Sudek, Josef
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| − | '''Josef Sudek''' (March 17, 1896 | + | '''Josef Sudek''' (March 17, 1896 – September 15, 1976) was a renowned [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[photographer]], dubbed the "Poet of Prague." |
Born when Bohemia was a kingdom in the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], he learned bookbinding, but after his 1916 [[World War I]] injury, which led to the amputation of his right arm, he took up photography. His inability to accept the norm and prescribed limits of an artistic style and form accompanied him throughout his life. | Born when Bohemia was a kingdom in the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], he learned bookbinding, but after his 1916 [[World War I]] injury, which led to the amputation of his right arm, he took up photography. His inability to accept the norm and prescribed limits of an artistic style and form accompanied him throughout his life. | ||
| − | The amputation of his arm was a traumatic experience for him, and it seemed that photography was a form of redemption, as it allowed him to peek beyond the life of loneliness into the lives of fellow humans and their environment. Few people appear in his photographs, and melancholy is the signature on all. He worked hard to make up for his physical limitations and was very patient, driven by his pursuit of | + | The amputation of his arm was a traumatic experience for him, and it seemed that photography was a form of redemption, as it allowed him to peek beyond the life of loneliness into the lives of fellow humans and their environment. Few people appear in his photographs, and melancholy is the signature on all. He worked hard to make up for his physical limitations and was very patient, driven by his pursuit of perfection. |
| − | His style exhibits traits of Impressionism, Surrealism, Magic Realism, Neo-Romanticism, Avant-Garde, and Czech Poetism Movement, but central to it is a diversity of light values in the low end of the tonal scale, and the representation of light as a substance occupying its own space. Sudek's work first appeared in America in 1974. | + | His style exhibits traits of [[Impressionism]], [[Surrealism]], [[Magic Realism]], Neo-[[Romanticism]], [[Avant-Garde]], and Czech Poetism Movement, but central to it is a diversity of light values in the low end of the tonal scale, and the representation of light as a substance occupying its own space. Sudek's work first appeared in [[United States|America]] in 1974. |
| + | {{toc}} | ||
| + | Toward the end of his life he was branded a loner and eccentric; classical music and his famous painter and poet friends kept him company. He experienced several political regimes, yet he always maintained his own perspective of art, oblivious to whims and fashions of the time. He never sought the limelight and largely busied himself with what captured his interest. He published 16 books during his life and left behind over 20,000 photographs and twice as many negatives, most of which have not been published. | ||
| − | + | Josef Sudek never married. He died in 1976, at the age of 80.[[image:JosefSudek3.jpg|thumb|200px|Plaque to honor Josef Sudek outside his former studio in [[Prague]]]] | |
==Life== | ==Life== | ||
| + | Josef Sudek was born in Kolin, [[Bohemia]], on March 17, 1896, which at the time was a kingdom in the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], to a housepainter father. His father apprenticed him to a bookbinder, and in this setting he was also initiated into photography. The father died soon afterward and the family struggled with poverty, but Josef's memories of childhood were fond. He felt very close to his sister Božena, who helped him with household chores even through his adulthood. | ||
| − | + | Sudek was drafted into the [[World War I|First World War]] in 1915, and served on the [[Italy|Italian]] Front, where he was hit by shrapnel in the right arm. Due to complications, his arm was amputated at the shoulder; he was 21 years old. Three years of convalescence in Prague's Veterans’ hospital followed, where Sudek passed time photographing his fellow patients; this marked his official entry into the field of photography. Around this period he produced several albums of pictures, including landscapes showing the devastation wrought by the war. | |
| − | + | Once he was fit to resume normal life outside the health care system, he settled in [[Prague]] and made his living taking photographs on commission, to supplement his disability pension. He met [[Czech]] [[Avant-Garde]] photographer Jaromír Funke, who became his good friend, and joined the Amateur Photography Club. In 1922, he began formal education in his new vocation at the Prague-based School of Graphic Arts. His teachers, leading "traditionalist" Czech photographers such as Karel Novák, introduced him to the most influential [[United States|American]] photographer of the twentieth century, [[Edward Weston]], and his soft focus Pictorialism. But it was largely the work of [[Clarence White]], who employed light and shadow to evoke a three dimensional mood and a virtual glow from the highlights, that can be discerned in Sudek's early work. Sudek also co-founded professional associations such as Photoclub Prague and the Czech Photographic Society. | |
| − | + | Along with the other leading young [[Photography|photographers]], he soon rejected the traditional—"painterly"—approach and embraced the modernist views. For this, he and Funke were dismissed from Photoclub Prague. In response, they rallied photographers who shared their modernist views, and in 1924, formed the "Avant-Garde Czech Photographic Society," which focused on the negative. Still, the light continued to work its magic on Sudek throughout his career. He admired Funke for his knowledge of [[law]], [[medicine]], and [[philosophy]]; this man, Sudek's peer, with his sharp, broad-specter intelligence, provided an impetus for many of Sudek's bold undertakings. | |
