Aflaq, Michel
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| + | '''Michel Aflaq''' ([[Arabic]]: ميشيل عفلق ''Mīšīl `Aflāq'') (1910 – June 23, 1989) was the ideological founder of [[Baathism|Ba’athism]], a form of secular [[Arab nationalism]]. | ||
| − | '' | + | The Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in 1945 as a left-wing, secular Arab nationalist political party. It has also been called the Arab Socialist Party. It functioned as a pan-Arab party with branches in different [[Arab]] countries, but was strongest in [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]], coming into power in both countries in 1963. In 1966 the Syrian and Iraqi parties split into two rival organizations. Both Ba'ath parties retained the same name and maintain parallel structures in the Arab world. |
| − | + | When the Ba'th Party came to power in Syria on March 8, 1963, it gained and held a monopoly on political power there. That same year, the Ba'thists gained control of Iraq and ran the country on two separate occasions, briefly in 1963, and then for a longer period lasting from July, 1968 until 2003. After the de facto deposition of President [[Saddam Hussein]]'s Ba'thist regime in the course of the 2003 [[Iraq war]], the invading [[United States Army]] banned the Iraqi Ba'th Party in June, 2003. | |
| − | + | The Arabic word Ba'th means "[[resurrection]]" as in the party's founder Michel Aflaq's published works ''On The Way Of Resurrection''. Ba'thist beliefs combine Arab Socialism, nationalism, and Pan-Arabism. The mainly secular ideology often contrasts with that of other Arab governments in the [[Middle East]], some which have leanings towards [[Islam]]ism and [[theocracy]]. | |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | The Arabic word Ba'th means "[[resurrection]]" as in the party's founder | + | Despite being recognized as the founder of the [[Ba'ath party]], Michel Aflaq had little connection to the government that took power in Syria under that name in 1963. He fell out of favor with the Syrian government was forced to flee to [[Iraq]] where another Ba’ath Party had taken power. While the Iraqi party also failed to follow most of Aflaq's teachings, he became a symbol for the regime of [[Saddam Hussein]] who claimed that Iraq was in fact the true Ba’athist country. Aflaq was given a token position as head of the party however his objections to the regime were often silenced and usually ignored. |
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| − | Despite being the founder of the [[Ba'ath party]], | ||
==Early Life== | ==Early Life== | ||
| − | Born in [[Damascus]] to a middle class [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] [[Christian]] family, Aflaq was first educated in the westernized schools of French mandate [[Syria]], where he was considered a "brilliant student." He then went to university at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] in [[Paris]], where he first developed his Arab nationalist ideals, eventually attempting to combine [[socialism]] with the vision of a Pan-Arab nation. In his political pursuits, Aflaq became committed to [[Arab unity]] and the freeing of the Middle East from Western colonialism. | + | Born in [[Damascus]] to a middle class [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] [[Christian]] family, Aflaq was first educated in the westernized schools of French mandate [[Syria]], where he was considered a "brilliant student." He then went to university at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] in [[Paris]], where he first developed his Arab nationalist ideals, eventually attempting to combine [[socialism]] with the vision of a Pan-Arab nation. In his political pursuits, Aflaq became committed to [[Arab unity]] and the freeing of the [[Middle East]] from Western [[colonialism]]. |
==Career== | ==Career== | ||
| − | Upon returning to the [[Middle East]], Aflaq became a school teacher and was active in political circles. In September 1940, after [[France]]'s defeat in [[World War II]], Michel Aflaq and [[Salah al-Din al-Bitar]] set up the nucleus of what was later to become the [[Baath Party|Ba’ath Party]]. | + | Upon returning to the [[Middle East]], Aflaq became a school teacher and was active in political circles. In September 1940, after [[France]]'s defeat in [[World War II]], Michel Aflaq and [[Salah al-Din al-Bitar]] set up the nucleus of what was later to become the [[Baath Party|Ba’ath Party]]. The first conference of the Ba’ath Party (in full, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party), was to be in 1947. |
In 1949, Aflaq served as [[Syria]]'s [[education]] minister for a short period. In 1952, he left Syria, escaping from the new regime, returning two years later in 1954. Aflaq went on to play an important role in the unity achieved between Syria and Egypt in 1958. | In 1949, Aflaq served as [[Syria]]'s [[education]] minister for a short period. In 1952, he left Syria, escaping from the new regime, returning two years later in 1954. Aflaq went on to play an important role in the unity achieved between Syria and Egypt in 1958. | ||
