Difference between revisions of "Napoleon II" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, Duke of Reichstadt''' (March 20, 1811 – July 22, 1832) was the son of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] and his second wife, [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Marie Louise of Austria]], daughter of Francis I, emperor of Austria. Known from birth as the '''King of Rome''', he was styled as ''His Majesty the [[King of the Romans|King of Rome]]'', which Napoleon I declared was the [[courtesy title]] of the [[heir-apparent]] following the custom of the Roman Emperors. He was named the second [[Emperor of the French]] after Napoleon's abdication on April 6, 1813 but this was not recognized and Napoleon continued as Emperor. During his exile on Elba, Napoleon retained the title even though the French Chamber of Deputies appointed [[Louis XVIII]] as a constitutional monarch with the title "King of the French" rather than "king of France". The [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)]] prohibited any child of Napoleon I from ruling France but ceded the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Placentia, and the Duchy of Guastalla to Empress Marie-Louise, who was also allowed to retain her imperial title. Her son would become hereditary Prince of Parma. On March 1, 1815, Napoleon reclaimed his Empire on March 1st 1915, then ruled for 100 days until his defeat at the [[Battle of Waterloo]]. After accepting defeat, he again named his son as Emperor. Following Waterloo, the Empress was confirmed as ruler of Parma but the victors stipulated that Napoleon II would have no role in governance. | + | '''Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, Duke of Reichstadt''' (March 20, 1811 – July 22, 1832) was the son of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] and his second wife, [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Marie Louise of Austria]], daughter of Francis I, emperor of Austria. Known from birth as the '''King of Rome''', he was styled as ''His Majesty the [[King of the Romans|King of Rome]]'', which Napoleon I declared was the [[courtesy title]] of the [[heir-apparent]] following the custom of the Roman Emperors. He was named the second [[Emperor of the French]] after Napoleon's abdication on April 6, 1813 but this was not recognized and Napoleon continued as Emperor. During his exile on Elba, Napoleon retained the title even though the French Chamber of Deputies appointed [[Louis XVIII]] as a constitutional monarch with the title "King of the French" rather than "king of France". The [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)]] (April 11th, 1814) prohibited any child of Napoleon I from ruling France but ceded the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Placentia, and the Duchy of Guastalla to Empress Marie-Louise, who was also allowed to retain her imperial title. Her son would become hereditary Prince of Parma. On March 1, 1815, Napoleon reclaimed his Empire on March 1st 1915, then ruled for 100 days until his defeat at the [[Battle of Waterloo]]. After accepting defeat, he again named his son as Emperor. Following Waterloo, the Empress was confirmed as ruler of Parma but the victors stipulated that Napoleon II would have no role in governance, or succeed her. When this was confirmed by the Treaty of Paris of 1817, his maternal grandfather compensated Napoleon II by creating him Duke of Reichstadt, a titular dukedom with a pension but no power. The victors of Waterloo were determined to prevent a repetition of a Bonaparte led imperial project and feared that Napoleon II had inherited his father's military ambitions. Napoleon II's titular reign as Emperor is dated from June 22 until July 7 1815. Already more or less a hostage at the Austrian court, where his mother had taken him in 1814 , he became a diplomatic weapon in the hands of the Chancellor, Prince [[Metternich, Klemens von|Prince Metternich]] against the French kings, whom he threatened he could replace with Napoleon I's son. When Napoleon I's nepehew became Emperor in 1852, his adoption of the title Napoleon III confirmed the legitimacy, as least as far as the the Bonapartes were concerned, of Napoleon II's reign. On the one hand, it can be argued that Napoleon II was not a significant actor in terms of making history, and can be dismissed as of little importance. On the other hand, as long as he lived, he possessed what some saw as legitimate claims to sovereignty over various territories, so much so that both his name and his claims were never far from the mind of European leaders as they vied to promote their own interests over and against others'. He may not have been central to European politics in the post-Napoleonic era, yet as long as he lived, his claims represented one factor that had to be considered. |
