra is also notable for his unpredictability. Prescribed courses of actions do not always satisfy him, for he is not easily pleased. Even a minor transgression by one of his most faithful devotees can send him into a tempestuous rage. Rudra only came to be portrayed even more viciously in the Brahmanas, where he is described variously as a murderer, thief, and cheater, as well as the lord of all robbers (see Atharva Veda 11.2.18 and VS 16.20-21). | |
| − | == | + | On the other hand, Rudra is also described in milder terms. Not only does he possess immense potential for destruction, but also the power to heal. He is frequently described as the divine physician who possesses a thousands of remedies for any know malady. He is able to heal any illness bestowed upon humans by the other gods. This ability to heal wounds while also inflicting them exemplifies Rudra's role as the confluence of many diametric opposites. While he is related with all things terrible, Rudra also inspires a certain tenderness for that which is terrible. |
| + | |||
| + | Rudra is commonly associated with animals. In the Atharva Veda, for instance, he is given the title pasupati, or "Lord of the cattle." His jurisdiction spread beyond the bovine, however, as he was commonly depicted as surrounded by wild animals. Further, he took his residence to places of wild, such as the forest and the mountains. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In the Rig Veda, Rudra is infrequently associated with other deities, save for the Maruts (also known as the Rudras), who are his sons. With [[Diti]] he is the father of the [[Maruts]]. | ||
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| + | ==Worship== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The famous hymn, [[Shri Rudram]] is a [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] [[Mantra]] that is still chanted today. A musical instrument has been named after Rudra [[Shiva]] — [[Rudra Veena]]. | ||
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==Rudra & Shiva == | ==Rudra & Shiva == | ||
| − | The importance of Rudra seems to suggest that Shiva is one the most ancient divinities in the Hindu tradition. In the Svetasvatara Upanishad, Shiva seems to be referred to as Rudra. | + | In the Upanishads, Rudra begins to take on more typical traits of the Supreme Lord, such as omnipotence, omniscience, and trascendence. He is perceived to be protector and creator of all things. It is also at this point where he starts to more closely resemble the God currently recognized of Shiva. The importance of Rudra seems to suggest that Shiva is one the most ancient divinities in the Hindu tradition. In the Svetasvatara Upanishad, Shiva seems to be referred to as Rudra. |
:He who is the source and origin of the gods | :He who is the source and origin of the gods | ||
:The ruler of all, Rudra, the great seer, | :The ruler of all, Rudra, the great seer, | ||
| − | :Who of old created | + | :Who of old created the Golden Germ |
| − | This verse foreshadows the importance that Rudra would attain after transforming into the deity [[Shiva]]. | + | This verse foreshadows the importance that Rudra would attain after transforming into the deity [[Shiva]]. Shiva was at first merely an epithet for Rudra's milder, more auspicious aspect, although he would later develop his own distinct character and supplant Rudra entirely. No doubt much of the macabre imagery related to Shiva was inherited from Rudra. Although many opposites met in Rudra, they were never fully reconciled until Shiva was developed to his full stature. |
| − | == | + | ==Legacy== |
| − | + | Although the deity Rudra has largely fallen out of currency in contemporary Hindu worship, he is still of immense importance. He represents an important phase in the evolution of the destroyer god Shiva, who is today one of the most widely worshipped Gods in the Hindu faith today. Rudra represents some of the first movements in the Hindu tradition to venerate the power of destruction, and all the macabre imagery associated with it, much of which still characterizes Shiva today. Rudra's terrifying traits, such as his irascible, unpredictable temperment and his ability to inflict death upon all beings illustrate one of Rudolph Otto's three important aspects of God — that of ''tremendum'' or the ability to invoke reverence by way of dread. | |
| − | + | ==References == | |
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*''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' by Anna Dhallapiccola ISBN 0-500-51088-1 | *''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' by Anna Dhallapiccola ISBN 0-500-51088-1 | ||
| − | *'' | + | *Embree, Ainslee T. (ed.). ''The Hindu Tradition''. New York: Vintage Books, 1966. ISBN 0394717023 |
| + | *Zaenher, R. C. ''Hinduism.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1962. ISBN 019888012 | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
Revision as of 06:45, 30 January 2007
Rudra (Sanskrit: रुद्रः) ("Howler") is a Rigvedic God of the storm, the hunt, death, Nature and the medicine. Alternatively, Rudra means "One who gives speech." Rudra also means "one who drives away sorrows." Rudra is frequently depicted in the Vedas as a terrifying entity, representing the numinous aspect of God with fear-inspiring abilities such as that which causes disease. In contrast, Rudra also possesses milder characteristics such as the ability to heal. This simultaneous ability to cause and cure disease illustrates Rudra's role as reconciler of opposites. Rudra is thought to be an early form of Shiva, the lord of destruction in Hinduism.
