Judith Leyster
Judith Jans Leyster (also Leijster) (July 28 1609– February 10, 1660) was a seventeenth century Dutch artist who painted in various fields, including genre subjects, portraits and still lifes common in the Dutch Baroque period. She is best known for her happy scenes of family life, with her subjects singing, dancing, and enjoying themselves. Her style reflected the Utrecht School, or "Caravaggists" who utilized the dramatic lighting affects of the tenebrist style, inherited from Caravaggio.
Well respected by her contemporaries, she exhibited a greater range than most Dutch painters of the era, and she was one of the first to develop the domestic genre scene as subject matter. Her works were mostly forgotten until 1893 when the Louvre bought what they thought was a Frans Hals painting. It was soon discovered that the work had her monogram of a lode star (a play on her name "Ley star") with her initials entwined, hidden under a false signature reading "Frans Hals."
Contemporary study of the seventeenth century iconography and culture of Dutch painting has since allowed Judith Leyster to claim her rightful place in art history.
Biography
Leyster was born in Haarlem as the eighth child of Jan Willemsz Leyster, a local clothmaker and brewer. While the details of her training are uncertain, in her teens she was well enough known to be mentioned in a Dutch book by poet Samuel Ampzing titled Description and praise of the city Haarlem in poetry, originally written in 1621 and published in 1628. Her father's bankruptcy nearly derailed her career but she managed to continue her painting while her father created a new business in beer making.
A child prodigy, Leyster and her family moved to Utrecht in 1628 where she came in contact with other painters such as Hendrick Terbrugghen and Gerrit van Honthorst. Her family returned to Haarlem in 1629.
By 1633, she was a member of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke, the European painters' guild. She was one of only two women at the time who gained entrance into the group (the other was a house painter). Within two years of her entry into the guild, she had taken on three male apprentices. Leyster even sued Frans Hals for stealing one of her students who had left her workshop for that of Hals', only three days after he arrived. Guild records show that the student's mother paid Leyster four guilders in punitive damages, half of what Leyster had demanded. Instead of returning her apprentice, Hals settled the matter by paying a three guilder fine. However, Leyster was also fined for not having registered the apprentice with the guild.
In 1636, she married Jan Miense Molenaer, a more prolific though less talented artist of similar subjects. In hopes of better economic prospects, they moved to Amsterdam, where the art market was far more stable. They remained there for 11 years; they had five children, only two of which survived to adulthood. They eventually moved to Heemstede near Amsterdam, where they shared a studio in a small house located on the grounds of the present-day Groenendaal park. As a result of their sharing the same studio, some of the same models and props show up in both of their works. Leyster died at age 50, in 1660.
Leyster and Frans Hals
The nature of Leyster's professional relationship with Hals is unclear. She may have been his student or else a friendly colleague, despite the above-mentioned lawsuit. A Judith Jans is recorded as being present as a witness at the baptism of Hals' daughter Maria in the early 1630s. However, there were other Judith Janses in Haarlem, so it is not certain that this was Judith Jan (later Leyster).
There is no documented evidence of Judith Leyster's supposed apprenticeship under Frans Hals. However, much of Leyster's work is thought to have been influenced by him. One example is her Merry Drinker from 1629 (now in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam), which strongly resembles Hals' The Jolly Drinker of 1627-28 (also in the Rijksmuseum). Some historians have asserted that Hals must have been Leyster's teacher due to the close similarity between their work.
Another account, from the poet Samuel Ampzing, reports that she spent time with portrait painter Frans Pietersz de Grebber, implying she learned some of his style. In Judith Leyster: A Dutch Master and Her World, an international team of 12 art, economic, and social historians concluded that her work is actually closer to that of husband. The also see the influence Jan Miense Molenaer and Franz Hals' younger brother Drick, more than the older Hals.
Her work
Most of Leyster's dated works are from the years 1629-1635, prior to her marriage and having children. After her marriage and children, she painted little, instead, it seems, focusing on supporting her husband's work and her family. There are only two known pieces painted after 1635: two illustrations in a book about tulips from 1643 and a portrait from 1652.
