Difference between revisions of "Lilium" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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{{otheruses}}
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{{redirect6|Lily|information about "Lily" as a human name|Lily (name)|other uses|Lily (disambiguation)}}
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{{redirect|Lilies}}
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{{taxobox
 +
|name = ''Lilium''
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|image = LiliumBulbiferumCroceumBologna.jpg
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|image_caption = Flora ''Lilium bulbiferum'' ssp. ''croceum''
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
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|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
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|ordo = [[Liliales]]
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|familia = [[Liliaceae]]
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|genus = '''''Lilium'''''
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|genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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|subdivision_ranks = Species
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|subdivision = See text
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|}}
  
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{{redirect|Lily}}
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The [[genus]] '''''Lilium''''' are [[herbaceous]] flowering plants normally growing from [[bulb]]s. They comprise a genus of about 110 [[species]] in the lily family, [[Liliaceae]]. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants. They are important culturally and in literature in much of the world.
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{{redirect|Lilies}}
 
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{{Taxobox
 
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| color = lightgreen
 
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| name = ''Lilium''
 
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| image = 2000px_lillium_michiganese.jpg
 
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| image_width = 240px
 
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| image_caption = ''Lilium michiganense (Michigan lilies)''
 
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
 
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| classis = [[monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
 
−
| ordo = [[Liliales]]
 
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| familia = [[Liliaceae]]
 
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| genus = '''''Lilium'''''
 
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
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| subdivision = See text
 
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}}
 
  
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The [[genus]] '''''Lilium''''' are [[herbaceous]] flowering plants normally growing from [[bulb]]s, comprising a genus of about 110 [[species]] in the lily family, [[Liliaceae]]. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants, and in literature. Some of the bulbs have been consumed by people. The species in this genus are the true lilies, while other plants with lily in the common name are related to other groups of plants.
+
Some species are sometimes grown or harvested for the edible bulbs.  
 +
 +
The species in this genus are the true lilies. Many other plants exist with "lily" in the common English name, some of which are quite unrelated to the true lilies.
  
 
==Range==
 
==Range==
−
Lilies are native to the northern temperate regions. Their range in the [[Old World]] extends across much of [[Europe]], the north [[Mediterranean]], across most of [[Asia]] to [[Japan]], south to the [[Nilgiri]] mountains in [[India]], and south to the [[Philippines]]. In the [[New World]] they extend from southern [[Canada]] through much of the [[United States]].  
+
The range of liles in the [[Old World]] extends across much of [[Europe]], the north [[Mediterranean region]], across most of [[Asia]] to [[Japan]], south to the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiri]] mountains in [[India]], and south to the [[Philippines]]. In the [[New World]] they extend from southern [[Canada]] through much of the [[United States]].
  
−
They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often [[mountain|montane]], or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an [[epiphyte]] ''(L. arboricola)''. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
+
They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often [[mountain|montane]], or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an [[epiphyte]] (''L. arboricola''). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
  
 
==Botany==
 
==Botany==
−
Lilies are usually erect leafy stemmed herbs. The majority of species form naked or tunic-less scaly underground [[bulb]]s from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into [[rhizome]]s, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop [[stolon]]s. A few species form bulbs at or near the soil surface .
+
[[Image:Lily Lilium 'Citronella' Flower 2578px.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Lilium 'Citronella']]
 +
Lilies are leafy stemmed herbs. They form naked or tunic-less scaly underground [[bulb]]s from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into [[rhizome]]s, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop [[stolon]]s. A few species form near the soil surface.
  
 
Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out [[adventitious]] roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.  
 
Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out [[adventitious]] roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.  
  
−
The large [[flower]]s have three [[petals]] along with three petal-like [[sepal]]s, often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds, purples, bronze and even nearly black.  Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees.  
+
Most species are [[deciduous]], but a few species (''[[Lilium candidum]]'', ''[[Lilium catesbaei]]'') bear a basal rosette of leaves during dormancy.  
  