| − | + | The [[Nazism|Nazi]] invasion of 1939 brought much of the cultural life of Prague to a halt; likewise, Sudek took a step back to reflect on his work—and discovered contact prints. He almost gave up on the negative and pushed the boundaries in the uses of printing papers and effects instead. At that time, the ideal of printing, particularly in America, was manifested by "straight photographers" such as [[Ansel Adams]]. Sudek distanced himself from this technique and began using very dark and often low contrast images. Almost all of his subsequent work—commercial and personal—was contact prints from negatives. The pictures often relied on limited tonalities; they were dark and sombre and very subjective, as if the lives of his subjects, human or not, were to be sheltered from the outside world. The critics hammered him for this drifting away from the norm. | |
| − | + | [[image:JosefSudek2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Josef Sudek at work]] | |
| + | After [[World War II]], he hired an assistant, Sonja Bullaty, a young [[Czech]] [[Judaism|Jew]] who survived the Nazi concentration camps. While her boss was brimming with energy and almost a workaholic, she was still reeling from the trauma of the [[Holocaust]], but she adjusted to his pace in order to do photography. It was Bullaty who took Sudek's work outside the [[Iron Curtain]] and preserved over 300 selections of his prints that he continued to send to her after she emigrated to America. | ||
| − | + | In the early 1950s, Sudek purchased an 1894 [[Eastman Kodak Corp|Kodak]] Panorama [[camera]] whose spring-drive sweeping lens allowed for making a large negative of 10 cm x 30 cm (4 inches x 12 inches), and produced almost 300 panoramic images of [[Prague]] that were published under the title ''Panoramas of Prague,'' in 1959. Like most of his books, it was only published in his native country. | |
| − | + | Sudek's individualism did not fare well under [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia's]] [[Communism|communist]] regime. Fortunately, the strong artistic tradition of the country made it possible for him to practice his art through mavericks who supported his work, and it continued to be published. He was the first photographer to be honored by the country with the title of "Artist of Merit." His hunched figure pegged to a bulky wooden tripod was quite a spectacle in Prague. He never tired of his work and worked continuously until the age of 80, when he passed away. Sudek had never married. | |
| − | Sudek | + | === Life-changing crisis === |
| + | In 1926, Sudek ventured back into [[Italy]] with a group of friends who were musicians with the [[Czechoslovakia|Czech]] Philharmonic. This trip brought him quite near the spot where his life had been shattered nearly ten years earlier. Leaving his friends in the middle of a concert and wandering as if in a trance until he reached the location his injury had occurred, he remained for two months. His friends even alerted police when they could not account for him. Finally, having reached the catharsis but permanently estranged, he returned to [[Prague]], where he plunged into his art. | ||
| − | + | Sonja Bullaty reproduced Sudek's description of his odyssey as follows: <blockquote>When the musicians ot the Czech Philharmonic told me: "Josef come with us, we are going to Italy to play music," I told myself, "fool that you are, you were there and you did not enjoy that beautiful country when you served as a soldier for the Emperor's Army." And so went with them on this unusual excursion. In Milan, we had a lot of applause and acclaim and we traveled down the Italian boot until we came to that place—I had to disappear in the middle of the concert; in the dark I got lost, but I had to search. Far outside the city toward dawn, in the fields bathed by the morning dew, finally I found the place. But my arm wasn't there—only the poor peasant farmhouse was still standing in its place. They had brought me into it that day when I was shot in the right arm. They could never put it together again, and for years I was going from hospital to hospital, and had to give up my bookbinding trade. The Philharmonic people… didn't reproach me, but from that time on, I never went anywhere, anymore, and I never will. What would I be looking for when I didn't find what I wanted to find?<ref>''Creative Camera'', [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~sawyer/Sudek.htm Josef Sudek.] Retrieved March 24, 2008.</ref></blockquote> | |
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| − | Sonja Bullaty reproduced Sudek's description of his odyssey as follows: | ||
From this point on, Sudek's photos changed. Those produced from 1920 until the year of his crisis are markedly different from those produced afterward, both in style and content. In his early works, the contents were shadowy; the series of his fellow invalids from the veterans' hospital portrayed ghostly silhouettes shrouded in clouds of light. Other photos from the same period utilized soft focus, often distant subjects. | From this point on, Sudek's photos changed. Those produced from 1920 until the year of his crisis are markedly different from those produced afterward, both in style and content. In his early works, the contents were shadowy; the series of his fellow invalids from the veterans' hospital portrayed ghostly silhouettes shrouded in clouds of light. Other photos from the same period utilized soft focus, often distant subjects. | ||
