Difference between revisions of "Pre-Socratic philosophy" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | + | {{histphil}} | |
| + | The '''Pre-Socratic''' [[philosopher]]s were active before [[Socrates]] or contemporaneously, but expounding knowledge developed earlier. | ||
| − | + | It is sometimes difficult to determine the actual line of argument some pre-Socratics used in supporting their particular views. While most of them produced significant texts, none of the texts have survived in complete form. All we have are quotations by later philosophers, historians, and the occasional textual fragment. | |
| − | + | The pre-Socratic philosophers rejected traditional mythological explanations for the phenomena they saw around them in favor of more rational explanations. Many of them asked: | |
| − | + | *Where does everything come from? | |
| + | *What is it really made out of? | ||
| + | *How do we explain the plurality of things found in nature? | ||
| + | *How might we describe nature mathematically? | ||
| − | + | Others concentrated on defining problems and paradoxes that became the basis for later mathematical, scientific and philosophic study. Of course, the [[cosmology|cosmologies]] proposed by the early Greek philosophers have been updated by views based on modern science. Later [[philosopher]]s rejected many of the answers they provided, but continued to place importance on their questions. | |
| − | + | == List of philosophers and schools== | |
| + | The traditional cursus of pre-socratic philosophers and movements (there are minor variations) is shown below: | ||
| + | [[Image:Presocratic_graph.png|thumb|right|500px|Graphical relationship among the various pre-socratic philosophers and thinkers.]] | ||
| + | * [[Milesian school]] | ||
| + | :[[Thales]] (c. 585 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Anaximander]] (610-547) | ||
| + | :[[Anaximenes of Miletus]] (585-525 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | *[[Pythagoreanism|Pythagorean Schools]] | ||
| + | :[[Pythagoras]] (582-496 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Alcmaeon of Croton]] | ||
| + | :[[Archytas]] (428-347 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | *[[Heraclitus]] (535-475 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | *[[Eleatics|Eleatic School]] | ||
| + | :[[Xenophanes]] (570-470 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Parmenides]] (510-440 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Zeno of Elea]] (490-430 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Philolaus]] (480-405 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Melissus of Samos]] (C.470 B.C.E.-Unknown) | ||
| + | *[[Pluralist School]] | ||
| + | :[[Empedocles]] (490-430 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Anaxagoras]] (500-428 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | *[[Atomism|Atomist School of Pluralists]] | ||
| + | :[[Leucippus]] (5th century B.C.E., dates unknown) | ||
| + | :[[Democritus]] (460-370 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | *[[Sophism]] | ||
| + | :[[Protagoras]] (481-420 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Gorgias]] (483-375 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Thrasymachus]] | ||
| + | :[[Callicles]] | ||
| + | :[[Critias]] | ||
| + | :[[Prodicus]] (465-390 B.C.E.?) | ||
| + | :[[Hippias]] (485-415 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Antiphon (person)]] (480-411 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Anonymous Iamblichi]] | ||
| + | *[[Diogenes Apolloniates|Diogenes of Apollonia]] (C.460 B.C.E.-Unknown) | ||
| − | + | ==Other groupings== | |
| + | This list includes several men, particularly the [[Seven Sages of Greece|Seven Sages]], who appear to have been practical politicians and sources of epigrammatic wisdom, rather than speculative thinkers or [[philosophy|philosophers]] in the modern sense. | ||
| − | + | *[[Seven Sages of Greece]] | |
| + | :[[Solon]] (c. 594 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Chilon of Sparta]] (c. 560 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Thales]] (c. 585 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Bias of Priene]] (c. 570 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Cleobulus of Rhodes]] (c. 600 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Pittacus of Mitylene]] (c. 600 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | :[[Periander]] (625-585 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | *[[Aristeas]] of [[Proconessus]] (7th Century BC ?) | ||
| + | *[[Pherecydes of Syros]] (c. 540 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | *[[Anacharsis]] (c. 590 B.C.E.) | ||
| + | *[[Theano (mathematician)]] (5th century B.C.E., dates unknown) | ||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *''[[Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks]]'' | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | *Burnet, John, ''Early Greek Philosophy'', Meridian Books, New York, 1957 | ||
| + | *Kirk, G.S., Raven, J.E. & Schofield, M., ''The Presocratic Philosophers'' (Second Edition), Cambridge University Press, 1983 | ||
| + | *Nahm, Milton C., ''Selections from Early Greek Philosophy'', Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1962 | ||
| + | *De Vogel, C.J., ''Greek Philosophy'', Volume I, ''Thales to Plato'', E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1963 | ||
| − | + | ==External links== | |
| + | *[[D. H. Th. Vollenhoven]]'s ''History of the Presocratic Philosophers'' translated by [[H. Evan Runner]] [http://www.freewebs.com/presocratics/ ] | ||
| − | + | {{Presocratics}} | |
| + | [[Category:Presocratic philosophers|*]] | ||
| + | [[Category:History of science]] | ||
| + | [[Category:History of ideas]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Philosophy and religion]] | ||
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Revision as of 22:22, 31 March 2006
 |
| History of Western philosophy |
|---|
| Pre-Socratic philosophy |
| Ancient philosophy |
| Medieval philosophy |
| Renaissance philosophy |
| 17th century philosophy |
| 18th-century philosophy |
| 19th century philosophy |
| 20th century philosophy |
| Postmodern philosophy |
| Contemporary philosophy |
| See also: |
| Eastern philosophy |
| Indian philosophy |
| Iranian philosophy |
| Chinese philosophy |
| Korean philosophy |
| Christian philosophy |
| Islamic philosophy |
| Jewish philosophy |
The Pre-Socratic philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously, but expounding knowledge developed earlier.