Origins
Worship of Rudra seems to take root in the early pre-Aryan phallus worship. This theory is supported by the discovery of seals at Harappa which depict an ithyphallic deity. This deity has a pair of horns, and is attended on one of the seals by a number of creatures including a tiger and a rhinoceros. Thus, the erect phallus and close relation to animals suggests that this deity was a precursor to Rudra-Shiva, whose character would be further developed in Vedic times. Rudra also embodies many qualities of Varuna, the supreme god of the early Vedas who was eventually eclipsed by Indra. In the Great God of the later Vedas, Rudra seems to have inherited many of Varuna's essential attributes. For example, Varuna's power of maya, or the ability by which he created, gradually became Shakti one of Rudra-Shiva's paramount powers.
Attributes
Rudra is the divine archer, constantly in search of another being to devour. Rudra has arrows which cause disease in whomever he hits whether it be a god, human or animal. His arrows bring disease and death, therefore beings who are shot with one are prone to great suffering, including fevers, coughs and poisoning. Thus, every being lives in fear of Rudra. This includes the other gods, who recognize their inferiority to Rudra's immense power, since he can destroy any one of them, as well. Rudra is also notable for his unpredictability. Prescribed courses of actions do not always satisfy him, for he is not easily pleased. Even a minor transgression by one of his most faithful devotees can send him into a tempestuous rage. Rudra only came to be portrayed even more viciously in the Brahmanas, where he is described variously as a murderer, thief, and cheater, as well as the lord of all robbers (see Atharva Veda 11.2.18 and VS 16.20-21).
On the other hand, Rudra is also described in milder terms. Not only does he possess immense potential for destruction, but also the power to heal. He is frequently described as the divine physician who possesses a thousands of remedies for any know malady. He is able to heal any illness bestowed upon humans by the other gods. This ability to heal wounds while also inflicting them exemplifies Rudra's role as the confluence of many diametric opposites. While he is related with all things terrible, Rudra also inspires a certain tenderness for that which is terrible.
Rudra is commonly associated with animals. In the Atharva Veda, for instance, he is given the title pasupati, or "Lord of the cattle." His jurisdiction spread beyond the bovine, however, as he was commonly depicted as surrounded by wild animals. Further, he took his residence to places of wild, such as the forest and the mountains.
In the Rig Veda, Rudra is infrequently associated with other deities, save for the Maruts (also known as the Rudras), who are his sons. With Diti he is the father of the Maruts.
Worship
The famous hymn, Shri Rudram is a Vedic Mantra that is still chanted today. A musical instrument has been named after Rudra Shiva — Rudra Veena.
Rudra & Shiva
In the Upanishads, Rudra begins to take on more typical traits of the Supreme Lord, such as omnipotence, omniscience, and trascendence. He is perceived to be protector and creator of all things. It is also at this point where he starts to more closely resemble the God currently recognized of Shiva. The importance of Rudra seems to suggest that Shiva is one the most ancient divinities in the Hindu tradition. In the Svetasvatara Upanishad, Shiva seems to be referred to as Rudra.
- He who is the source and origin of the gods
- The ruler of all, Rudra, the great seer,
- Who of old created the Golden Germ
This verse foreshadows the importance that Rudra would attain after transforming into the deity Shiva. Shiva was at first merely an epithet for Rudra's milder, more auspicious aspect, although he would later develop his own distinct character and supplant Rudra entirely. No doubt much of the macabre imagery related to Shiva was inherited from Rudra. Although many opposites met in Rudra, they were never fully reconciled until Shiva was developed to his full stature.
Legacy
Although the deity Rudra has largely fallen out of currency in contemporary Hindu worship, he is still of immense importance. He represents an important phase in the evolution of the destroyer god Shiva, who is today one of the most widely worshipped Gods in the Hindu faith today. Rudra represents some of the first movements in the Hindu tradition to venerate the power of destruction, and all the macabre imagery associated with it, much of which still characterizes Shiva today. Rudra's terrifying traits, such as his irascible, unpredictable temperment and his ability to inflict death upon all beings illustrate one of Rudolph Otto's three important aspects of God — that of tremendum or the ability to invoke reverence by way of dread.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend by Anna Dhallapiccola ISBN 0-500-51088-1
- Embree, Ainslee T. (ed.). The Hindu Tradition. New York: Vintage Books, 1966. ISBN 0394717023
- Zaenher, R. C. Hinduism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1962. ISBN 019888012
External Links
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