| − | + | Reportedly it was at this time that Aflaq first came into contact with the young Iraqi Ba’thist [[Saddam Hussein]] who had fled to Syria after participating in a failed assassination attempt on Iraqi [[Prime Minister]] [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]]. Aflaq is said to have formed a close relationship with Hussein and to have assisted him in his promotion to full party member. Although Aflaq later claimed that he did not meet Hussein until after 1963.<ref> Karsh, Efraim, and Inari Rautsi. ''Saddam Hussein a political biography''. New York: Free Press, 1991. pgs 18-19. ISBN 9780029170632</ref> | |
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| − | In his writings Aflaq had been stridently in favor of [[free speech]] and other human rights | + | In his writings Aflaq had been stridently in favor of [[free speech]] and other human rights as well as aid for the lower classes. He declared that the Arab nationalist state that he wanted to create should be a democracy. These ideals were never put in place by the regimes that used his ideology. Most scholars see [[Hafez al-Assad]]'s regime in [[Syria]] and Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq to have only employed Aflaq's ideology as a pretense for [[dictatorship]]. [[John Devlin]] in his article "The Baath Party: Rise and Metamorphosis" outlines how the parties became dominated by minority groups who came to dominate their society.<ref>Devlin, John F. "The Baath Party: Rise and Metamorphosis." ''The American Historical Review'', 96, 5, 1991. 1396–407.</ref> Noted scholar and author, [[Elizabeth Picard]], offers a different approach, arguing both Assad and Hussein used Ba’athism as a guise to set up what were in fact [[military dictatorship]]s.<ref>Heydemann, Steven. ''War, institutions, and social change in the Middle East''. Joint Committee on the Near and Middle East. California Digital Library. eScholarship. Internet Resource. English. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. 5 Editions. OCLC: 56798010</ref> |
==Death and Legacy== | ==Death and Legacy== | ||
| − | Upon his death in 1989 he was given a state funeral. The government of Iraq claimed that on his death he converted to [[Islam]]. A tomb was built for him in [[Baghdad | + | Upon his death in 1989 he was given a state funeral. The government of Iraq claimed that on his death he converted to [[Islam]]. A tomb was built for him in [[Baghdad]] and, according to propaganda as part of the Hussein’s continuing policy of using Aflaq’s name to promote his own political purposes, paid for by Saddam Hussein personally.<ref>''Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography,'' p. 18-19.</ref> The tomb, widely regarded as a work of great artistic merit, designed by Iraqi artist Chadagee, was located on the western grounds of the Ba'ath Party Pan-Arab Headquarters, at the intersection of al-Kindi Street and the Qādisiyyah Expressway overpass. That area is located at the far western end of the [[United States]] military Base Union III in Baghdad's [[Green Zone]]. Although there were rumors and accusations that his tomb was destroyed during the war 2003 Iraq War, the burial chamber and building above it were left untouched. Its blue-tiled dome can be seen above the concrete T-walls surrounding the Camp's perimeter. |
== Quotes == | == Quotes == | ||
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* "A day will come when the nationalists will find themselves the only defenders of Islam. They will have to give a special meaning to it if they want the Arab nation to have a good reason for survival." (In memory of the Arab Prophet, 1 April, 1943) | * "A day will come when the nationalists will find themselves the only defenders of Islam. They will have to give a special meaning to it if they want the Arab nation to have a good reason for survival." (In memory of the Arab Prophet, 1 April, 1943) | ||
| + | * "The connection of Islam to Arabism is not, therefore, similar to that of any religion to any nationalism. The Arab Christians, when their nationalism is fully awakened and when they restore their genuine character, will recognize that Islam for them is nationalist education in which they have to be absorbed in order to understand and love it to the extent that they become concerned about Islam as about the most precious thing in their Arabism. If the actual reality is still far from this wish, the new generation of Arab Christians has a task which it should perform with daring and detachment, sacrificing for it their pride and benefits, for there is nothing that equals Arabism and the honor of belonging to it." (In memory of the Arab Prophet – April, 1943) | ||
| − | * | + | ==Further reading== |
| + | * Aflaq, Michel. ''Choice of texts from the Baʻth Party founder's thought''. English. S.l.: s.n., 1977. OCLC: 4531856 | ||
| + | * Aflaq, Michel. ʻAbd al-Amīr Aʻsam; Nūrī Najm Mūsawī; Sindus ʻAbbās; ''al-Ustādh Aḥmad Mīshāl ʻAflaq faylasūfan wa-mufakkiran: al-nadwah al-ʻArabīyah ʻan al-qāʼid al-muʼassas fī dhikrat al-ʻāshirah fī Bayt al-Ḥikmah, Qism al-Dirāsāt al-Falsafīyah, bi-ishtirāk maʻa al-aqsām al-ukhrá fī 27 Ḥazīrān 1999''. Arabic. Baghdād: Bayt al-Ḥikmah, Qism al-Dirāsāt al-Falsafīyah, 1999. Edition: al-Ṭabʻah 1. OCLC: 43949396 | ||