| − | After his experience in Italy in 1926, Sudek seemed to discover a new personal style and come into his full powers as an artist. He no longer used the haziness that autographed his earlier works. He turned his devotion and dedication to photographing the city of Prague, created haunting night-scapes and panoramas of the city. He also photographed the wooded landscape of [[Bohemia]], creating some of | + | After his experience in Italy in 1926, Sudek seemed to discover a new personal style and come into his full powers as an artist. He no longer used the haziness that autographed his earlier works. He turned his devotion and dedication to photographing the city of Prague, created haunting night-scapes and panoramas of the city. He also photographed the wooded landscape of [[Bohemia]], creating some of his most captivating scenes. |
==Glimpses into Sudek's Character == | ==Glimpses into Sudek's Character == | ||
| + | Josef Sudek never attended to his own openings. He only made one exception, in the town of Roudnice, since he wanted to see how the photos were hung. After surveying the display and expressing approval, he retired to an upper floor to watch from above. He did foster friendships though; among others, with Dr. Peter Helbich, who called him "chief," to which Sudek responded with "student." Helbich attributed Sudek's melancholy to the loss of his arm but, at the same time, felt that had it not been for his disability, he would not have gone on to bring out the artist in himself.<ref>''Creative Camera,'' [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~sawyer/Sudek.htm Josef Sudek.] Retrieved March 24, 2008.</ref> | ||
| − | Sudek | + | When friends were not available, Sudek tapped into the soothing tones of music, especially by the [[Czech]] composer [[Leoš Janáček]] (1854-1928). For years, he would visit Janáček's native Hukvaldy in the eastern region of the [[Czech Republic]], [[Moravia]] to capture both the unique charm of the area and the composer's character through photographs of the countryside, the town, and the composer's home. He held weekly classical music soirées for his friends, drawing on his vast record collection. |
| − | + | He once said on the relationship between the artist and environment: "…the environment does have an impact on the person; even if you curse it, it will affect you. You can't extricate yourself from it."<ref>''Non-Commercial Projects Website,'' [http://eldar.cz/kangaroo/citanka/sudek.html Josef Sudek on Himself.] Retrieved January 17, 2007.</ref> He was aware of the direct relationship between the artist and the object of his art. What he was unaware of was the fact that the artist has the power to transform the object through the power of his imagination and the degree of his skill. | |
| − | + | Sudek was a down-to-earth man who openly admitted his weaknesses, such as reluctance to read, sloppiness, inability to bring a project to an end, and hoarding. | |
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==Style== | ==Style== | ||
| − | Like [[Eugene Atget]], his counterpart in France, Sudek was captivated by the city, and Prague's [[Gothic]], [[Renaissance]], and [[Baroque]] architecture | + | Like [[Eugene Atget]], his counterpart in France, Sudek was captivated by the city, and Prague's [[Gothic]], [[Renaissance]], and [[Baroque]] architecture offered plenty. But while Atget, who was a master of the sociological side of the city, Sudek stamped his own inner preoccupations into his enigmatic photographs. In historic buildings, public squares, and churches, he looked for architectural details and thus shot from a variety of angles. The same building would therefore appear different on each picture. |
| − | He worked hard both in terms of technique and aestheticism; his panoramic photos were an astounding 1 x 3 meter in size, and the sweeping lens technique was extremely demanding. The persistence, patience and continuous investment paid off and yielded unique results in the hands of the maestro. Also, he continuously explored and challenged the possibilities of his antique camera. That is why his landscapes blend in the surroundings rather than parcel it into isolated units. | + | He worked hard both in terms of technique and aestheticism; his panoramic photos were an astounding 1 x 3 meter in size, and the sweeping lens technique was extremely demanding. The persistence, patience, and continuous investment paid off and yielded unique results in the hands of the maestro. Also, he continuously explored and challenged the possibilities of his antique camera. That is why his landscapes blend in the surroundings rather than parcel it into isolated units. [[image:JosefSudek1.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Josef Sudek]] |
| − | [[Gustave Flaubert]] once expressed an ambition to write a book which would have no subject, "a book dependent on nothing external | + | [[Gustave Flaubert]] once expressed an ambition to write a book which would have no subject, "a book dependent on nothing external … held together by the strength of its style." Photographers strove to achieve this by making light the subject of their photographs, leaving the trite, material world behind. Sawyer said that Sudek, "mesmerized by a gossamer curtain draped over the back of the chair, the mist from a garden sprinkler, or the blurriness of air saturated with vapor, has come closer than any other photographer to translating this fantasy into reality. He looked for such materials everywhere. Once, accompanied by Bullaty, he saw a ray of sun enter the darkness of the Romanesque halls below the spires of St. Vitus Cathedral and started waving cloths to raise mountains of dust to see the light."<ref>''Creative Camera,'' [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~sawyer/Sudek.htm Josef Sudek.] Retrieved March 24, 2008.</ref> This is an [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] sensibility. |
