Difference between revisions of "Peasant" - New World Encyclopedia
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
− | + | Historically, peasant is a word for farmer. But in the world before the development of individual ownership, free trade and democracy to be a peasant meant to stay alive. All land was owned by various aristocracy or state govenments, and as the modern [[division of labor]] and industry had not developed, it was the way to have access to land to [[cultivate]] and to be able to eat. A peasant had to be a jack-of-all trades, handy at everything. Peasants depended on their land. (''illustration, above right''). Peasants lived within agricultural time; the "world-time," in [[Fernand Braudel]]'s term, of politics and economics did not directly affect the peasant. Peasants typically made up the majority of the population. In modern society, where a [[market economy]] has taken root, the term may be more loosely referring to the traditionalist rural population where land is chiefly held by smallholders, ''[[peasant proprietors]]''. | |
− | |||
− | + | A rural peasant population differs enormously in its values and economic behavior from an urban worker population. Peasants tend to be more [[social conservatism|conservative]] than urbanites, and are often very loyal to inherited power structures that define their rights and privileges and protect them from interlopers, despite their generally lower status within them. | |
− | Peasant societies | + | Peasant societies developeded strong social support networks. Especially in harder [[climate]]s, members of the community who had a poor harvest or suffered some form of hardship often have been taken care of by the rest of the community. [[loyalty|Loyalties]] and [[vengeance]] both ran very deep. Peasant communities can be difficult to access or understand by outsiders. |
− | Peasant societies | + | Peasant societies often have had very [[stratified]] social hierarchies within them. |
[[Image:Sedentary Occupations of the Peasants Fac simile from an Engraving on Wood attributed to Holbein in the Cosmographie of Munster Basle 1552 folio.png|thumb|right|Sedentary Occupations of the Peasants.—Facsimile from an Engraving on Wood, attributed to Holbein, in the "Cosmographie" of Munster (Basle, 1552, folio).]] | [[Image:Sedentary Occupations of the Peasants Fac simile from an Engraving on Wood attributed to Holbein in the Cosmographie of Munster Basle 1552 folio.png|thumb|right|Sedentary Occupations of the Peasants.—Facsimile from an Engraving on Wood, attributed to Holbein, in the "Cosmographie" of Munster (Basle, 1552, folio).]] | ||
− | + | Some commentary has been made that in a [[barter economy]], peasants characteristically had a different attitude to work than peasants— or towndwellers— in a [[money]] economy would. Often such societies have been markedly less competative. | |
[[Fernand Braudel]] devoted the first volume of his major work, ''Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century'' to the largely silent and invisible world that existed below the market economy, in ''The Structures of Everyday Life.'' | [[Fernand Braudel]] devoted the first volume of his major work, ''Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century'' to the largely silent and invisible world that existed below the market economy, in ''The Structures of Everyday Life.'' | ||
[[Image:Costume of a Vilain or Peasant Fifteenth Century from a Miniature of La Danse Macabre Manuscript 7310 of the National Library of Paris.png|thumb|left|Costume of a Vilain or Peasant, Fifteenth Century, from a 15th-century miniature of the "[[Danse Macabre]]," [[Bibliothèque nationale]], Paris, Ms 7310]] | [[Image:Costume of a Vilain or Peasant Fifteenth Century from a Miniature of La Danse Macabre Manuscript 7310 of the National Library of Paris.png|thumb|left|Costume of a Vilain or Peasant, Fifteenth Century, from a 15th-century miniature of the "[[Danse Macabre]]," [[Bibliothèque nationale]], Paris, Ms 7310]] | ||
− | Since the literate classes who left the most record tended to dismiss the peasants as figures of coarse appetite and rustic comedy, "peasant" may have a pejorative rather than descriptive connotation in historical memory. However, it was not always that way; peasants were once viewed as pious and seen with respect and pride. Life was hard for peasants, but before technology and a [[money economy]] | + | Since the literate classes who left the most record tended to dismiss the peasants as figures of coarse appetite and rustic comedy, "peasant" may have had a pejorative rather than descriptive connotation in historical memory. However, it was not always that way; peasants were once viewed as pious and seen with respect and pride. Life was hard for peasants, but before technology and a [[money economy]], life was hard for everyone. Society was theorized as organized in three "estates": those who work, those who pray and those who fight. |