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| − | Three years after | + | Three years after Napoleon François birth in [[Paris]], the [[First French Empire]] — to which he was heir — collapsed, and Napoleon abdicated for the first time in favor of his infant son, who was taken by the empress to [[Château de Blois]] in April 1814. The Treat of Fontainebleau allowed Napoleon, who was to go into exile on Elba, to retain his imperial title but confirmed that he had relinquished power. Under a new constitution, France appointed Louis XVIII as "king of the French". In February, 1815 Napoleon embarked on his final bid to regain power. Reclaiming his right to rule, he started what history describes as his final 100 days on March I, 1815. Louis XVIII fled from [[Paris]]. Now estranged from her husband, Empress Marie-Louise (whose right to retain the title "Empress" had also been granted at Fontainebleau, refused to join him in Paris or to allow her son to do so. In 1815, after his defeat at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]], Napoleon again abdicated in favor of his son, whom he had not seen since his exile to [[Elba]]. It was only in the confusion that followed the definitive end of the Napoleonic era as Europe's borders were reshaped and new governments installed in some states that Napoleon II enjoyed some recognition as Emperor of France. In reality, he was only ever a pretender. The Chamber of Representatives and Chamber of Peers did recognize him as Emperor from the moment of his father's abdication (June 22, 1815) even though he was absent from France but the entrance of the Allies into Paris on July 7 ended even the fiction that Napoleon II was Emperor of France. |
| + | |||
| + | ===Austrian Exile=== | ||
| + | After 1815, the young prince, now known as "Franz," after his maternal grandfather, rather than as "Napoleon," was a virtual captive in [[Austria]] where his mother had taken him for safety. He was awarded the title of [[Duke of Reichstadt]] in 1818 after the Treaty of Paris (1817) reversed the earlier decision that he would inherit the Duchy of Parma, and other duchies, from his mother with the hereditary title of "Prince of Parma". In Austria, he was kept more or less as a hostage. He was educated and given military training but the latter may have contributed to the policy of denying him any exercise of power. His tutors reported that his personality had a military, or warlike disposition, which may well have influenced Metternich's decision to block - even if at times he appeared to support - a possible restoration of his rule. When Louis died in 1824, he was succeeded in 1824 by his younger brother, Charles, against the claims of Napoleon II, although these were vigorously championed by his supporters. Napoleon's claims were also championed by some supporters of [[Italy|Italian]] unification, calling for his recognition as king of a united Italy. This was based partly on his honorific title "king of Rome", partly on his claim to Parma but also the fact that Napoleon I had ruled Italy between 1802 and 1814 (with Naples under Bonaparte rule until 1815). When the [[French Revolution of 1830]] toppled Charles, it seemed to the Bonaparte faction that this time Napoleon II might assume power. Initially, Metternich seemed to support this but when pressed by ..... to allow Napoleon II to return to France under the imperial banner, he blocked this ".<ref>Metternich, Klemens von. 1970. "Metternich on Modena, 1831", in ''Memoirs of Prince Meternich, 1830-1835''. Volume V. Translated by Gerard W. Smith. Classified and arranged by M.A. de Klinkowstrom. New York: Howard Fertig [http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/modena.htm Metternich on Modena, 1831]page 107. Retrieved May 9, 2008. </ref>. Metternich's great fear was anarchy and he believed that a Bonaparte restoration in either France or Italy would result in civil war or conflict, which he wanted to avoid: | ||
| + | |||
| + | :We know the movement in Italy is a Bonapartist one. We are resolved to resist it. The Emperor owes so much to his empire, and to all that is yet left standing in Europe. By this determination we at the same time render the most signal service to King Louis Philippe. If, on the simplest showing, there was an incompatibility between his existence and that of a subordinate member of the Bonapartist family on a throne contiguous to weak and feeble France, how much more real does that incompatibility become in view of an Italy placed beneath the sceptre of Napoleon II! Yet this is the direct object of the party of anarchy; against which we are still struggling.<ref>Metternich, op cit page 104</ref> | ||
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| + | Writing to Mettenich begging him to support Napoleon II's succession to Charles X, Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte argued that Europe's leading states would all benefit: | ||