| − | His work also reflects the [[Central Europe|Central European]] intensity and drama of emotion, traceable in other prominent people living in this geographical zone, such as [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Franz Kafka]].<ref> | + | His work also reflects the [[Central Europe|Central European]] intensity and drama of emotion, traceable in other prominent people living in this geographical zone, such as [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Franz Kafka]].<ref>''Photography,'' [http://photography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011000a.htm Joseph Sudek (1896-1976)—Poet of Prague.] Retrieved March 24, 2008.</ref> |
===Czech Poetism Movement=== | ===Czech Poetism Movement=== | ||
| − | The ubiquitous melancholy and detachment with which | + | The ubiquitous melancholy and detachment with which his photos were taken underscored tranquility on one hand and belittled human intimacy on the other. These excursions into the realm of imagination point more to [[Surrealism|Surrealist]] and [[Magic Realism]] paintings than to the photographic styles of the age. They also reflected the Czech Poetism movement of the 1920s, which never spread beyond the boundaries of the country. It aimed to show an optimistic view of the world stripped of politics by building on lyricism and playfulness. The only permitted time frame was the present—its joyful moments imbued with happiness and emotions. Philosophically, it was a reaction to the feeling of alienation widespread in [[Europe]] of that time. The Czech artists were convinced that human relations had been warped, which they attributed to the society, blinded by its own system and complexity. As a result, society did not show interest in the happiness of an individual and was self-centered. Poetism strove to rectify and overcome this feeling of alienation. |
| − | Nevertheless, Sudek's own stylistic and emotional peculiarities overrode the styles prevalent during his life. Being a loner, he produced a vast number of his photographs out of his studio window, which acted as a reflective backdrop, framing artfully arranged objects such as onions, pebbles or flowers. Those were his homage to the carefully arranged still lifes of [[Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin]] and the Old Dutch masters. Even though the setting was the same, Sudek would make each of the photos distinct and unique with the aid of atmospheric conditions, such as dew, ice or rain drops. In ''The Window of My Studio'' | + | Nevertheless, Sudek's own stylistic and emotional peculiarities overrode the styles prevalent during his life. Being a loner, he produced a vast number of his photographs out of his studio window, which acted as a reflective backdrop, framing artfully arranged objects such as onions, pebbles, or flowers. Those were his homage to the carefully arranged still-lifes of [[Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin]] and the Old Dutch masters. Even though the setting was the same, Sudek would make each of the photos distinct and unique with the aid of atmospheric conditions, such as dew, ice, or rain drops. In ''The Window of My Studio,'' a figure is barely distinguishable through a dusky veil of rainy condensation. |
| − | === Artistic | + | === Artistic evolution === |
| − | There were two basic periods in Sudek's life in which his work took drastic turns. The first was after his crisis in Italy during which time he came to terms with the loss of his arm. Prior to that time his photos were bathed in haziness, even referred to as | + | There were two basic periods in Sudek's life in which his work took drastic turns. The first was after his crisis in Italy during which time he came to terms with the loss of his arm. Prior to that time, his photos were bathed in haziness, even referred to as ghostly. After his return from Italy there was a clarity and beauty in his work which had not been seen before. Then came four years of a rapid artistic development and later on healing of the soul, through his study of the reconstruction of St. Vitus Cathedral, completed in 1928. Sudek devoted endless hours to photographing objects in various settings, particularly objects given to him by friends. To him, the photos were "remembrances" of the person. |
| − | The other hallmark of his creativity started with his discovery of the contact prints in 1940, when he came across a 30 x 40 cm (12 x 16 inches) contact print photograph of a statue from Chartres, [[France]]. The intense beauty and | + | The other hallmark of his [[creativity]] started with his discovery of the contact prints in 1940, when he came across a 30 x 40 cm (12 x 16 inches) contact print photograph of a statue from Chartres, [[France]]. The intense beauty and authenticity of the stone brought out by this method convinced him that it would be best to make only contact prints. He realized that it was an all-powerful tool that would allow for presenting detail as a broad spectrum of tone, which is what he desired. This also meant that he would have to dedicate himself fully to his artistic passion and maintain a high standard of craftsmanship. From then on he carried view cameras as large as the 30 x 40 cm format (12 x 16 inches), operating the equipment propped in his lap with one hand, and what one hand could not handle, the teeth would. |
| − | ===Promotional and | + | ===Promotional and publicity photography=== |
| − | In the 1930s, Sudek worked mostly as a photographer on commission. He was described as a very expensive, goal-oriented businessman who did not hesitate to hire an attorney when his royalties were not paid or when the buyers defaulted. Later in his life he played down this chapter | + | In the 1930s, Sudek worked mostly as a photographer on commission. He was described as a very expensive, goal-oriented businessman who did not hesitate to hire an attorney when his royalties were not paid or when the buyers defaulted. Later in his life he played down this chapter, admitting that money was good but doing just that would have driven him insane. He was eager to quickly return to his art once the commercial order was completed.<ref>''Photography Online,'' [http://www.paladix.cz/clanky/dve-vzpominky-na-josefa-sudka.html?PLXID=15647dea1c42d0add0563d0746809008 Two Memories of Josef Sudek.] Retrieved March 24, 2008.</ref> |