−
The plants are summer flowering.  Most species are [[deciduous]], but ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' bears a basal rosette of leaves for much of the year. Flowers are formed at the top of a single erect stem, with leaves being borne at intervals up the stem.
+
[[Seed]]s ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.  
  
−
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include ''[[Cardiocrinum]]'' and ''[[Nomocharis]]''.
+
The large [[flower]]s have six [[tepal]]s, are often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees. The plants are summer flowering.
 +
 
 +
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include ''[[Cardiocrinum]]'', ''[[Notholirion]]'', ''[[Nomocharis]]'' and some ''[[Fritillaria]]''.
  
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
−
 
+
====Section Martagon====
−
<ref>Taxonomical division in sections follows: Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium." Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86-105.</ref>, <ref>Taxonomy basically from: [http://www.kew.org/wcsp/home.do Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/] Retrieved December 10, 2007.</ref>, <ref>Taxonomy of Section ''Pseudolirium'' from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Online] Retrieved December 10, 2007.</ref>, <ref>Taxonomy of Section ''Liriotypus'' in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: ''Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences'', in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007)</ref>, <ref>Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 Online] Retrieved December 10, 2007.</ref>, <ref>Taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion'' in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: ''Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA'', in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46</ref>, <ref>Taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion'' in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: ''Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA'', in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
==== Section Martagon ====
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
| [[Image:Lilium_distichum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium distichum]]''
+
| [[Image:Lilium distichum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium distichum]]''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Image:Hanson's Lily Lilium hansonii Flowers 1842px.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium hansonii]]''
 
| [[Image:Hanson's Lily Lilium hansonii Flowers 1842px.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium hansonii]]''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || ''[[Lilium martagon]]'' || Martagon or Turk's cap lily
+
| [[Image:Lil martagon var cattaniae 01Infl Griechenland Rhodopen 16 07 01.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium martagon]]'' || Martagon or Turk's cap lily
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Image:Lilium_medeoloides1SHSU.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium medeoloides]]''
+
| [[Image:Lilium medeoloides 220708.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Lilium medeoloides]]''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Image:Lilium tsingtauense.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium tsingtauense]]''
 
| [[Image:Lilium tsingtauense.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium tsingtauense]]''
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|}
 
|}
  
−
==== Section Pseudolirium ====
+
====Section Pseudolirium====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
| [[Image:Lilium bolanderi.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium bolanderi]]''
 
| [[Image:Lilium bolanderi.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium bolanderi]]''
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| [[Image:Lilium rubescens edit.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium rubescens]]''
 
| [[Image:Lilium rubescens edit.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium rubescens]]''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Image:Lilium washingtonianum 3.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium washingtonianum]]'' || Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily
+
| [[Image:Lilium washingtonianum 3.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium washingtonianum]]'' || Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Image:Lilium kelleyanum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium kelleyanum]]''
 
| [[Image:Lilium kelleyanum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium kelleyanum]]''
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| || ''[[Lilium pyrophilum]]''
 
| || ''[[Lilium pyrophilum]]''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Image:Turk's Cap Lily.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium superbum]]'' || Swamp lily or American tiger lily
+
| [[Image:LiliumSuperbum1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium superbum]]'' || Swamp lily or American tiger lily
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Image:Lilium catesbaei1LEPPYONE.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium catesbaei]]''
 
| [[Image:Lilium catesbaei1LEPPYONE.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium catesbaei]]''
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|}
 
|}
  
−
==== Section Liriotypus ====
+
====Section Liriotypus====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
| [[Image:Lilium bulbiferum mg-k.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium bulbiferum]]'' || Orange Lily or Fire Lily
 
| [[Image:Lilium bulbiferum mg-k.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium bulbiferum]]'' || Orange Lily or Fire Lily
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| [[Image:Lilium candidum 1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' || Madonna lily
 
| [[Image:Lilium candidum 1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' || Madonna lily
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || ''[[Lilium chalcedonicum]]''
+
| [[Image:Lil chalcedonicum 01EB Griechenland Hrisomiglia 17 07 01.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium chalcedonicum]]''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || ''[[Lilium kesselringianum]]''
+
| [[Image:Lil kesselringianum 01Hab Tuerkei Ardahan Savsat 04 07 94.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium kesselringianum]]''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Image:Lilium ledebourii 2.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium ledebourii]]''
 
