Lunda Empire

The Kingdom of Lunda (c. 1665-1887), also known as the Lunda Empire was a pre-colonial African confederation of states in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, north-eastern Angola and northwestern Zambia. Its central state was in Katanga.

Origin

Lunda shown in the lower middle of map

Initially the core of what would become the Lunda Empire a simple village called a "gaand" in the KiLunda language. It was ruled over by a king called the Mwaanta Gaand or Mwaantaangaand. One of these rulers, Ilunga Tshibinda came from the kingdom of Luba where his brother ruled and married a princess from an area to the south. Their son became the first paramount ruler of the Luunda creating the title of Mwanta Yaav, which bears his name.

Apex

The Lunda Kingdom controlled some 150,000 square kilometers by 1680. The state doubled in size to around 300,000 square kilometers at its height in the 19th century. The Mwata Yamvos of Lunda became powerful militarily from their base of 175,000 inhabitants. Through marriage with descendants of the Luba kings, they gained political ties. The Lunda people were able to settle and colonialize other areas and tribes, thus extending their empire through southwest Katanga into Angola and north-western Zambia, and eastwards across Katanga into what is now the Luapula Province of Zambia. The kingdom became a confederation of a number of chieftainships which enjoyed a degree of local autonomy (as long as tributes were paid), with Mwata Yamvo as paramount ruler, and a ruling council (following the Luba model) to assist with administration.

The strength and prosperity of the kingdom enabled its military and ruling classes to conquer other tribes, especially to the East. In the 18th Century a number of migrations took place as far as the region to the south of Lake Tanganyika. The Bemba people of Northern Zambia descended from Luba migrants who arrived in Zambia throughout the 17th century. At the same time, a Lunda chief and warrior called Mwata Kazembe set up an Eastern Lunda kingdom in the valley of the Luapula River.

Collapse

The kingdom of Lunda came to an end in the 19th century when it was invaded by the Chokwe who were armed with guns. The Chokwe then established their own kingdom with their language and customs. Lunda chiefs and people continued to live in the Lunda heartland but were diminished in power.

At the start of the colonial era (1884) the Lunda heartland was divided between Portuguese Angola, King Leopold II of Belgium's Congo Free State and the British in North-Western Rhodesia, which became Angola, DR Congo and Zambia respectively.

The following is a list of the Rulers of the Lunda Empire. The Lunda Empire was a pre-colonial Central African state centered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo whose sphere of influence stretched into Angola and Zambia. The Lunda were initially ruled by kings with the title Mwaantaangaand meaning "owners of the land". This later became "Mwaantayaav" or "Mwaant Yaav" with the rise of Mbala I Yaav.

Mwaantaangaand of Lunda Kingdom

• Nkonda Matit (ruled late 16th century)
• Cibind Yirung (ruled c. 1600-c. 1630)
• Yaav I a Yirung (ruled c. 1630-c. 1660)
• Yaav II a Nawej (ruled c. 1660-c. 1690)

Mwaant Yaav of Lunda Empire

• Mbala I Yaav (ruled c. 1690-c. 1720)
• Mukaz Munying Kabalond (ruled c. 1720)
• Muteba I Kat Kateng (ruled c. 1720-c. 1750)
• Mukaz Waranankong (ruled c. 1750-c. 1767)
• Nawej Mufa Muchimbunj (ruled c. 1767-c. 1775)
• Cikombe Yaava (ruled c. 1775-c. 1800)
• Nawej II Ditend (ruled c. 1800-1852)
• Mulaj a Namwan (ruled 1852-1857)
• Cakasekene Naweej (ruled 1857)
• Muteba II a Cikombe (ruled 1857-1873)
• Mbala II a Kamong Isot (ruled 1873-1874)
• Mbumb I Muteba Kat (ruled 1874-1883)
• Cimbindu a Kasang (ruled 1883-1884)
• Kangapu Nawej (ruled 1884-1885)
• Mudib (ruled 1885-1886)
• Mutand Mukaz (ruled 1886-1887)
• Mbala III a Kalong (ruled 1887)

Mwaant Yaav under the Congo Free State

• Mushidi I a Nambing (ruled 1887-1907)
• Muteba III a Kasang (ruled 1907-1908)

Mwaant Yaav under the Belgian Congo

• Muteba III a Kasang cont. (ruled 1908-1920)
• Kaumba (ruled 1920-1951)
• Yaav a Nawej III (ruled 1951-1960)

Mwaant Yaav under Katanga

• Yaav a Nawej III cont. (ruled 1960-1962)

Mwaant Yaav under Republic of Congo

• Yaav a Nawej III cont. (ruled 1962-1963)
• Mushidi II Kawel a Kamin (ruled 1963-1964)
• Mushidi II Kawel a Kamin (ruled 1964-1965 )
• Muteb II Mushidi cont. (ruled 1965-1971)

Mwaant Yaav under Zaire

• Muteb II Mushidi cont. (ruled 1971-1973)
• Mbumb II Muteb (ruled 1973-1997)

Mwaant Yaav under Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Mbumb II Muteb cont. (ruled 1997- current)

See also

• List of Rulers of the Lunda Empire
• Luba Empire
• History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
• History of Angola
• History of Zambia

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

1. Pogge, Im Reich des Muata Jamwo (Berl. 1880);
2. Buchner, Das Reich des Muata Jamwo (in "Deutsche Geographische Blätter", Brem. 1883

Sources

• Thornton, John (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 340 Pages. ISBN 0-52162-724-9. 

Further reading

• LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 1989f "Lunda and Chokwe Kingdoms" IN Country Study: Angola (October 2005) [www] http://lcweb2.loc.gov
• Art and Life in Africa Project, The University of Iowa School of Art and Art History: "Lunda Information." http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart 03 Nov. 1998.

de:Lunda (Königreich) fr:Royaume Lunda sw:Ufalme wa Lunda yo:Lunda

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