Leucippus

This article is about the philosopher. There was also a Greek mythological Leucippus (mythology)

Leucippus

Leucippus or Leukippos (first half of 5th century B.C.E.) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, and the founder of atomism. Leucippus identified the real existence of the cosmos with infinite numbers of permanent, imperishable, immutable, and indivisible elements called “atomon” (atoms; means “indivisible”), conceived the world as the composite of these material elements, and developed a purely mechanical materialism, devoid of any trace of mythical element, which was rare in Greek philosophy. His ideas were developed by his follower, Democritus.

Life and work

Nothing was known about his life. Epicurus doubted his very existence, but Aristotle and Theophrastus explicitly credited Leucippus with the invention of Atomism. His fame was completely overshadowed by that of his follower, Democritus, who systematized his view on atoms.

There are no existing writings which we can attribute to Leucippus, since his writings seem to have been enfolded into the work of his famous student Democritus. In fact, it is virtually impossible to identify any views about which Democritus and Leucippus disagreed.

Leucippus' lost works were titled Megas Diakosmos (The Great World-System or The Great Order of the Universe) and Peri Nou (On mind). A single fragment of the former survives:

Nothing happens at random (maten), but everything from reason (ek logou) and by necessity.(Diels-Kranz 67 B1)

Philosophy

See Democritus for a detailed account of Atomism.

Atomism

Leucippus tried to answer two opposing views of reality by Parmenides and Heraclitus. Parmenides identified the real being of the world as a self-subsisting, immutable, immobile being (the One), whereas in Heraclitus' view the world is in an ever-changing process or flux. Leucippus replaced the Parmenidean "One" with an infinite number of minuscule material elements (“atoms”), which were immutable, permanent, and indivisible units of the world, and explained changes by composition and decomposition, motion and constellation of atoms. He believed that all atoms are homogeneous (qualitatively the same), and different only in shapes and sizes. All beings including the soul are the composites of these material units. Leucippus extended the materialist explanation to all phenomena from natural phenomena, to perception and thinking.

Mechanical materialism

His predecessors presented various elements as the real being of the world: “water” by Thales, “air” by Anaximenes, “air,” “fire,” “water,” “earth” by Empedocles, and so on. These elements are not purely material beings but some intermediary existence that is both spiritual and physical. Some introduced a spiritual principle as a part of their cosmology: “love” and “hate” by Empedocles, “nous” (mind or reason) by Anaxagoras. There was always a trace of mythical or spiritual element in their thought.

Leucippus was distinguished from all other pre-Socratics by his radical materialism. He refused and removed mythical or spiritual elements in the concept of atom and gave a mechanical explanation to all phenomena including perception and sense experiences. He was the first Greek philosopher who took materialistic monism.

References

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Texts

• Diels, H. and Kranz, W. (eds), Die Fragmente der Vorsocratiker (Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1960) (This is the standard text for pre-Socratics; abbr. DK)
• Freeman, K. (ed), Ancilla to the pre-Socratic philosophers (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1983)( a complete translation of the fragments in Diels and Kranz.)
• Hicks, R. D., Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 2 vols., The Loeb Classical Library, 1925)
• Kirk, G.S., Raven J.E. and Schofield, M. The presocratic Philosophers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983) (A selection of texts with commentary.)

General

• Bailey, Cyril. The Greek Atomists and Epicurus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1928).
• Barnes, Jonathan. The Presocratic Philosophers revised edition (London: Routledge, 1982).
• -----, 1984, ‘Reason and Necessity in Leucippus,’ 141-58 in Linos G. Benakis (ed.), Proceedings of the Ist International Congress on Democritus vol. 1 (Xanthi).
• Furley, David J. Two Studies in the Greek Atomists (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967).
• -----, The Greek Cosmologists vol 1: “The Formation of the Atomic Theory and its Earliest Critics” (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

External links

• Leucippus entry in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Leucippus entry in School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland

General Philosophy Sources

• Philosophy Sources on Internet EpistemeLinks
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Paideia Project Online
• The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Project Gutenberg

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