| − | <ref> | + | He never loosened his standards though, pioneering this field in his country. He worked for the Družstevní práce publishing house and its promotional publications focused on quality work, living style, and modern life, where he briefly sat on the editorial board. Then he took on orders to photograph Prague's factories and businesses and various products. |
| − | He never loosened his standards though, pioneering this field in his country. He worked for the Družstevní práce publishing house and its promotional publications focused on quality work, living style and modern life, where he briefly sat on the editorial board. Then he took on orders to photograph Prague's factories and businesses and various products. | ||
| − | ==Sudek in | + | ==Sudek in dates== |
| − | * 1896 - born in Kolin. | + | * 1896--born in Kolin. |
| − | * 1908 - begins studies at the Royal Bohemian Trade School in Kutna Hora. | + | * 1908--begins studies at the Royal Bohemian Trade School in Kutna Hora. |
| − | * 1911 - moves to Prague to work as a bookbinder's apprentice. Begins taking photos. | + | * 1911--moves to Prague to work as a bookbinder's apprentice. Begins taking photos. |
| − | * 1915-1916 - fights in and takes photographs on the Italian front of WWI. Loses his right arm. | + | * 1915-1916--fights in and takes photographs on the Italian front of WWI. Loses his right arm. |
| − | * 1917 - unable to continue bookbinding, he concentrates on photography. | + | * 1917--unable to continue bookbinding, he concentrates on photography. |
| − | * 1920-1921 - becomes member of the Prague Society of Amateur Photographers. | + | * 1920-1921--becomes member of the Prague Society of Amateur Photographers. |
| − | * 1922-1924 - studies photography at Prague Graphic Arts School. | + | * 1922-1924--studies photography at Prague Graphic Arts School. |
| − | * 1922-1927 - takes photographs of veterans at Prague's Invalidovna hospital. | + | * 1922-1927--takes photographs of veterans at Prague's Invalidovna hospital. |
| − | * 1924 - co-founds the Prague Photographic Society. | + | * 1924--co-founds the Prague Photographic Society. |
| − | * 1926 - travels to Italy. | + | * 1926--travels to Italy. |
| − | * 1928 - documents the reconstruction of St. Vitus Cathedral and publishes his first album of ten photographs for the 10th anniversary of the founding of Czechoslovakia. | + | * 1928--documents the reconstruction of St. Vitus Cathedral and publishes his first album of ten photographs for the 10th anniversary of the founding of Czechoslovakia. |
| − | * 1927-1936 - Works for ''Druzstevni prace'' | + | * 1927-1936--Works for ''Druzstevni prace,'' specializing in portraits, ads, and documentaries. |
| − | * 1932 - first exhibition in Prague. | + | * 1932--first exhibition in Prague. |
| − | * 1940 - stops enlarging negatives and focuses on contact prints. | + | * 1940--stops enlarging negatives and focuses on contact prints. |
| − | * 1958 - moves to a new studio in Uvoz near Prague. | + | * 1958--moves to a new studio in Uvoz near Prague. |
| − | * 1961 - receives the Artist of Merit award by the Czech government as the first photographer ever. | + | * 1961--receives the Artist of Merit award by the Czech government as the first photographer ever. |
| − | * 1966 - awarded the Order of Labor by the Czech government. | + | * 1966--awarded the Order of Labor by the Czech government. |
| − | * 1976 - dies in Prague. | + | * 1976--dies in Prague. |
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| − | < | + | <references/> |
| − | == | + | == References == |
| − | * Sonja | + | * Bullaty, Sonja and Josef Sudek. ''Sudek.'' New York: C.N. Potter Publishers, Distributed by Crown Publishers, 1986. ISBN 051756419X |
| − | * Anna | + | * Fárová, Anna and Josef Sudek. ''Josef Sudek, Poet of Prague: A Photographer's Life.'' New York: Aperture, 1990. ISBN 0893813869 |
| − | * | + | * Poncar, Jaroslav and Jehan Despert. ''The Loire Valley: Hommage á Josef Sudek.'' Alfortville, France: Revue K Publishers, 1997. ISBN 2908120089 |
| − | + | * Sudek, Josef and Jaroslav Seifert. ''Prague Panoramic.'' Prague: Odeon Publishers, 1992. ISBN 8020703675 | |
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved August 5, 2022. | |
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| + | ;Czech language | ||
| + | * Zuzana Mandysová, [http://www.archiweb.cz/news.php?action=show&type=1&id=1065&lang=en "Josef Sudek: Photographer Who Knew How to Stop Time"] ''Czech Architecture Website''. | ||
| + | * Jaroslav Anděl, [http://eldar.cz/kangaroo/citanka/sudek.html "Josef Sudek on Himself"] ''Non-Commercial Projects Website''. | ||
| + | * Jiří Zahradnický, June 24, 2004 [http://www.paladix.cz/clanky/dve-vzpominky-na-josefa-sudka.html?PLXID=15647dea1c42d0add0563d0746809008 "Two Memories of Josef Sudek"] ''Photography Online''. | ||
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]] | [[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]] | ||
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]] | [[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]] | ||
[[Category:Biography]] | [[Category:Biography]] | ||
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{{credit|16219950}} | {{credit|16219950}} | ||
Latest revision as of 03:36, 6 August 2022
Josef Sudek (March 17, 1896 – September 15, 1976) was a renowned Czech photographer, dubbed the "Poet of Prague."