It is sometimes difficult to determine the actual line of argument some pre-Socratics used in supporting their particular views. While most of them produced significant texts, none of the texts have survived in complete form. All we have are quotations by later philosophers, historians, and the occasional textual fragment.
The pre-Socratic philosophers rejected traditional mythological explanations for the phenomena they saw around them in favor of more rational explanations. Many of them asked:
- Where does everything come from?
- What is it really made out of?
- How do we explain the plurality of things found in nature?
- How might we describe nature mathematically?
Others concentrated on defining problems and paradoxes that became the basis for later mathematical, scientific and philosophic study. Of course, the cosmologies proposed by the early Greek philosophers have been updated by views based on modern science. Later philosophers rejected many of the answers they provided, but continued to place importance on their questions.
List of philosophers and schools
The traditional cursus of pre-socratic philosophers and movements (there are minor variations) is shown below:
File:Presocratic graph.png
Graphical relationship among the various pre-socratic philosophers and thinkers.
- Milesian school
- Thales (c. 585 B.C.E.)
- Anaximander (610-547)
- Anaximenes of Miletus (585-525 B.C.E.)
- Pythagoras (582-496 B.C.E.)
- Alcmaeon of Croton
- Archytas (428-347 B.C.E.)
- Heraclitus (535-475 B.C.E.)
- Eleatic School
- Xenophanes (570-470 B.C.E.)
- Parmenides (510-440 B.C.E.)
- Zeno of Elea (490-430 B.C.E.)
- Philolaus (480-405 B.C.E.)
- Melissus of Samos (C.470 B.C.E.-Unknown)
- Pluralist School
- Empedocles (490-430 B.C.E.)
- Anaxagoras (500-428 B.C.E.)
- Leucippus (5th century B.C.E., dates unknown)
- Democritus (460-370 B.C.E.)
- Protagoras (481-420 B.C.E.)
- Gorgias (483-375 B.C.E.)
- Thrasymachus
- Callicles
- Critias
- Prodicus (465-390 B.C.E.?)
- Hippias (485-415 B.C.E.)
- Antiphon (person) (480-411 B.C.E.)
- Anonymous Iamblichi
- Diogenes of Apollonia (C.460 B.C.E.-Unknown)
Other groupings
This list includes several men, particularly the Seven Sages, who appear to have been practical politicians and sources of epigrammatic wisdom, rather than speculative thinkers or philosophers in the modern sense.
- Seven Sages of Greece
- Solon (c. 594 B.C.E.)
- Chilon of Sparta (c. 560 B.C.E.)
- Thales (c. 585 B.C.E.)
- Bias of Priene (c. 570 B.C.E.)
- Cleobulus of Rhodes (c. 600 B.C.E.)
- Pittacus of Mitylene (c. 600 B.C.E.)
- Periander (625-585 B.C.E.)
- Aristeas of Proconessus (7th Century BC ?)
- Pherecydes of Syros (c. 540 B.C.E.)
- Anacharsis (c. 590 B.C.E.)
- Theano (mathematician) (5th century B.C.E., dates unknown)
See also
- Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Burnet, John, Early Greek Philosophy, Meridian Books, New York, 1957
- Kirk, G.S., Raven, J.E. & Schofield, M., The Presocratic Philosophers (Second Edition), Cambridge University Press, 1983
- Nahm, Milton C., Selections from Early Greek Philosophy, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1962
- De Vogel, C.J., Greek Philosophy, Volume I, Thales to Plato, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1963
External links
- D. H. Th. Vollenhoven's History of the Presocratic Philosophers translated by H. Evan Runner [1]
Template:Presocratics
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