Psychokinesis

Psychokinesis, sometimes referred to as "telekinesis" or "mind over matter", is the ability to influence the movement of matter or energy through mental processes. Psychokinesis, abbreviated "PK", is perhaps most well known for such feats as the bending of spoons, but parapsychologists have found that most PK abilities manifest on a smaller scale. Random number generators are often used to test PK abilities. Parapsychology generally refers to psychic abilities as "psi phenomena".

History of PK

During the Spiritualist Movement of the mid to late nineteenth century, PK phenomena were seemingly everywhere. During séances, tables would move, musical instruments would hover mid-air and play melodies, and chalk would write on a sealed slate. Despite the fact that such phenomena would take place only in the presence of a certain medium, the movement of objects was attributed to spirits and not to any individual ability of the medium. Parapsychologists now tend to view such movement as originating from the live person, not spirits. Of course, it must also be mentioned that a great deal of the apparent PK phenomena of the Spiritualist Movement was in actuality nothing more than trickery and conjuring.

The first term for the ability to move matter through non-physical means, "telekinesis", first came into use in the late 1800's. Literally meaning "distant movement", telekinesis referred to the moving of objects by supernatural forces, including spirits and ghosts. During the 1930's, the term "psychokinesis", coined by American author Henry Holt in 1914, was taken up by famed parapsychologist Joseph Rhine, and soon became the preferred term for parapsychologists. Psychokinesis, or PK, is defined as the direct influence of the mind on a physical system. While the two terms are often used interchangeably to refer to the psychic movement of objects (including matter as small as air molecules), PK additionally encompasses phenomena like the influencing of random number generations or the softening of the metal in a spoon (thus enabling the spoon to be more easily bent). 'PK' is also preferred over the more archaic 'telekinesis' because of its lack of spiritualist connotations.

Scientific Investigation of PK

Starting in 1934, Rhine, often referred to as the "father of modern parapsychology", did a number of experiments involving PK at Duke University in North Carolina involving dice. The validity of Rhine's experiments, in PK as well as in other areas, is often debated. Believers claim that, collectively, Rhine's experiments prove the existence of PK with odds against chance of a billion to one. Critics and skeptics point out flawed methodology in the protocol of Rhine's experiments that may have allowed for fraud or manipulation by the subjects. Mechanisms have been designed that show a significant deviation from the theoretical laws of chance, even when no human element is introduced. Because of this, skeptics accuse parapsychologists of attaching more importance to any deviation from the laws of chance than is deserved. Depending on the individual protocol of experiments, it is also possible that precognition, or knowledge of the future, could account for the success of some subjects at choosing the correct number of a dice roll.

PK was later differentiated into two distinct categories: macro-PK, which consisted of observable events like the movement of a matchbook, and micro-PK, which created weak effects only observable through statistical evaluation. More and more researchers began to focus on micro-PK, using experiments designed around random event generators. One of the first of such random event generators was designed by American physicist Helmut Schmidt. Schmidt's "electronic coin flipper" used the random decay of radioactive particles to generate a "heads" or "tails" result, a technique that was difficult, if not impossible, to manipulate through fraud. Schmidt tested a number of subjects, some of whom did seem to be able to successfully influence the results.

Skepticism

The field of parapsychology has always had to contend with a certain amount of criticism, and the subject of psychokinesis is no exception. Critics and skeptics both argue that parapsychologists often want to believe in a phenomena so much that they are blinded to flaws in their research. Subjects tested often attempt to manipulate the experiment to create a more chaotic environment, during which a subject is better able to use fraudulent techniques to fool researchers.

In 1979, $500,000 worth of funding was given to Washington University in Missouri for psychical research. James Randi, a well known magician and critic of parapsychology, saw this as an opportunity to prove that the lack of properly controlled experiments was not, as many parapsychologists claimed, due to a lack of funding, but rather to flaws in their approach to testing. Randi trained two young magicians, who were then accepted, unbenownst to the investigators, into the experiment. Over the course of four years, the two fake psychics participated in over 160 hours of experiments, and had researchers convinced of their psychic abilities. Once researchers began to institute protocols suggested by Randi to prevent fraud and manipulation, however, the planted subjects were no longer able to create such spectacular results. Randi later commented that the effect of the hoax, termed "Project Alpha", was short lived, and that parapsychologists remain overly susceptible to deception and self-deception.

Magicians like Randi have often volunteered their time and expertise to help create more stringent experimental conditions to guard against trickery. In many instances, subjects that previously performed well are unable to recreate their success under these more strict guidelines. Many supporters of psi phenomena claim that introducing a critical environment or a skeptical researcher searching for fraud creates an environment that is not conducive to successful psi demonstration. Much of the research into PK has shifted away from the search for an individual with PK ability, and more towards the search for micro-PK abilities in a larger portion of the population.

PK and Poltergeists

Many parapsychologists and psychic investigators believe that subconscious PK is often responsible for poltergeist activity. Poltergeists are believed to be either mischievous or sometimes malevolent spirits that make noises, throw objects around the room, and sometimes assault people or animals. Poltergeist activity often begins and ends abruptly, and usually occurs in the vicinity of the same person. Often, this person is a child or adolescent. Researchers theorize that repressed hostilities towards parents or authority can manifest as subconscious PK phenomena in such cases. It has also been suggested that individuals with unresolved mental or emotional issues can create similar effects, which often disappear after the individual goes into therapy.