Born when Bohemia was a kingdom in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he learned bookbinding, but after his 1916 World War I injury, which led to the amputation of his right arm, he took up photography. His inability to accept the norm and prescribed limits of an artistic style and form accompanied him throughout his life.
The amputation of his arm was a traumatic experience for him, and it seemed that photography was a form of redemption, as it allowed him to peek beyond the life of loneliness into the lives of fellow humans and their environment. Few people appear in his photographs, and melancholy is the signature on all. He worked hard to make up for his physical limitations and was very patient, driven by his pursuit of perfection.
His style exhibits traits of Impressionism, Surrealism, Magic Realism, Neo-Romanticism, Avant-Garde, and Czech Poetism Movement, but central to it is a diversity of light values in the low end of the tonal scale, and the representation of light as a substance occupying its own space. Sudek's work first appeared in America in 1974.
Toward the end of his life he was branded a loner and eccentric; classical music and his famous painter and poet friends kept him company. He experienced several political regimes, yet he always maintained his own perspective of art, oblivious to whims and fashions of the time. He never sought the limelight and largely busied himself with what captured his interest. He published 16 books during his life and left behind over 20,000 photographs and twice as many negatives, most of which have not been published.
Josef Sudek never married. He died in 1976, at the age of 80.
Life
Josef Sudek was born in Kolin, Bohemia, on March 17, 1896, which at the time was a kingdom in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to a housepainter father. His father apprenticed him to a bookbinder, and in this setting he was also initiated into photography. The father died soon afterward and the family struggled with poverty, but Josef's memories of childhood were fond. He felt very close to his sister Božena, who helped him with household chores even through his adulthood.
Sudek was drafted into the First World War in 1915, and served on the Italian Front, where he was hit by shrapnel in the right arm. Due to complications, his arm was amputated at the shoulder; he was 21 years old. Three years of convalescence in Prague's Veterans’ hospital followed, where Sudek passed time photographing his fellow patients; this marked his official entry into the field of photography. Around this period he produced several albums of pictures, including landscapes showing the devastation wrought by the war.
Once he was fit to resume normal life outside the health care system, he settled in Prague and made his living taking photographs on commission, to supplement his disability pension. He met Czech Avant-Garde photographer Jaromír Funke, who became his good friend, and joined the Amateur Photography Club. In 1922, he began formal education in his new vocation at the Prague-based School of Graphic Arts. His teachers, leading "traditionalist" Czech photographers such as Karel Novák, introduced him to the most influential American photographer of the twentieth century, Edward Weston, and his soft focus Pictorialism. But it was largely the work of Clarence White, who employed light and shadow to evoke a three dimensional mood and a virtual glow from the highlights, that can be discerned in Sudek's early work. Sudek also co-founded professional associations such as Photoclub Prague and the Czech Photographic Society.
Along with the other leading young photographers, he soon rejected the traditional—"painterly"—approach and embraced the modernist views. For this, he and Funke were dismissed from Photoclub Prague. In response, they rallied photographers who shared their modernist views, and in 1924, formed the "Avant-Garde Czech Photographic Society," which focused on the negative. Still, the light continued to work its magic on Sudek throughout his career. He admired Funke for his knowledge of law, medicine, and philosophy; this man, Sudek's peer, with his sharp, broad-specter intelligence, provided an impetus for many of Sudek's bold undertakings.
The Nazi invasion of 1939 brought much of the cultural life of Prague to a halt; likewise, Sudek took a step back to reflect on his work—and discovered contact prints. He almost gave up on the negative and pushed the boundaries in the uses of printing papers and effects instead. At that time, the ideal of printing, particularly in America, was manifested by "straight photographers" such as Ansel Adams. Sudek distanced himself from this technique and began using very dark and often low contrast images. Almost all of his subsequent work—commercial and personal—was contact prints from negatives. The pictures often relied on limited tonalities; they were dark and sombre and very subjective, as if the lives of his subjects, human or not, were to be sheltered from the outside world. The critics hammered him for this drifting away from the norm.
After World War II, he hired an assistant, Sonja Bullaty, a young Czech Jew who survived the Nazi concentration camps. While her boss was brimming with energy and almost a workaholic, she was still reeling from the trauma of the Holocaust, but she adjusted to his pace in order to do photography. It was Bullaty who took Sudek's work outside the Iron Curtain and preserved over 300 selections of his prints that he continued to send to her after she emigrated to America.
In the early 1950s, Sudek purchased an 1894 Kodak Panorama camera whose spring-drive sweeping lens allowed for making a large negative of 10 cm x 30 cm (4 inches x 12 inches), and produced almost 300 panoramic images of Prague that were published under the title Panoramas of Prague, in 1959. Like most of his books, it was only published in his native country.
Sudek's individualism did not fare well under Czechoslovakia's communist regime. Fortunately, the strong artistic tradition of the country made it possible for him to practice his art through mavericks who supported his work, and it continued to be published. He was the first photographer to be honored by the country with the title of "Artist of Merit." His hunched figure pegged to a bulky wooden tripod was quite a spectacle in Prague. He never tired of his work and worked continuously until the age of 80, when he passed away. Sudek had never married.