Leyster was particularly innovative in her domestic genre scenes, early on she was influenced by the Utrecht "Caravaggisti" (followers of Caravaggio). In her paintings, she creates quiet scenes of women at home doing domestic work which were not a popular theme in Holland until the 1650s. Much of her other work was similar in nature to that of many of her contemporaries, such as Hals, Hendrick Terbrugghen, Gerrit van Honthorst, and Jan Steen; such genre paintings, generally of taverns and other scenes of entertainment, catered to the tastes and interests of a growing segment of the Dutch middle class that was eager to purchase art as part of their new social status.
Like the Utrecht Caravaggisti, she introduced light sources into her paintings using the tenebrist style (using extreme contrasts of light and dark in figurative compositions to heighten their dramatic effect) as in the lamp-lit The Proposition (1631). The tenebrist style used by Leyster was more dramatic than the original chiaroscuro used by Da Vinci and earlier painters, but was made even more harsh by Caravaggio and his followers, the Utrecht Caravaggisti painters Dirck van Baburen, Gerrit van Honthorst and Hendrick Terbrugghen, who had been in Rome in the decade 1610–1620. Leyster isolated images in the bright light to add more emotional tension. She used dashing brushwork and a lively spirit in her work, resulting in very self-confident portraits, still lifes and allegories about Dutch life, but her distinctive personal style matured in the small, intimate candle-lit scenes for which she is famous.
Her distinctive signature is a monogram containing a star motif with her initials entwined, a play on her surname 'Ley ster' (lode star).
Legacy
Although well known during her lifetime and esteemed by her contemporaries, Leyster and her work were largely forgotten after her death. Leyster's rediscovery came in 1893. The Louvre had purchased a Frans Hals painting only to find it had been in fact painted by Judith Leyster. A dealer had changed the monogram that Leyster used as a signature. Art historians since that period have often dismissed her as an imitator or follower of Hals, although this attitude has changed somewhat in the last few years with more study of the iconography and culture of Dutch Baroque painting.
Many of Leyster’s works were in the past attributed to her male contemporaries. However, modern investigation and study now recognizes her unique gift and contribution to seventeenth century Dutch painting. Among her best-known paintings are The Proposition, Carousing Couple (1630; also called The Happy Couple), and Boy Playing the Flute (c. 1635).
Judith Leyster was one of very few female artists of her time who could distinguish herself alongside the majority male artists. She showed talent from early in her life and was the only woman painter (aside from one woman house painter) in the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke. She was well respected by her fellow painters and had a number of apprentices which indicated her skill in painting.
See also
- Women Artists
- Artemisia Gentileschi
- Berthe Morisot
- Levina Teerlinc
- Sofonisba Anguissola
- Angelica Kauffmann
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Broersen, Ellen, 'Judita Leystar': A Painter of 'Good, Keen Sense', from Judith Leyster: A Dutch Master and Her World, Yale University, 1993. ASIN B000OS19M6
- Chadwick, Whitney, Women, Art, and Society, Thames and Hudson, London, 1990. ISBN 9780500203934
- Gaze, Delia, ed. "Leyster, Judith" in Dictionary of Women Artists. 2 vols. Routledge, 1997. ISBN 9781884964213
- Harris, Anne Sutherland and Linda Nochlin, Women Artists: 1550-1950, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Knopf, New York, 1977. ISBN 9780394733265
- Heller, Nancy G. Women Artists: An Illustrated History, Abbevile Press, 2004. ISBN 9780789207685
- Rosoff, Ilene. The WomenSource Catalog and Review: Tools for Connecting the Community for Women, Celestial Arts, 2007. ISBN 9780890878316
- Vigue, Jordi. Great Women Masters of Art, Watson-Guptill, 2003. ISBN 9780823021147
External links
All links retrieved December 6, 2008.
- National Museum of Women in the Arts
- Artist Profile at Artcyclopedia
- Literature on Judith Leyster
- The Archive: Judith Leyster
- Judith Leyster - Rijksmuseum Amsterdam - Museum for Art and History
- Worldwide Arts Resources
- Wikimedia Commons link to Judith Leysters' paintings
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