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| + | :The branches of the House of Spain and Naples could offer no opposition to the viewers of the French and Austrian Cabinets when thus united; Italy would remain firm in her allegiance; Germany would prove no source of danger; the new King of England would gladly efface, by a recognition of Napoleon II., the shame incurred by the Government of his country through its conduct to the dying Emperor Napoleon; the successor of Alexander cannot be insensible of the regret manifested, towards the end of his life, by that Prince, for having been instrumental to the scheme of recalling the Bourbons into France; Prussia cannot be desirous of a new revolution in France, knowing as she does that she would be the first to feel the effects of it, and the other Powers cannot have forgotten her conduct during the first war of the Revolution.<ref>Bonaparte, Joseph Napoleon "Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte to Metternich (letter); Point Breye, October 9, 1830" in Metternich. 1970 page 109.</ref>. | ||
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| − | + | Indeed, "Napoleon II., entering France under the national colours, and guided by a man whose entire love and devotion to his country are well known, is the only person who can hinder the usurpation of the Duke of Orleans, who, having been called to the throne neither by right of succession nor by the distinct and legitimate expression of the national will, can only maintain himself in power by flattering every party in turn, and yielding to the one that offers him the greatest chance of success, at the cost of whatever means. Napoleon would prevent republican agitations from making head in France, Italy, Spain and Germany. Napoleon, Emperor of the French, would be bound, by ties of gratitude, affection and political interests, to Austria, the only continental state with whom he would stand in a similar connection." <ref>ibid page 108-109.</ref> | |
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| − | + | ===Death=== | |
| + | While others championed his cause, Napoleon II himself spent much of his time exercising. Reportedly, he over-extended his physical abilities and consequently weakened his chest, which made him prone to [[tuberculosis]]. As agitation for his restoration in France, and support for his possible claims in Italy, reached their zenith in the early 1830s, his health was in serious decline. Pn July 22, 1832, Napoleon II died, presumably from tuberculosis. | ||
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==Death== | ==Death== | ||
| − | Napoleon II died of tuberculosis at [[Schönbrunn Palace]] in [[Vienna]] on July 22, 1832. Upon the death of his stepfather, Neipperg, and the revelation that his mother had borne two illegitimate children to him prior to their marriage, Franz said to his friend, Prokesch von Osten, "If [[Joséphine de Beauharnais|Josephine]] had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at [[Saint Helena]], and I should not be at Vienna. My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved".<ref>Markham, Felix, | + | Napoleon II died of tuberculosis at [[Schönbrunn Palace]] in [[Vienna]] on July 22, 1832. Upon the death of his stepfather, Neipperg, and the revelation that his mother had borne two illegitimate children to him prior to their marriage, Franz said to his friend, Prokesch von Osten, "If [[Joséphine de Beauharnais|Josephine]] had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at [[Saint Helena]], and I should not be at Vienna. My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved".<ref>Markham, Felix, p.249</ref> |
| − | |||
It has been suggested<ref>Altman, Gail S. Fatal Links: The Curious Deaths of Beethoven and the Two Napoleons (Paperback). Anubian Press (September 1999). ISBN 1-888071-02-8</ref> that his death was the result of deliberate lead or arsenic poisoning at the hands of agents of [[Metternich]]'s police state. | It has been suggested<ref>Altman, Gail S. Fatal Links: The Curious Deaths of Beethoven and the Two Napoleons (Paperback). Anubian Press (September 1999). ISBN 1-888071-02-8</ref> that his death was the result of deliberate lead or arsenic poisoning at the hands of agents of [[Metternich]]'s police state. | ||
| − | |||
| + | ==Legacy== | ||
| + | Napoleon II's was very close to [[Princess Sophie of Bavaria]] and it has been further suggested that he was the father to her son, the future ill-fated [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico]].<ref>''Maximilian and Carlota'' by Gene Smith, ISBN-10: 0245524185, ISBN-13: 978-0245524189</ref> | ||
| − | |||
In 1940, the remains of Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte were transferred from [[Vienna]] to the dome of [[Les Invalides]] in [[Paris]]. This was done as a gift to France from German dictator [[Adolf Hitler]]. The remains of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] were moved there in 1840. For some time, the young prince rested beside his father. | In 1940, the remains of Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte were transferred from [[Vienna]] to the dome of [[Les Invalides]] in [[Paris]]. This was done as a gift to France from German dictator [[Adolf Hitler]]. The remains of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]] were moved there in 1840. For some time, the young prince rested beside his father. | ||
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Revision as of 23:09, 9 May 2008
| Napoléon II | ||
|---|---|---|
| Emperor of the French King of Rome Duke of Reichstadt | ||
| ||
| Reign | 22 June-7 July 1815 | |