| + | * Aflaq, Michel. ''Auszüge aus Reden, Erklärungen und Interviews''. German. S.l.: s.n.; 1978. OCLC: 61581707 | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| − | *Kedourie, Sylvia. ''Arab nationalism an anthology''. Berkeley: University of California Press 1976. ISBN 9780520030435 | + | * Devlin, John F. ''The Baʻth Party: a history from its origins to 1966''. English. Stanford, CA.: Hoover Institution Press, 1976. OCLC: 2535140 |
| − | *Reich, Bernard. ''Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa a biographical dictionary''. New York: Greenwood Press 1990. ISBN 9780313262135 | + | * Kedourie, Sylvia. ''Arab nationalism an anthology''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. ISBN 9780520030435 |
| − | *Schaffer, David. ''Iraq''. San Diego: Greenhaven Press 2004. ISBN 9780737716610 | + | * Reich, Bernard. ''Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa a biographical dictionary''. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. ISBN 9780313262135 |
| + | * Schaffer, David. ''Iraq''. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. ISBN 9780737716610 | ||
== External links== | == External links== | ||
| + | All links retrieved November 9, 2022. | ||
| + | * [http://hdiggity.blogspot.com/2006/05/foosball-and-baathism.html Foosball and Baathism] Article about Aflaq's tomb | ||
| + | * [http://albaath.online.fr/ The five volumes of Michel Aflaq's "On The Way Of Resurrection" (Fi Sabil al Baath)''in Arabic''] | ||
| − | + | [[Category:Biography]] | |
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[[category:history]] | [[category:history]] | ||
[[Category:Philosophers]] | [[Category:Philosophers]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:09, 9 November 2022
Michel Aflaq (Arabic: ميشيل عفلق Mīšīl `Aflāq) (1910 – June 23, 1989) was the ideological founder of Ba’athism, a form of secular Arab nationalism.
The Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in 1945 as a left-wing, secular Arab nationalist political party. It has also been called the Arab Socialist Party. It functioned as a pan-Arab party with branches in different Arab countries, but was strongest in Syria and Iraq, coming into power in both countries in 1963. In 1966 the Syrian and Iraqi parties split into two rival organizations. Both Ba'ath parties retained the same name and maintain parallel structures in the Arab world.
When the Ba'th Party came to power in Syria on March 8, 1963, it gained and held a monopoly on political power there. That same year, the Ba'thists gained control of Iraq and ran the country on two separate occasions, briefly in 1963, and then for a longer period lasting from July, 1968 until 2003. After the de facto deposition of President Saddam Hussein's Ba'thist regime in the course of the 2003 Iraq war, the invading United States Army banned the Iraqi Ba'th Party in June, 2003.
The Arabic word Ba'th means "resurrection" as in the party's founder Michel Aflaq's published works On The Way Of Resurrection. Ba'thist beliefs combine Arab Socialism, nationalism, and Pan-Arabism. The mainly secular ideology often contrasts with that of other Arab governments in the Middle East, some which have leanings towards Islamism and theocracy.
Despite being recognized as the founder of the Ba'ath party, Michel Aflaq had little connection to the government that took power in Syria under that name in 1963. He fell out of favor with the Syrian government was forced to flee to Iraq where another Ba’ath Party had taken power. While the Iraqi party also failed to follow most of Aflaq's teachings, he became a symbol for the regime of Saddam Hussein who claimed that Iraq was in fact the true Ba’athist country. Aflaq was given a token position as head of the party however his objections to the regime were often silenced and usually ignored.
Early Life
Born in Damascus to a middle class Greek Orthodox Christian family, Aflaq was first educated in the westernized schools of French mandate Syria, where he was considered a "brilliant student." He then went to university at the Sorbonne in Paris, where he first developed his Arab nationalist ideals, eventually attempting to combine socialism with the vision of a Pan-Arab nation. In his political pursuits, Aflaq became committed to Arab unity and the freeing of the Middle East from Western colonialism.
Career
Upon returning to the Middle East, Aflaq became a school teacher and was active in political circles. In September 1940, after France's defeat in World War II, Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar set up the nucleus of what was later to become the Ba’ath Party. The first conference of the Ba’ath Party (in full, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party), was to be in 1947.
In 1949, Aflaq served as Syria's education minister for a short period. In 1952, he left Syria, escaping from the new regime, returning two years later in 1954. Aflaq went on to play an important role in the unity achieved between Syria and Egypt in 1958.