== The position of the medieval European Peasant diverges == | == The position of the medieval European Peasant diverges == | ||
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The relative position of Western European peasants greatly improved after the [[Black Death]] unsettled medieval Europe, granting far greater economic and political power to those peasants fortunate enough to survive the cataclysm. In the wake of this disruption to the established hierarchy, later centuries saw the invention of the original [[printing presses]], widespread [[literacy]] and the enormous social and intellectual changes of the [[Age of Enlightenment |Enlightenment]]. This evolution of ideas in an environment of relatively widespread literacy laid the groundwork for the [[Industrial Revolution]], which enabled mechanically and chemically augmented agricultural production while simultaneously increasing the demand for factory workers in cities. These factory workers with their low skill and easy replaceability quickly came to occupy the same socio-economic stratum as the original medieval peasants. The tension between the interests of these two groups forms an underlying context for much of the social and economic debate of the past century and a half. Unfortunately, much of this dialogue was exported to regions that were culturally very different from 19th/20th century Western Europe. | The relative position of Western European peasants greatly improved after the [[Black Death]] unsettled medieval Europe, granting far greater economic and political power to those peasants fortunate enough to survive the cataclysm. In the wake of this disruption to the established hierarchy, later centuries saw the invention of the original [[printing presses]], widespread [[literacy]] and the enormous social and intellectual changes of the [[Age of Enlightenment |Enlightenment]]. This evolution of ideas in an environment of relatively widespread literacy laid the groundwork for the [[Industrial Revolution]], which enabled mechanically and chemically augmented agricultural production while simultaneously increasing the demand for factory workers in cities. These factory workers with their low skill and easy replaceability quickly came to occupy the same socio-economic stratum as the original medieval peasants. The tension between the interests of these two groups forms an underlying context for much of the social and economic debate of the past century and a half. Unfortunately, much of this dialogue was exported to regions that were culturally very different from 19th/20th century Western Europe. | ||
− | This is especially pronounced in Eastern Europe. Lacking any catalysts for sweeping change in the 14th century, the Eastern European peasants largely continued upon the original medieval path until the 18th and 19th centuries, when the tsars began to notice that the West had made enormous strides they had not. They responded by forcing the largely illiterate peasant populations under their control to embark upon a Westernization and industrialization campaign. Using methods of coercion and inept central planning that were largely continued by the later [[Communists]], Peter the Great initiated a half-successful attempt to force 500+ years worth of social change in the space of a few generations. Although this approach eventually | + | This is especially pronounced in Eastern Europe. Lacking any catalysts for sweeping change in the 14th century, the Eastern European peasants largely continued upon the original medieval path until the 18th and 19th centuries, when the tsars began to notice that the West had made enormous strides they had not. They responded by forcing the largely illiterate peasant populations under their control to embark upon a Westernization and industrialization campaign. Using methods of coercion and inept central planning that were largely continued by the later [[Communists]], Peter the Great initiated a half-successful attempt to force 500+ years worth of social change in the space of a few generations. Although this approach eventually (under the Communists) produced a technologically advanced and literate population, it came at the cost of many millions of lives and a cultural legacy that persists to this day. |
==Peasant Revolts== | ==Peasant Revolts== |
Revision as of 10:52, 29 April 2007
A peasant, from fifteenth century French païsant meaning one from the pays, the countryside or region, (from Latin pagus, country district) is an agricultural worker with roots in the countryside in which he or she dwells, either working for others or, more specifically, owning or renting and working by his or her own labour a small plot of ground, in England a "cottager."