| Coronation | 22 June 1815 | |
| Full name | Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte | |
| Titles | King of Rome | |
| Born | 20 March 1811 | |
| Paris, France | ||
| Died | 22 July 1832 (aged 21) | |
| Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria | ||
| Predecessor | Napoleon I | |
| Successor | De Facto Louis XVIII De Jure Joseph Bonaparte | |
| Royal House | Bonaparte | |
| Father | Napoleon I of France | |
| Mother | Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma | |
Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, Duke of Reichstadt (March 20, 1811 – July 22, 1832) was the son of Napoleon Bonaparte and his second wife, Marie Louise of Austria, daughter of Francis I, emperor of Austria. Known from birth as the King of Rome, he was styled as His Majesty the King of Rome, which Napoleon I declared was the courtesy title of the heir-apparent following the custom of the Roman Emperors. He was named the second Emperor of the French after Napoleon's abdication on April 6, 1813 but this was not recognized and Napoleon continued as Emperor. During his exile on Elba, Napoleon retained the title even though the French Chamber of Deputies appointed Louis XVIII as a constitutional monarch with the title "King of the French" rather than "king of France". The Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) (April 11th, 1814) prohibited any child of Napoleon I from ruling France but ceded the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Placentia, and the Duchy of Guastalla to Empress Marie-Louise, who was also allowed to retain her imperial title. Her son would become hereditary Prince of Parma. On March 1, 1815, Napoleon reclaimed his Empire on March 1st 1915, then ruled for 100 days until his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. After accepting defeat, he again named his son as Emperor. Following Waterloo, the Empress was confirmed as ruler of Parma but the victors stipulated that Napoleon II would have no role in governance, or succeed her. When this was confirmed by the Treaty of Paris of 1817, his maternal grandfather compensated Napoleon II by creating him Duke of Reichstadt, a titular dukedom with a pension but no power. The victors of Waterloo were determined to prevent a repetition of a Bonaparte led imperial project and feared that Napoleon II had inherited his father's military ambitions. Napoleon II's titular reign as Emperor is dated from June 22 until July 7 1815. Already more or less a hostage at the Austrian court, where his mother had taken him in 1814 , he became a diplomatic weapon in the hands of the Chancellor, Prince Prince Metternich against the French kings, whom he threatened he could replace with Napoleon I's son. When Napoleon I's nepehew became Emperor in 1852, his adoption of the title Napoleon III confirmed the legitimacy, as least as far as the the Bonapartes were concerned, of Napoleon II's reign. On the one hand, it can be argued that Napoleon II was not a significant actor in terms of making history, and can be dismissed as of little importance. On the other hand, as long as he lived, he possessed what some saw as legitimate claims to sovereignty over various territories, so much so that both his name and his claims were never far from the mind of European leaders as they vied to promote their own interests over and against others'. He may not have been central to European politics in the post-Napoleonic era, yet as long as he lived, his claims represented one factor that had to be considered.
Biography
Three years after Napoleon François birth in Paris, the First French Empire — to which he was heir — collapsed, and Napoleon abdicated for the first time in favor of his infant son, who was taken by the empress to Château de Blois in April 1814. The Treat of Fontainebleau allowed Napoleon, who was to go into exile on Elba, to retain his imperial title but confirmed that he had relinquished power. Under a new constitution, France appointed Louis XVIII as "king of the French". In February, 1815 Napoleon embarked on his final bid to regain power. Reclaiming his right to rule, he started what history describes as his final 100 days on March I, 1815. Louis XVIII fled from Paris. Now estranged from her husband, Empress Marie-Louise (whose right to retain the title "Empress" had also been granted at Fontainebleau, refused to join him in Paris or to allow her son to do so. In 1815, after his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon again abdicated in favor of his son, whom he had not seen since his exile to Elba. It was only in the confusion that followed the definitive end of the Napoleonic era as Europe's borders were reshaped and new governments installed in some states that Napoleon II enjoyed some recognition as Emperor of France. In reality, he was only ever a pretender. The Chamber of Representatives and Chamber of Peers did recognize him as Emperor from the moment of his father's abdication (June 22, 1815) even though he was absent from France but the entrance of the Allies into Paris on July 7 ended even the fiction that Napoleon II was Emperor of France.