| [[Image:Lilium ledebourii 2.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium ledebourii]]''
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| [[Image:Lilium pyrenaicum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium pyrenaicum]]''
 
| [[Image:Lilium pyrenaicum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium pyrenaicum]]''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || ''[[Lilium rhodopeum]]''
+
| [[Image:Lil rhodopeum 01Infl Griechenland Rhodopen Livaditis 12 06 00.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium rhodopeum]]''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Image:Lii akkusianum 01aHab Tuerkei Akkus 07 07 93.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium akkusianum]]''
 
| [[Image:Lii akkusianum 01aHab Tuerkei Akkus 07 07 93.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium akkusianum]]''
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| [[Image:Lilium pomponium.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium pomponium]]'' || Turban lily
 
| [[Image:Lilium pomponium.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium pomponium]]'' || Turban lily
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || ''[[Lilium ponticum]]''
+
| [[Image:Lil carniolicum subsp ponticum 01EB Tuerkei Ikizdere 02 07 93.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium ponticum]]''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Image:LiliumJankaeBulgaria1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium jankae]]''
 
| [[Image:LiliumJankaeBulgaria1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium jankae]]''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || ''[[Lilium albanicum]]''
+
| [[Image:Lil albanicum 1aEB Griechenland Katarapass 14 06 00.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium albanicum]]''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Image:Lilium polyphyllum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium polyphyllum]]''
 
| [[Image:Lilium polyphyllum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium polyphyllum]]''
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|}
 
|}
  
−
==== Section Archelirion ====
+
====Section Archelirion====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
| [[Image:LiliumAuratumVVirginaleBluete2Rework.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium auratum]]'' || Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily
 
| [[Image:LiliumAuratumVVirginaleBluete2Rework.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium auratum]]'' || Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily
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|}
 
|}
  
−
==== Section Sinomartagon ====
+
====Section Sinomartagon====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
| || ''[[Lilium davidii]]''
 
| || ''[[Lilium davidii]]''
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| || ''[[Lilium brevistylum]]''
 
| || ''[[Lilium brevistylum]]''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || ''[[Lilium habaense]]''
+
| [[Image:Lil habaense 01aEB China Yunnan Gang Ho Ba 25 06 01.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium habaense]]''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| || ''[[Lilium huidongense]]''
 
| || ''[[Lilium huidongense]]''
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|}
 
|}
  
−
==== Section Leucolirion ====
+
====Section Leucolirion====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
| || ''[[Lilium leucanthum]]''
 
| || ''[[Lilium leucanthum]]''
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| || ''[[Lilium puerense]]''
 
| || ''[[Lilium puerense]]''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || ''[[Lilium regale]]''
+
| [[Image:Lil regale 01Infl China Sichuan Wolong 18 06 04.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium regale]]''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| || ''[[Lilium sargentiae]]''
 
| || ''[[Lilium sargentiae]]''
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|}
 
|}
  
−
==== Section Daurolirion ====
+
====Section Daurolirion====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
| || ''[[Lilium pensylvanicum]]''
 
| || ''[[Lilium pensylvanicum]]''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| || ''[[Lilium maculatum]]''
 
| || ''[[Lilium maculatum]]''
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
====Section not specified====
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| || ''[[Lilium eupetes]]''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
==Uses==
 
==Uses==
−
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.  
+
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.
  
−
Some lilies, especially ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, ''L. longiflorum'' for the [[Easter]] trade, when it may be called the [[Easter lily]].  
+
Some lilies, especially ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, ''L. longiflorum'' for the [[Easter]] trade, when it may be called the [[Easter lily]].
  