Reportedly it was at this time that Aflaq first came into contact with the young Iraqi Ba’thist Saddam Hussein who had fled to Syria after participating in a failed assassination attempt on Iraqi Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim. Aflaq is said to have formed a close relationship with Hussein and to have assisted him in his promotion to full party member. Although Aflaq later claimed that he did not meet Hussein until after 1963.[1]
In his writings Aflaq had been stridently in favor of free speech and other human rights as well as aid for the lower classes. He declared that the Arab nationalist state that he wanted to create should be a democracy. These ideals were never put in place by the regimes that used his ideology. Most scholars see Hafez al-Assad's regime in Syria and Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq to have only employed Aflaq's ideology as a pretense for dictatorship. John Devlin in his article "The Baath Party: Rise and Metamorphosis" outlines how the parties became dominated by minority groups who came to dominate their society.[2] Noted scholar and author, Elizabeth Picard, offers a different approach, arguing both Assad and Hussein used Ba’athism as a guise to set up what were in fact military dictatorships.[3]
Death and Legacy
Upon his death in 1989 he was given a state funeral. The government of Iraq claimed that on his death he converted to Islam. A tomb was built for him in Baghdad and, according to propaganda as part of the Hussein’s continuing policy of using Aflaq’s name to promote his own political purposes, paid for by Saddam Hussein personally.[4] The tomb, widely regarded as a work of great artistic merit, designed by Iraqi artist Chadagee, was located on the western grounds of the Ba'ath Party Pan-Arab Headquarters, at the intersection of al-Kindi Street and the Qādisiyyah Expressway overpass. That area is located at the far western end of the United States military Base Union III in Baghdad's Green Zone. Although there were rumors and accusations that his tomb was destroyed during the war 2003 Iraq War, the burial chamber and building above it were left untouched. Its blue-tiled dome can be seen above the concrete T-walls surrounding the Camp's perimeter.
Quotes
- "A day will come when the nationalists will find themselves the only defenders of Islam. They will have to give a special meaning to it if they want the Arab nation to have a good reason for survival." (In memory of the Arab Prophet, 1 April, 1943)
- "The connection of Islam to Arabism is not, therefore, similar to that of any religion to any nationalism. The Arab Christians, when their nationalism is fully awakened and when they restore their genuine character, will recognize that Islam for them is nationalist education in which they have to be absorbed in order to understand and love it to the extent that they become concerned about Islam as about the most precious thing in their Arabism. If the actual reality is still far from this wish, the new generation of Arab Christians has a task which it should perform with daring and detachment, sacrificing for it their pride and benefits, for there is nothing that equals Arabism and the honor of belonging to it." (In memory of the Arab Prophet – April, 1943)
Further reading
- Aflaq, Michel. Choice of texts from the Baʻth Party founder's thought. English. S.l.: s.n., 1977. OCLC: 4531856
- Aflaq, Michel. ʻAbd al-Amīr Aʻsam; Nūrī Najm Mūsawī; Sindus ʻAbbās; al-Ustādh Aḥmad Mīshāl ʻAflaq faylasūfan wa-mufakkiran: al-nadwah al-ʻArabīyah ʻan al-qāʼid al-muʼassas fī dhikrat al-ʻāshirah fī Bayt al-Ḥikmah, Qism al-Dirāsāt al-Falsafīyah, bi-ishtirāk maʻa al-aqsām al-ukhrá fī 27 Ḥazīrān 1999. Arabic. Baghdād: Bayt al-Ḥikmah, Qism al-Dirāsāt al-Falsafīyah, 1999. Edition: al-Ṭabʻah 1. OCLC: 43949396
- Aflaq, Michel. Auszüge aus Reden, Erklärungen und Interviews. German. S.l.: s.n.; 1978. OCLC: 61581707
Notes
- ↑ Karsh, Efraim, and Inari Rautsi. Saddam Hussein a political biography. New York: Free Press, 1991. pgs 18-19. ISBN 9780029170632
- ↑ Devlin, John F. "The Baath Party: Rise and Metamorphosis." The American Historical Review, 96, 5, 1991. 1396–407.
- ↑ Heydemann, Steven. War, institutions, and social change in the Middle East. Joint Committee on the Near and Middle East. California Digital Library. eScholarship. Internet Resource. English. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. 5 Editions. OCLC: 56798010
- ↑ Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography, p. 18-19.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Devlin, John F. The Baʻth Party: a history from its origins to 1966. English. Stanford, CA.: Hoover Institution Press, 1976. OCLC: 2535140
- Kedourie, Sylvia. Arab nationalism an anthology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. ISBN 9780520030435
- Reich, Bernard. Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa a biographical dictionary. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. ISBN 9780313262135
- Schaffer, David. Iraq. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. ISBN 9780737716610
External links
All links retrieved November 9, 2022.
- Foosball and Baathism Article about Aflaq's tomb
- The five volumes of Michel Aflaq's "On The Way Of Resurrection" (Fi Sabil al Baath)in Arabic
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