Austrian Exile
After 1815, the young prince, now known as "Franz," after his maternal grandfather, rather than as "Napoleon," was a virtual captive in Austria where his mother had taken him for safety. He was awarded the title of Duke of Reichstadt in 1818 after the Treaty of Paris (1817) reversed the earlier decision that he would inherit the Duchy of Parma, and other duchies, from his mother with the hereditary title of "Prince of Parma". In Austria, he was kept more or less as a hostage. He was educated and given military training but the latter may have contributed to the policy of denying him any exercise of power. His tutors reported that his personality had a military, or warlike disposition, which may well have influenced Metternich's decision to block - even if at times he appeared to support - a possible restoration of his rule. When Louis died in 1824, he was succeeded in 1824 by his younger brother, Charles, against the claims of Napoleon II, although these were vigorously championed by his supporters. Napoleon's claims were also championed by some supporters of Italian unification, calling for his recognition as king of a united Italy. This was based partly on his honorific title "king of Rome", partly on his claim to Parma but also the fact that Napoleon I had ruled Italy between 1802 and 1814 (with Naples under Bonaparte rule until 1815). When the French Revolution of 1830 toppled Charles, it seemed to the Bonaparte faction that this time Napoleon II might assume power. Initially, Metternich seemed to support this but when pressed by ..... to allow Napoleon II to return to France under the imperial banner, he blocked this ".[1]. Metternich's great fear was anarchy and he believed that a Bonaparte restoration in either France or Italy would result in civil war or conflict, which he wanted to avoid:
- We know the movement in Italy is a Bonapartist one. We are resolved to resist it. The Emperor owes so much to his empire, and to all that is yet left standing in Europe. By this determination we at the same time render the most signal service to King Louis Philippe. If, on the simplest showing, there was an incompatibility between his existence and that of a subordinate member of the Bonapartist family on a throne contiguous to weak and feeble France, how much more real does that incompatibility become in view of an Italy placed beneath the sceptre of Napoleon II! Yet this is the direct object of the party of anarchy; against which we are still struggling.[2]
Writing to Mettenich begging him to support Napoleon II's succession to Charles X, Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte argued that Europe's leading states would all benefit:
- The branches of the House of Spain and Naples could offer no opposition to the viewers of the French and Austrian Cabinets when thus united; Italy would remain firm in her allegiance; Germany would prove no source of danger; the new King of England would gladly efface, by a recognition of Napoleon II., the shame incurred by the Government of his country through its conduct to the dying Emperor Napoleon; the successor of Alexander cannot be insensible of the regret manifested, towards the end of his life, by that Prince, for having been instrumental to the scheme of recalling the Bourbons into France; Prussia cannot be desirous of a new revolution in France, knowing as she does that she would be the first to feel the effects of it, and the other Powers cannot have forgotten her conduct during the first war of the Revolution.[3].
Indeed, "Napoleon II., entering France under the national colours, and guided by a man whose entire love and devotion to his country are well known, is the only person who can hinder the usurpation of the Duke of Orleans, who, having been called to the throne neither by right of succession nor by the distinct and legitimate expression of the national will, can only maintain himself in power by flattering every party in turn, and yielding to the one that offers him the greatest chance of success, at the cost of whatever means. Napoleon would prevent republican agitations from making head in France, Italy, Spain and Germany. Napoleon, Emperor of the French, would be bound, by ties of gratitude, affection and political interests, to Austria, the only continental state with whom he would stand in a similar connection." [4]
Death
While others championed his cause, Napoleon II himself spent much of his time exercising. Reportedly, he over-extended his physical abilities and consequently weakened his chest, which made him prone to tuberculosis. As agitation for his restoration in France, and support for his possible claims in Italy, reached their zenith in the early 1830s, his health was in serious decline. Pn July 22, 1832, Napoleon II died, presumably from tuberculosis.