−
''Lilium'' bulbs are [[starch]]y and edible as [[root vegetable]]s, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of ''[[Tiger lily|L. lancifolium]]'', ''L. pumilum'', and especially ''L. brownii'' (Chinese: [[wiktionary:百合|百合]][[wiktionary:干|干]]; pinyin: ''bǎihé gān'') are grown at large scale in [[China]] as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and [[stir frying|stir-fried]], grated and used to thicken [[soup]], or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the [[potato]], although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
+
''Lilium'' bulbs are [[starch]]y and edible as [[root vegetable]]s, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of ''[[Lilium lancifolium|L. lancifolium]]'', ''L. pumilum'', and especially ''L. brownii'' (Chinese: [[wiktionary:百合|百合]] [[wiktionary:干|干]]; pinyin: ''bǎihé gān'') are grown at large scale in [[China]] as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and [[stir frying|stir-fried]], grated and used to thicken [[soup]], or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the [[potato]], although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
  
−
Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis ([[kidney]] failure) in cats which have eaten some species of ''Lilium'' and ''[[Hemerocallis]]'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12680447&dopt=Abstract].
+
Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis ([[kidney]] failure) in cats which have eaten some species of ''Lilium'' and ''[[Hemerocallis]]''<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12680447&dopt=Abstract |title = Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in si...[J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002&#93; - PubMed Result |accessdate = 2008-06-22}}</ref>.
  
 
Lilies are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Dun-bar|The Dun-bar]].
 
Lilies are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Dun-bar|The Dun-bar]].
  
−
===Classification of garden forms===  
+
===Classification of garden forms===
 
[[Image:Lilium canadense.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Asiatic hybrid flower]]
 
[[Image:Lilium canadense.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Asiatic hybrid flower]]
 
Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;
 
Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;
−
*'''Species''' (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.  
+
* '''Species''' (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
−
*'''Asiatic hybrids''' (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species.  
+
* '''Asiatic hybrids''' (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species.
−
*'''Martagon hybrids''' (Division II). These are based on ''L. martagon'' and ''L. hansonii''. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).  
+
* '''Martagon hybrids''' (Division II). These are based on ''L. martagon'' and ''L. hansonii''. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
−
*'''Candidum hybrids''' (Division III). This includes hybrids of ''L. candidum'' with several other mostly European species.  
+
* '''Candidum hybrids''' (Division III). This includes hybrids of ''L. candidum'' with several other mostly European species.
−
*'''American hybrids''' (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''L. pardalinum''. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.  
+
[[Image:Smithsoniangardens1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An emasculated ''Lilium'' Stargazer]]
−
*'''Longiflorum hybrids''' (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.  
+
* '''American hybrids''' (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''L. pardalinum''. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.
−
*'''Trumpet lilies''' (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including ''L. regale'' and ''L. aurelianse''. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.  
+
* '''Longiflorum hybrids''' (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
−
*'''Oriental hybrids''' (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of ''L. auratum'' and ''L. speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is [[Lilium "Stargazer"]].
+
* '''Trumpet lilies''' (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including ''L. regale'' and ''L. aurelianse''. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
−
*'''Other hybrids''' (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.
+
* '''Oriental hybrids''' (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of ''L. auratum'' and ''L. speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is [[Lilium "Stargazer"]].
 +
* '''Other hybrids''' (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.
  
 
===Propagation and growth===
 
===Propagation and growth===
−
Liliums can be propagated in several ways;  
+
Liliums can be propagated in several ways;
−
* by division of the bulbs,  
+
* by division of the bulbs,
 
* by growing-on [[Bulb#Bulbil|''bulbils'']] which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the stem,
 
* by growing-on [[Bulb#Bulbil|''bulbils'']] which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the stem,
 
* by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb,
 
* by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb,
Line 323: Line 331:
  
 
==Names==
 
==Names==
−
The botanic name ''Lilium'' is the [[Latin]] form and is a [[Linnaean]] name. The Latin name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''leirion'', which is generally assumed to be the [[Madonna lily]]. [http://members.shaw.ca/lilynet/netlil/id35.htm]
+
The botanic name ''Lilium'' is the [[Latin]] form and is a [[Linnaean taxonomy|Linnaean]] name. The Latin name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''leirion'', which is generally assumed to be the [[Madonna lily]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://members.shaw.ca/lilynet/netlil/id35.htm |title = Classification |accessdate = 2008-06-22}}</ref>
  