Famous Individuals with Purported PK Ability

Uri Geller

Uri Geller is most famous for his alleged feats of spoon and key bending, as well as a psychic ability to fix broken watches. Born in Israel, Geller's successful psychic career began in the late 1960's. Geller has claimed he was responsible when the Olympic flame was briefly stuck as it was winched to the top of Stadium Australia during the 2000 Olympics. Geller allegedly focused on the flame for eleven minutes as part of his quest for global nuclear disarmament. He has also claimed he brought the famous London clock tower, Big Ben, to a stop. In 1986, Geller wrote "It is my intention, as I write this book; to one day bring Big Ben to a dead stop. I will choose my moment carefully because I do not want to damage British heritage." Later, he claims, "...indeed, I stopped the Big Ben [in]...1989 and ... 1997!" Big Ben, completed in 1858, stopped again in 1997, and once more in 2005. In 2005, the cause of stoppage was unknown, but unusually high temperatures were thought to contribute.

Geller has been accused of using magician's trickery to create his spectacular effects, particularly by magician James Randi. Geller defends his inability to produce convincing laboratory results by saying, "When I'm put under pressure, I can't perform. When I'm on stage, I'm not under pressure and it happens. ... But in a laboratory where I really want it to happen, it's very hard for me." Critics claim that spoon bending is not a difficult feat for a talented conjurer. Geller is often accused of using misdirection and sleight of hand to achieve his allegedly psychic results. His claims of being able to psychically repair watches were also brought under scrutiny by researchers Marks and Kammann, who cite jewelers' estimates that over fifty percent of "broken" watches are merely stopped up by dust, dirt, or gummed/badly distributed oil, and that such problems can often be fixed temporarily by bumping them or warming the watch in one's hand. Despite skeptics' claims of fraud, Geller retains a large following of believers.

Nina Kulagina

Nina Kulagina, a Russian psychic, displayed an impressive range of apparently psychic powers in the mid to late twentieth century, and is perhaps best known for her demonstrations of PK. In front of amazed onlookers, she was allegedly able to move objects with nothing but the power of her mind. In 1969, film footage of Kulagina's abilities was shown at the First Moscow International Conference on Parapsychology. Kulagina was investigated by a number of scientists, both Soviet and American, and precautions were taken to eliminate the possibility of trickery through concealed magnets or threads, as well as drafts of air. On film, she moved matches, a cigarette, and a ping pong ball, among other items. Occasionally, burn marks would appear on her hands or her clothes would catch fire.

Naturally, the validity of Kulagina's abilities has often been a hot topic of debate. Skeptics point out that many of her demonstrations were performed in her own home or a hotel, and that controls were loose as Kulagina often necessitated several hours to prepare before a demonstration; hours that could conceivably be used to set up means of trickery. It has been suggested that such apparent PK effects could be reproduced with threads, concealed magnets, or static electricity. No expert in conjuring tricks was present during the Russian psychic's demonstrations to confirm or deny the likelihood of fraud.

Cultural references

The possibility of true psychokinetic ability has long fascinated the public, a fascination that is often expressed in novels, film, television, computer games, and comics. In the classic 1976 film Carrie, based on the Stephen King novel of the same name, Sissy Spacek portrays a troubled high school student with psychokinetic powers. In the Star Wars movie series, numerous characters psychokinetically manipulate objects using "the Force." Similar abilities are often found in characters in comic books, such as the popular comic X-Men, later made into a series of movies.

Further reading

• The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena, Dean Radin, HarperEdge, 1997.
• Mind Over Matter, Loyd Auerbach, Kensington Books, 1996. ISBN 1-57566-047-4.
• Distant Mental Influence, William Braud, Hampton Roads Publishing, Inc., 2003. ISBN 1-57174-354-5. (largely a collection of published scientific research papers on formal experiments in psychokinesis conducted by the author with others between 1983 to 2000).
• Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality, Dean Radin, Pocket Books, 2006.
• Flim Flam!, James Randi, Prometheus Books, 1982, ISBN 0-87975-198-3

Published Scientific Papers on PK / TK

• Can Our Intentions Interact Directly with the Physical World? (.pdf file) by William G. Braud, European Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 10, 1994.
• Does Psi Exist and Can We prove It: Belief and Disbelief in Psychokinesis Research (.pdf file) by Eckhard Etzold, presented at the Parapsychological Association Convention 2004.
• Material Deformation by Intention (.shtml file) by Jack Houck, presented at the Science of Whole Person Healing Conference, March 28, 2003.
• The Paranormal is not Excluded from Physics (.pdf file) by O. Costa de Beauregard, Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1998.
• The Strange Properties of Psychokinesis (.html file) by Helmut Schmidt, Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1987.

Online Resources for Published Academic Articles and Scientific Papers on PK / TK

(do searches for "psychokinesis," "telekinesis," "conscious intention," etc.)

• http://scholar.google.com Google's search engine for scholarly literature.
• http://books.google.com Google's search engine for full texts of public domain books or excerpts of other books, including PK and TK related material.
• http://www.pubmed.gov In the United States, a service of the National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health.
• http://academic.live.com Windows Live Academic by the Microsoft Corporation. Search academic journals.

External links

General information

• The Skeptic's Dictionary: "Psychokinesis" A skeptical commentary article on psychokinesis.
• "Psychokinesis" definition On the James Randi Educational Foundation's website.
• Princeton's PEAR laboratory closing spring 2007, Princeton Alumni Weekly November 8, 2006: Notebook.
• Online Telekinesis Test
• Mind Over Matter Study An invitation by the Rhine Research Center of Durham, North Carolina USA to submit reports of PK or TK as part of an academic research study.

Major organizations and research centers in the PK / TK field

• American Society for Psychical Research (New York City, USA)
• Parapsychological Association (Petaluma, California, USA)
• Parapsychology Foundation (New York City, USA)
• Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR) (Princeton, New Jersey, USA)
• The Rhine Research Center (Durham, North Carolina, USA)
• Society for Psychical Research (London, UK)

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

• Psychokinesis  ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

• History of "Psychokinesis"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.