Death
Napoleon II died of tuberculosis at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna on July 22, 1832. Upon the death of his stepfather, Neipperg, and the revelation that his mother had borne two illegitimate children to him prior to their marriage, Franz said to his friend, Prokesch von Osten, "If Josephine had been my mother, my father would not have been buried at Saint Helena, and I should not be at Vienna. My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife my father deserved".[5] It has been suggested[6] that his death was the result of deliberate lead or arsenic poisoning at the hands of agents of Metternich's police state.
Legacy
Napoleon II's was very close to Princess Sophie of Bavaria and it has been further suggested that he was the father to her son, the future ill-fated Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico.[7]
In 1940, the remains of Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte were transferred from Vienna to the dome of Les Invalides in Paris. This was done as a gift to France from German dictator Adolf Hitler. The remains of Napoleon I were moved there in 1840. For some time, the young prince rested beside his father.
Later the remains of Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte were moved to the lower church. While most of his remains were transferred to Paris, his heart and intestines remained in Vienna. They are in Urn 42 in the "Heart Crypt" (Herzgruft) and his viscera are in Urn 76 of the Ducal Crypt.
Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte was also known as "The Eaglet" (L'Aiglon). Edmond Rostand wrote a play, L'Aiglon, about his life. Serbian composer Petar Stojanović composed an operetta "Napoleon II: Herzog von Reichstadt," which premiered in Vienna in the 1920s.
Publications
- Welschinger, Le roi de Rome, 1811-32, (Paris, 1897)
- Wertheimer, The Duke of Reichstadt, (London, 1905)
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Metternich, Klemens von. 1970. "Metternich on Modena, 1831", in Memoirs of Prince Meternich, 1830-1835. Volume V. Translated by Gerard W. Smith. Classified and arranged by M.A. de Klinkowstrom. New York: Howard Fertig Metternich on Modena, 1831page 107. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
- ↑ Metternich, op cit page 104
- ↑ Bonaparte, Joseph Napoleon "Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte to Metternich (letter); Point Breye, October 9, 1830" in Metternich. 1970 page 109.
- ↑ ibid page 108-109.
- ↑ Markham, Felix, p.249
- ↑ Altman, Gail S. Fatal Links: The Curious Deaths of Beethoven and the Two Napoleons (Paperback). Anubian Press (September 1999). ISBN 1-888071-02-8
- ↑ Maximilian and Carlota by Gene Smith, ISBN-10: 0245524185, ISBN-13: 978-0245524189
Ancestry
Template:Bonaparte
| 16. Sebastiano Nicolo Buonaparte | ||||||||||||||||
| 8. Giuseppe Maria Buonaparte | ||||||||||||||||
| 17. Maria-Anna Tusilo di Bocognano | ||||||||||||||||
| 4. Carlo Buonaparte | ||||||||||||||||
| 9. Maria-Saveria Paravicini | ||||||||||||||||
| 2. Napoleon I of France | ||||||||||||||||
| 10. Giovanni Geronimo Ramolino | ||||||||||||||||
| 5. Letizia Ramolino | ||||||||||||||||
| 11. Angela Maria Pietrasanta | ||||||||||||||||
| 1. Napoleon II of France | ||||||||||||||||
| 24. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| 12. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| 25. Maria Theresa of Austria | ||||||||||||||||
| 6. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| 26. Charles III of Spain | ||||||||||||||||
| 13. Maria Louisa of Spain | ||||||||||||||||
| 27. Maria Amalia of Saxony | ||||||||||||||||
| 3. Marie Louise of Austria | ||||||||||||||||
| 28. Charles III of Spain (= 26) | ||||||||||||||||
| 14. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies | ||||||||||||||||
| 29. Maria Amalia of Saxony (= 27) | ||||||||||||||||
| 7. Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies | ||||||||||||||||
| 30. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (= 24) | ||||||||||||||||
| 15. Marie Caroline of Austria | ||||||||||||||||
| 31. Maria Theresa of Austria (= 25) | ||||||||||||||||
| House of Bonaparte Born: 20 March 1811; Died: 22 July 1832 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Regnal Titles
| ||
| Preceded by: Napoleon I |
Emperor of the French 22 June – 7 July 1815 |
Succeeded by: Louis XVIII |
| Titles in pretence
| ||
| New Title Bourbon Restoration |
* NOT REIGNING * Emperor of the French (7 July 1815 – 22 July 1832) |
Succeeded by: Joseph Bonaparte |
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