Background
Historically, peasant is a word for farmer. But in the world before the development of individual ownership, free trade and democracy to be a peasant meant to stay alive. All land was owned by various aristocracy or state govenments, and as the modern division of labor and industry had not developed, it was the way to have access to land to cultivate and to be able to eat. A peasant had to be a jack-of-all trades, handy at everything. Peasants depended on their land. (illustration, above right). Peasants lived within agricultural time; the "world-time," in Fernand Braudel's term, of politics and economics did not directly affect the peasant. Peasants typically made up the majority of the population. In modern society, where a market economy has taken root, the term may be more loosely referring to the traditionalist rural population where land is chiefly held by smallholders, peasant proprietors.
A rural peasant population differs enormously in its values and economic behavior from an urban worker population. Peasants tend to be more conservative than urbanites, and are often very loyal to inherited power structures that define their rights and privileges and protect them from interlopers, despite their generally lower status within them.
Peasant societies developeded strong social support networks. Especially in harder climates, members of the community who had a poor harvest or suffered some form of hardship often have been taken care of by the rest of the community. Loyalties and vengeance both ran very deep. Peasant communities can be difficult to access or understand by outsiders.
Peasant societies often have had very stratified social hierarchies within them.
Some commentary has been made that in a barter economy, peasants characteristically had a different attitude to work than peasants— or towndwellers— in a money economy would. Often such societies have been markedly less competative.
Fernand Braudel devoted the first volume of his major work, Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century to the largely silent and invisible world that existed below the market economy, in The Structures of Everyday Life.
Since the literate classes who left the most record tended to dismiss the peasants as figures of coarse appetite and rustic comedy, "peasant" may have had a pejorative rather than descriptive connotation in historical memory. However, it was not always that way; peasants were once viewed as pious and seen with respect and pride. Life was hard for peasants, but before technology and a money economy, life was hard for everyone. Society was theorized as organized in three "estates": those who work, those who pray and those who fight.
The position of the medieval European Peasant diverges
The relative position of Western European peasants greatly improved after the Black Death unsettled medieval Europe, granting far greater economic and political power to those peasants fortunate enough to survive the cataclysm. In the wake of this disruption to the established hierarchy, later centuries saw the invention of the original printing presses, widespread literacy and the enormous social and intellectual changes of the Enlightenment. This evolution of ideas in an environment of relatively widespread literacy laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution, which enabled mechanically and chemically augmented agricultural production while simultaneously increasing the demand for factory workers in cities. These factory workers with their low skill and easy replaceability quickly came to occupy the same socio-economic stratum as the original medieval peasants. The tension between the interests of these two groups forms an underlying context for much of the social and economic debate of the past century and a half. Unfortunately, much of this dialogue was exported to regions that were culturally very different from 19th/20th century Western Europe.
This is especially pronounced in Eastern Europe. Lacking any catalysts for sweeping change in the 14th century, the Eastern European peasants largely continued upon the original medieval path until the 18th and 19th centuries, when the tsars began to notice that the West had made enormous strides they had not. They responded by forcing the largely illiterate peasant populations under their control to embark upon a Westernization and industrialization campaign. Using methods of coercion and inept central planning that were largely continued by the later Communists, Peter the Great initiated a half-successful attempt to force 500+ years worth of social change in the space of a few generations. Although this approach eventually (under the Communists) produced a technologically advanced and literate population, it came at the cost of many millions of lives and a cultural legacy that persists to this day.
Peasant Revolts
Peasant, Peasants' or Popular is variously paired with Revolt, Uprising and War and may refer to (sorted chronologically):
- Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323-1328
- English peasants' revolt of 1381
- Slovenian peasant revolt of 1515
- German peasants war of 1524-1525
- Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt
- Swiss peasant war of 1653
- 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- The Journal of Peasant Studies, 1973 to the present
- Braudel, Fernand, The Structures of Everyday Life vol I of Civilization and Capitalism
- Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, Montaillou : The Promised Land of Error
- Mollat, Michael, The Poor in the Middle Ages, 1986.
- Kishlansky, Mark, Civilization in the West, fourth edition, 2001
External links
- Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (Princeton University Press, 1961).
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
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