Difference between revisions of "Libido" - New World Encyclopedia
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Freud defined the term libido psychoanalytically in an addition, written in 1915, to ''Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality'' (1905d): "We have defined the concept of libido as a quantitatively variable force which could serve as a measure of processes and transformations occurring in the field of sexual excitation" (p. 217). | Freud defined the term libido psychoanalytically in an addition, written in 1915, to ''Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality'' (1905d): "We have defined the concept of libido as a quantitatively variable force which could serve as a measure of processes and transformations occurring in the field of sexual excitation" (p. 217). | ||
| − | In the Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905d), Freud based the psychoanalytic notion of libido on infantile sexuality, explaining how it drew support from the major vital functions (anaclisis): "The fact of the existence of sexual needs in human beings and animals is expressed in biology by the assumption of a 'sexual instinct,' on the analogy of the instinct of nutrition, that is of hunger. Everyday language possesses no counterpart to the word 'hunger,' but science makes use of the word 'libido' for that purpose" (p. 135). Starting with the | + | In the ''Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality'' (1905d), Freud based the psychoanalytic notion of libido on infantile sexuality, explaining how it drew support from the major vital functions (anaclisis): "The fact of the existence of sexual needs in human beings and animals is expressed in biology by the assumption of a 'sexual instinct,' on the analogy of the instinct of nutrition, that is of hunger. Everyday language possesses no counterpart to the word 'hunger,' but science makes use of the word 'libido' for that purpose" (p. 135). Starting with the auto-eroticism of the erogenous zones, and building on the work of Karl Abraham, he developed the idea of a series of developmental phases leading from the "pre-genital libidinal organization," through the oral, anal-sadistic, and phallic stages (1923e), to the genital stage. |
| − | Freud pointed out that this sexual drive often comes into conflict with the conventions of the superego and its society, and that the need to conform to society while controlling the libido can manifest in tension and disturbance that Freud | + | Freud pointed out that this sexual drive often comes into conflict with the conventions of the superego and its society, and that the need to conform to society while controlling the libido can manifest in tension and disturbance that Freud labeled neurosis. According to followers of Freudian psychology, the energy of libido can be diverted from its immediate sexual aims into socially acceptable endeavors, a process called sublimation, through Freud himself always emphasized the risks associated with sublimation of the instincts when it takes place at the expense of the sexual and deprives the subject of immediate satisfaction. |
| − | + | Reduction in libido can occur from psychological causes such as loss of intimacy, stress, distraction or depression. However, it may also derive from the presence of environmental stressors such as prolonged exposure to elevated sound levels or bright light. Androgen steroid therapy can cause significant increases in libido. | |
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| − | Reduction in libido can occur from psychological causes such as loss of intimacy, | ||
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| − | Androgen steroid therapy can cause | ||
==Eros== | ==Eros== | ||
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| − | In | + | In ancient Greece the word Eros referred to love and the god of love. In his final theory of the drives, Sigmund Freud made Eros a fundamental concept referring to the life instincts (narcissism and object libido), whose goals were the preservation, binding, and union of the organism into increasingly larger units, related to but not synonymous with libidinal energy and love. |
| + | The term Eros, understood as a life instinct antagonistic to the death instinct, appeared for the first time in ''Beyond the Pleasure Principle'' (1920g), where Freud used it to establish a dynamic polarity that would define a new instinctual dualism. Freud wrote, "Our speculations have suggested that Eros operates from the beginning of life and appears as a 'life instinct' in opposition to the 'death instinct' which was brought into being by the coming to life of inorganic substance. These speculations seek to solve the riddle of life by supposing that these two instincts were struggling with each other from the very first" (p. 61). In this essay Freud refers to the doctrine of the Greek physician and philosopher Empedocles of Agrigento (c. 490-430 B.C.E.), for whom the production of all things results from the interplay of two forces, Love and Discord, conceived of as the impersonal forces of attraction and repulsion. | ||