Life-changing crisis
In 1926, Sudek ventured back into Italy with a group of friends who were musicians with the Czech Philharmonic. This trip brought him quite near the spot where his life had been shattered nearly ten years earlier. Leaving his friends in the middle of a concert and wandering as if in a trance until he reached the location his injury had occurred, he remained for two months. His friends even alerted police when they could not account for him. Finally, having reached the catharsis but permanently estranged, he returned to Prague, where he plunged into his art.
Sonja Bullaty reproduced Sudek's description of his odyssey as follows:
When the musicians ot the Czech Philharmonic told me: "Josef come with us, we are going to Italy to play music," I told myself, "fool that you are, you were there and you did not enjoy that beautiful country when you served as a soldier for the Emperor's Army." And so went with them on this unusual excursion. In Milan, we had a lot of applause and acclaim and we traveled down the Italian boot until we came to that place—I had to disappear in the middle of the concert; in the dark I got lost, but I had to search. Far outside the city toward dawn, in the fields bathed by the morning dew, finally I found the place. But my arm wasn't there—only the poor peasant farmhouse was still standing in its place. They had brought me into it that day when I was shot in the right arm. They could never put it together again, and for years I was going from hospital to hospital, and had to give up my bookbinding trade. The Philharmonic people… didn't reproach me, but from that time on, I never went anywhere, anymore, and I never will. What would I be looking for when I didn't find what I wanted to find?[1]
From this point on, Sudek's photos changed. Those produced from 1920 until the year of his crisis are markedly different from those produced afterward, both in style and content. In his early works, the contents were shadowy; the series of his fellow invalids from the veterans' hospital portrayed ghostly silhouettes shrouded in clouds of light. Other photos from the same period utilized soft focus, often distant subjects.
After his experience in Italy in 1926, Sudek seemed to discover a new personal style and come into his full powers as an artist. He no longer used the haziness that autographed his earlier works. He turned his devotion and dedication to photographing the city of Prague, created haunting night-scapes and panoramas of the city. He also photographed the wooded landscape of Bohemia, creating some of his most captivating scenes.
Glimpses into Sudek's Character
Josef Sudek never attended to his own openings. He only made one exception, in the town of Roudnice, since he wanted to see how the photos were hung. After surveying the display and expressing approval, he retired to an upper floor to watch from above. He did foster friendships though; among others, with Dr. Peter Helbich, who called him "chief," to which Sudek responded with "student." Helbich attributed Sudek's melancholy to the loss of his arm but, at the same time, felt that had it not been for his disability, he would not have gone on to bring out the artist in himself.[2]
When friends were not available, Sudek tapped into the soothing tones of music, especially by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček (1854-1928). For years, he would visit Janáček's native Hukvaldy in the eastern region of the Czech Republic, Moravia to capture both the unique charm of the area and the composer's character through photographs of the countryside, the town, and the composer's home. He held weekly classical music soirées for his friends, drawing on his vast record collection.
He once said on the relationship between the artist and environment: "…the environment does have an impact on the person; even if you curse it, it will affect you. You can't extricate yourself from it."[3] He was aware of the direct relationship between the artist and the object of his art. What he was unaware of was the fact that the artist has the power to transform the object through the power of his imagination and the degree of his skill.
Sudek was a down-to-earth man who openly admitted his weaknesses, such as reluctance to read, sloppiness, inability to bring a project to an end, and hoarding.
Style
Like Eugene Atget, his counterpart in France, Sudek was captivated by the city, and Prague's Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque architecture offered plenty. But while Atget, who was a master of the sociological side of the city, Sudek stamped his own inner preoccupations into his enigmatic photographs. In historic buildings, public squares, and churches, he looked for architectural details and thus shot from a variety of angles. The same building would therefore appear different on each picture.
He worked hard both in terms of technique and aestheticism; his panoramic photos were an astounding 1 x 3 meter in size, and the sweeping lens technique was extremely demanding. The persistence, patience, and continuous investment paid off and yielded unique results in the hands of the maestro. Also, he continuously explored and challenged the possibilities of his antique camera. That is why his landscapes blend in the surroundings rather than parcel it into isolated units.
Gustave Flaubert once expressed an ambition to write a book which would have no subject, "a book dependent on nothing external … held together by the strength of its style." Photographers strove to achieve this by making light the subject of their photographs, leaving the trite, material world behind. Sawyer said that Sudek, "mesmerized by a gossamer curtain draped over the back of the chair, the mist from a garden sprinkler, or the blurriness of air saturated with vapor, has come closer than any other photographer to translating this fantasy into reality. He looked for such materials everywhere. Once, accompanied by Bullaty, he saw a ray of sun enter the darkness of the Romanesque halls below the spires of St. Vitus Cathedral and started waving cloths to raise mountains of dust to see the light."[4] This is an Impressionist sensibility.