−
==Gallery==
+
==References==
−
<gallery>
+
* Taxonomical division in sections follows: Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium." Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86-105.
−
Image:Orange Lilium - Relic38 - Ontario Canada.JPG|Orange Lily showing stamens with pollen-covered anthers. Ontario, Canada. June 2002.
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* Taxonomy basically from: [http://www.kew.org/wcsp/home.do Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 15 September 2006; 20:36 GMT]
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Image:Lilium auratum - pollen.jpg|Pollen of ''Lilium auratum'' (Oriental Lily) Back-scattered electron microscope image
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* Taxonomy of Section ''Pseudolirium'' from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Online]
−
</gallery>
+
* Taxonomy of Section ''Liriotypus'' in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: ''Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences'', in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007)
 +
* Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 Online]
 +
* Taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion'' in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: ''Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA'', in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46
 +
* Taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion'' in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: ''Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA'', in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
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==Notes==
 
==Notes==
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<references/>
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{{reflist}}
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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All links Retrieved December 10, 2007.
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* [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Lilium&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Lilium'']
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*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Lilium&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Lilium'']
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* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 Flora of China: ''Lilium'']
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 Flora of China: ''Lilium'']
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* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=118558 Flora of Nepal: ''Lilium'' species list]
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=118558 Flora of Nepal: ''Lilium'' species list]
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* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Flora of North America: ''Lilium'']
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Flora of North America: ''Lilium'']
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* [http://www.lilyregister.com/ Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries ''Lilium'']
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*[http://www.lilyregister.com/ Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries ''Lilium'']
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* [http://www.deflorum.com/lilium.html de Florum: ''Lilium'' species]
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*[http://www.deflorum.com/lilium.html de Florum: ''Lilium'' species]
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* [http://www.lilies.org/ North American Lily Society]
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*[http://www.lilies.org/ North American Lily Society]
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* [http://www.rhslilygroup.org Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group]
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*[http://www.rhslilygroup.org Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb4UFJ_zd_o 1] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBzFX7kiYrA 2] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQNPHFi5HCw 3] Time-lapse videos
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*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb4UFJ_zd_o] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBzFX7kiYrA] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQNPHFi5HCw] Time-lapse videos
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* [http://www.rhslilygroup.org RHS Lily Group Seed Exchange]
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*[http://www.rhslilygroup.org RHS Lily Group Seed Exchange]
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 +
==Gallery==
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:Orange Lilium - Relic38 - Ontario Canada.JPG|Orange Lily showing stamens with pollen-covered anthers. Ontario, Canada. June 2002.
 +
Image:Lilium auratum - pollen.jpg|Pollen of ''Lilium auratum'' (Oriental Lily) Back-scattered electron microscope image
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</gallery>
  
 
{{Commons|Lilium}}
 
{{Commons|Lilium}}
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[[Category:Plants]]
 
[[Category:Plants]]
  
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{{credits|Lilium|254860173}}

Revision as of 02:32, 23 December 2008

For other uses, see Lilium (disambiguation).
"Lily" redirects here. For information about "Lily" as a human name, see Lily (name). For other uses, see Lily (disambiguation).
"Lilies" redirects here.
Lilium
Flora Lilium bulbiferum ssp. croceum
Flora Lilium bulbiferum ssp. croceum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked) Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Genus: Lilium
L.
Species

See text

The genus Lilium are herbaceous flowering plants normally growing from bulbs. They comprise a genus of about 110 species in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants. They are important culturally and in literature in much of the world.

Some species are sometimes grown or harvested for the edible bulbs.

The species in this genus are the true lilies. Many other plants exist with "lily" in the common English name, some of which are quite unrelated to the true lilies.

Range

The range of liles in the Old World extends across much of Europe, the north Mediterranean region, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States.

They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an epiphyte (L. arboricola). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.