| − | Eros | + | Although the concept of Eros, properly speaking, emerged late in Freud's work, this did not prevent him from claiming that all his earlier discoveries about sexuality can be seen in terms of Eros. Psychoanalysis showed that sexuality did not conceal "impulsion towards a union of the two sexes or towards producing a pleasurable sensation in the genitals" (1925e, p. 218), and that sexuality was thus different from genitality. |
==Thanatos== | ==Thanatos== | ||
| − | + | The psychoanalytic antagonist to the life instinct/drive Eros, Thanatos was first identified by Sigmund Freud in ''Jenseits des Lustprinzips'' (''Beyond the Pleasure Principle'', 1920, translated 1922). Freud began the work considering the experience of trauma and traumatic events (particularly the trauma experienced by soldiers returning from World War I. The most curious feature of highly unpleasant experiences for Freud was that subjects often tended to repeat or re-enact them. This appeared to violate the pleasure principle ," the drive of an individual to maximize his or her pleasure. Freud found this repetition of unpleasant events in the most ordinary of circumstances, even in children's play (such as the celebrated Fort/Da — "Here/Gone" — game played by Freud's grandson). After hypothesizing a number of causes (particularly the idea that we repeat traumatic events in order to master them after the fact), Freud considered the existence of a fundamental ''death wish'' or ''death instinct'', referring to an individual's own need to die. Organisms, according to this idea, were driven to return to a pre-organic, inanimate state—but they wished to do so in their own way. | |
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| + | For Freud, Thanatos (although he himself never used this term) signals a desire to give up the struggle of life and return to quiescence and the grave. This should not be confused with the concept destrudo, which is the energy of the destructive impulse (the opposite of libido). Thanatos is named after the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for "death" (θάνατος). In [[Greek mythology]], [[Thanatos]] was the personification of death, whose [[Roman Mythology|Roman]] equivalent was [[Mors]]. He was a creature of bone-chilling darkness. He was a son of [[Nyx]] ("night") and twin of [[Hypnos]] ("sleep"). | ||
The '''death instinct''' ([[Thanatos]], or '''Death Drive''') was defined by [[Sigmund Freud]], in ''Jenseits des Lustprinzips'' (''[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]'') ([[1920]]; English translation [[1922]]). | The '''death instinct''' ([[Thanatos]], or '''Death Drive''') was defined by [[Sigmund Freud]], in ''Jenseits des Lustprinzips'' (''[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]'') ([[1920]]; English translation [[1922]]). | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 21:58, 9 February 2007
Libido, etymologically rooted in Old Latin "libido" (desire, lust) from "libere" (to be pleasing, to please) is defined as a primal psychic energy and emotion that, according to psychoanalytic theory, is associated with instinctual biological urges and which manifest themselves in various human activity, including survival and, more commonly,sexual instincts. Originally a work of well-known psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, the concept of libido was also taken up and debated by one of his most notable students and opponents, Carl Gustav Jung.
Freudian Perspective
Freud defined the term libido psychoanalytically in an addition, written in 1915, to Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905d): "We have defined the concept of libido as a quantitatively variable force which could serve as a measure of processes and transformations occurring in the field of sexual excitation" (p. 217).
In the Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905d), Freud based the psychoanalytic notion of libido on infantile sexuality, explaining how it drew support from the major vital functions (anaclisis): "The fact of the existence of sexual needs in human beings and animals is expressed in biology by the assumption of a 'sexual instinct,' on the analogy of the instinct of nutrition, that is of hunger. Everyday language possesses no counterpart to the word 'hunger,' but science makes use of the word 'libido' for that purpose" (p. 135). Starting with the auto-eroticism of the erogenous zones, and building on the work of Karl Abraham, he developed the idea of a series of developmental phases leading from the "pre-genital libidinal organization," through the oral, anal-sadistic, and phallic stages (1923e), to the genital stage.
Freud pointed out that this sexual drive often comes into conflict with the conventions of the superego and its society, and that the need to conform to society while controlling the libido can manifest in tension and disturbance that Freud labeled neurosis. According to followers of Freudian psychology, the energy of libido can be diverted from its immediate sexual aims into socially acceptable endeavors, a process called sublimation, through Freud himself always emphasized the risks associated with sublimation of the instincts when it takes place at the expense of the sexual and deprives the subject of immediate satisfaction.
Reduction in libido can occur from psychological causes such as loss of intimacy, stress, distraction or depression. However, it may also derive from the presence of environmental stressors such as prolonged exposure to elevated sound levels or bright light. Androgen steroid therapy can cause significant increases in libido.
Eros
In ancient Greece the word Eros referred to love and the god of love. In his final theory of the drives, Sigmund Freud made Eros a fundamental concept referring to the life instincts (narcissism and object libido), whose goals were the preservation, binding, and union of the organism into increasingly larger units, related to but not synonymous with libidinal energy and love.
The term Eros, understood as a life instinct antagonistic to the death instinct, appeared for the first time in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920g), where Freud used it to establish a dynamic polarity that would define a new instinctual dualism. Freud wrote, "Our speculations have suggested that Eros operates from the beginning of life and appears as a 'life instinct' in opposition to the 'death instinct' which was brought into being by the coming to life of inorganic substance. These speculations seek to solve the riddle of life by supposing that these two instincts were struggling with each other from the very first" (p. 61). In this essay Freud refers to the doctrine of the Greek physician and philosopher Empedocles of Agrigento (c. 490-430 B.C.E.), for whom the production of all things results from the interplay of two forces, Love and Discord, conceived of as the impersonal forces of attraction and repulsion.
Although the concept of Eros, properly speaking, emerged late in Freud's work, this did not prevent him from claiming that all his earlier discoveries about sexuality can be seen in terms of Eros. Psychoanalysis showed that sexuality did not conceal "impulsion towards a union of the two sexes or towards producing a pleasurable sensation in the genitals" (1925e, p. 218), and that sexuality was thus different from genitality.
Thanatos
The psychoanalytic antagonist to the life instinct/drive Eros, Thanatos was first identified by Sigmund Freud in Jenseits des Lustprinzips (Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 1920, translated 1922). Freud began the work considering the experience of trauma and traumatic events (particularly the trauma experienced by soldiers returning from World War I. The most curious feature of highly unpleasant experiences for Freud was that subjects often tended to repeat or re-enact them. This appeared to violate the pleasure principle ," the drive of an individual to maximize his or her pleasure. Freud found this repetition of unpleasant events in the most ordinary of circumstances, even in children's play (such as the celebrated Fort/Da — "Here/Gone" — game played by Freud's grandson). After hypothesizing a number of causes (particularly the idea that we repeat traumatic events in order to master them after the fact), Freud considered the existence of a fundamental death wish or death instinct, referring to an individual's own need to die. Organisms, according to this idea, were driven to return to a pre-organic, inanimate state—but they wished to do so in their own way.
For Freud, Thanatos (although he himself never used this term) signals a desire to give up the struggle of life and return to quiescence and the grave. This should not be confused with the concept destrudo, which is the energy of the destructive impulse (the opposite of libido). Thanatos is named after the Greek word for "death" (θάνατος). In Greek mythology, Thanatos was the personification of death, whose Roman equivalent was Mors. He was a creature of bone-chilling darkness. He was a son of Nyx ("night") and twin of Hypnos ("sleep").
The death instinct (Thanatos, or Death Drive) was defined by Sigmund Freud, in Jenseits des Lustprinzips (Beyond the Pleasure Principle) (1920; English translation 1922).
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Gabriele Froböse, Rolf Froböse, Michael Gross (Translator): Lust and Love: Is it more than Chemistry? Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry, ISBN 0854048677, (200
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