Botany

Lilium 'Citronella'

Lilies are leafy stemmed herbs. They form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. A few species form near the soil surface.

Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.

Most species are deciduous, but a few species (Lilium candidum, Lilium catesbaei) bear a basal rosette of leaves during dormancy.

Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.

The large flowers have six tepals, are often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees. The plants are summer flowering.

Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, Nomocharis and some Fritillaria.

Taxonomy

Section Martagon

Lilium distichum.jpg Lilium distichum
Hanson's Lily Lilium hansonii Flowers 1842px.jpg Lilium hansonii
Lil martagon var cattaniae 01Infl Griechenland Rhodopen 16 07 01.jpg Lilium martagon Martagon or Turk's cap lily
Lilium medeoloides 220708.JPG Lilium medeoloides
Lilium tsingtauense.jpg Lilium tsingtauense
Lilium debile (Drawing).jpg Lilium debile

Section Pseudolirium

Lilium bolanderi.jpg Lilium bolanderi
Lilium columbianum.jpg Lilium columbianum Columbia Lily or Tiger Lily
Lilium humboldtii ssp ocellatum.jpg Lilium humboldtii Humboldt's lily
Lilium kelloggii.jpg Lilium kelloggii
Lilium rubescens edit.jpg Lilium rubescens
Lilium washingtonianum 3.jpg Lilium washingtonianum Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily
Lilium kelleyanum.jpg Lilium kelleyanum
Lilium maritimum.jpg Lilium maritimum
Lilium occidentale.jpg Lilium occidentale
Lilium pardalinum.jpg Lilium pardalinum Panther or Leopard lily
Lilium parryi.jpg Lilium parryi
Lilium parvum 2.jpg Lilium parvum Sierra tiger lily or Alpine lily
CanadaLily.jpg Lilium canadense Canada Lily or Meadow Lily
LiliumPuberulum.png Lilium puberulum
Lilium grayi 2.jpg Lilium grayi
Lilium iridollae.jpg Lilium iridollae
Tiger-lily.JPG Lilium michiganense Michigan Lily
Lilium michauxii.jpg Lilium michauxii Carolina Lily
Lilium pyrophilum
LiliumSuperbum1.jpg Lilium superbum Swamp lily or American tiger lily
Lilium catesbaei1LEPPYONE.jpg Lilium catesbaei
Wild Lily Blooming along Dog Lake Trail at Kootenay National Park.jpg Lilium philadelphicum Wood lily, Philadelphia lily or prairie lily

Section Liriotypus

Lilium bulbiferum mg-k.jpg Lilium bulbiferum Orange Lily or Fire Lily
Lilium candidum 1.jpg Lilium candidum Madonna lily
Lil chalcedonicum 01EB Griechenland Hrisomiglia 17 07 01.jpg Lilium chalcedonicum
Lil kesselringianum 01Hab Tuerkei Ardahan Savsat 04 07 94.jpg Lilium kesselringianum
Lilium ledebourii 2.jpg Lilium ledebourii
Lilium szovitsianum (Flower).jpg Lilium szovitsianum
Lilium monadelphum .JPG Lilium monadelphum
Lilium pyrenaicum.jpg Lilium pyrenaicum
Lil rhodopeum 01Infl Griechenland Rhodopen Livaditis 12 06 00.jpg Lilium rhodopeum
Lii akkusianum 01aHab Tuerkei Akkus 07 07 93.jpg Lilium akkusianum
Lilium carniolicum.jpg Lilium carniolicum
Lilium ciliatum (2).jpg Lilium ciliatum
Lilium pomponium.jpg Lilium pomponium Turban lily
Lil carniolicum subsp ponticum 01EB Tuerkei Ikizdere 02 07 93.jpg Lilium ponticum
LiliumJankaeBulgaria1.jpg Lilium jankae
Lil albanicum 1aEB Griechenland Katarapass 14 06 00.jpg Lilium albanicum
Lilium polyphyllum.jpg Lilium polyphyllum

Section Archelirion

LiliumAuratumVVirginaleBluete2Rework.jpg Lilium auratum Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily
Lilium platyphyllum
Lilium brownii
Lilium japonicum
Lilium nobilissimum
Lilium rubellum
Lilium speciosum.jpg Lilium speciosum Japanese lily

Section Sinomartagon

Lilium davidii
Lilium duchartrei.jpg Lilium duchartrei
Lilium henryi Tiger Lily or Henry's lily
Tigerlilysmall.jpg Lilium lancifolium Tiger Lily
Lilium lankongense
Lilium leichtlinii
Lilium papilliferum
Lilium rosthornii
Lilium amabile
Lilium callosum
Lilium cernuum
Lilium concolor
Lilium fargesii
Lilium pumilum
Lilium xanthellum
Lilium amoenum
Lilium bakerianum
Lilium henrici
Lilium lijiangense
Lil lophophorum 01aHab China Yunnan Big Snow Pass 19 06 01.jpg Lilium lophophorum
Siroi Lily.jpg Lilium mackliniae Siroi Lily
Lilium nanum
Lilium nepalense (flower).jpg Lilium nepalense
Lilium oxypetalum
Lilium paradoxum
Lilium primulinum
Lilium sempervivoideum
Lilium sherriffiae
Lilium souliei
Lilium stewartianum
Lilium taliense
Lilium wardii.jpg Lilium wardii
Lilium arboricola
Lilium anhuiense
Lilium brevistylum
Lil habaense 01aEB China Yunnan Gang Ho Ba 25 06 01.jpg Lilium habaense
Lilium huidongense
Lilium jinfushanense
Lilium matangense
Lilium pinifolium
Lilium pyi
Lilium saccatum
Lilium tianschanicum
Lilium poilanei
Lilium floridum
Lilium medogense

Section Leucolirion

Lilium leucanthum
Lilium puerense
Lil regale 01Infl China Sichuan Wolong 18 06 04.jpg Lilium regale
Lilium sargentiae
Lilium sulphureum
Lilium formosanum
Lilium longiflorum.jpg Lilium longiflorum Easter Lily or November Lily
Lilium philippinense
Lilium wallichianum
Lilium wenshanense

Section Daurolirion

Lilium pensylvanicum
Lilium maculatum

Section not specified

Lilium eupetes

Uses

Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.

Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, L. longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.

Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of L. lancifolium, L. pumilum, and especially L. brownii (Chinese: 百合 干; pinyin: bǎihé gān) are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.

Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis (kidney failure) in cats which have eaten some species of Lilium and Hemerocallis[1].

Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Dun-bar.

Classification of garden forms

Asiatic hybrid flower

Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;

  • Species (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
  • Asiatic hybrids (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species.
  • Martagon hybrids (Division II). These are based on L. martagon and L. hansonii. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
  • Candidum hybrids (Division III). This includes hybrids of L. candidum with several other mostly European species.
An emasculated Lilium Stargazer
  • American hybrids (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from L. pardalinum. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.
  • Longiflorum hybrids (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
  • Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including L. regale and L. aurelianse. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
  • Oriental hybrids (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of L. auratum and L. speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is Lilium "Stargazer".
  • Other hybrids (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.

Propagation and growth

Liliums can be propagated in several ways;

  • by division of the bulbs,
  • by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem,
  • by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb,
  • by seed; seed germination patterns are variable and can be complex.

Names

The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek leirion, which is generally assumed to be the Madonna lily.[2]

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Taxonomical division in sections follows: Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium." Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86-105.
  • Taxonomy basically from: Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 15 September 2006; 20:36 GMT
  • Taxonomy of Section Pseudolirium from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, Online
  • Taxonomy of Section Liriotypus in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences, in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007)
  • Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, Online
  • Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46
  • Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213

See also

Lily Seed Germination types

Notes

  1. ↑ Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in si...[J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002] - PubMed Result. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  2. ↑ Classification. Retrieved 2008-06-22.

External links

Gallery

  • Orange Lily showing stamens with pollen-covered anthers. Ontario, Canada. June 2002.

  • Pollen of Lilium auratum (Oriental Lily) Back-scattered electron microscope image

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