His work also reflects the Central European intensity and drama of emotion, traceable in other prominent people living in this geographical zone, such as Sigmund Freud and Franz Kafka.[5]
Czech Poetism Movement
The ubiquitous melancholy and detachment with which his photos were taken underscored tranquility on one hand and belittled human intimacy on the other. These excursions into the realm of imagination point more to Surrealist and Magic Realism paintings than to the photographic styles of the age. They also reflected the Czech Poetism movement of the 1920s, which never spread beyond the boundaries of the country. It aimed to show an optimistic view of the world stripped of politics by building on lyricism and playfulness. The only permitted time frame was the present—its joyful moments imbued with happiness and emotions. Philosophically, it was a reaction to the feeling of alienation widespread in Europe of that time. The Czech artists were convinced that human relations had been warped, which they attributed to the society, blinded by its own system and complexity. As a result, society did not show interest in the happiness of an individual and was self-centered. Poetism strove to rectify and overcome this feeling of alienation.
Nevertheless, Sudek's own stylistic and emotional peculiarities overrode the styles prevalent during his life. Being a loner, he produced a vast number of his photographs out of his studio window, which acted as a reflective backdrop, framing artfully arranged objects such as onions, pebbles, or flowers. Those were his homage to the carefully arranged still-lifes of Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin and the Old Dutch masters. Even though the setting was the same, Sudek would make each of the photos distinct and unique with the aid of atmospheric conditions, such as dew, ice, or rain drops. In The Window of My Studio, a figure is barely distinguishable through a dusky veil of rainy condensation.
Artistic evolution
There were two basic periods in Sudek's life in which his work took drastic turns. The first was after his crisis in Italy during which time he came to terms with the loss of his arm. Prior to that time, his photos were bathed in haziness, even referred to as ghostly. After his return from Italy there was a clarity and beauty in his work which had not been seen before. Then came four years of a rapid artistic development and later on healing of the soul, through his study of the reconstruction of St. Vitus Cathedral, completed in 1928. Sudek devoted endless hours to photographing objects in various settings, particularly objects given to him by friends. To him, the photos were "remembrances" of the person.
The other hallmark of his creativity started with his discovery of the contact prints in 1940, when he came across a 30 x 40 cm (12 x 16 inches) contact print photograph of a statue from Chartres, France. The intense beauty and authenticity of the stone brought out by this method convinced him that it would be best to make only contact prints. He realized that it was an all-powerful tool that would allow for presenting detail as a broad spectrum of tone, which is what he desired. This also meant that he would have to dedicate himself fully to his artistic passion and maintain a high standard of craftsmanship. From then on he carried view cameras as large as the 30 x 40 cm format (12 x 16 inches), operating the equipment propped in his lap with one hand, and what one hand could not handle, the teeth would.
Promotional and publicity photography
In the 1930s, Sudek worked mostly as a photographer on commission. He was described as a very expensive, goal-oriented businessman who did not hesitate to hire an attorney when his royalties were not paid or when the buyers defaulted. Later in his life he played down this chapter, admitting that money was good but doing just that would have driven him insane. He was eager to quickly return to his art once the commercial order was completed.[6] He never loosened his standards though, pioneering this field in his country. He worked for the Družstevní práce publishing house and its promotional publications focused on quality work, living style, and modern life, where he briefly sat on the editorial board. Then he took on orders to photograph Prague's factories and businesses and various products.
Sudek in dates
- 1896—born in Kolin.
- 1908—begins studies at the Royal Bohemian Trade School in Kutna Hora.
- 1911—moves to Prague to work as a bookbinder's apprentice. Begins taking photos.
- 1915-1916—fights in and takes photographs on the Italian front of WWI. Loses his right arm.
- 1917—unable to continue bookbinding, he concentrates on photography.
- 1920-1921—becomes member of the Prague Society of Amateur Photographers.
- 1922-1924—studies photography at Prague Graphic Arts School.
- 1922-1927—takes photographs of veterans at Prague's Invalidovna hospital.
- 1924—co-founds the Prague Photographic Society.
- 1926—travels to Italy.
- 1928—documents the reconstruction of St. Vitus Cathedral and publishes his first album of ten photographs for the 10th anniversary of the founding of Czechoslovakia.
- 1927-1936—Works for Druzstevni prace, specializing in portraits, ads, and documentaries.
- 1932—first exhibition in Prague.
- 1940—stops enlarging negatives and focuses on contact prints.
- 1958—moves to a new studio in Uvoz near Prague.
- 1961—receives the Artist of Merit award by the Czech government as the first photographer ever.
- 1966—awarded the Order of Labor by the Czech government.
- 1976—dies in Prague.
Notes
- ↑ Creative Camera, Josef Sudek. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
- ↑ Creative Camera, Josef Sudek. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
- ↑ Non-Commercial Projects Website, Josef Sudek on Himself. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
- ↑ Creative Camera, Josef Sudek. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
- ↑ Photography, Joseph Sudek (1896-1976)—Poet of Prague. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
- ↑ Photography Online, Two Memories of Josef Sudek. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bullaty, Sonja and Josef Sudek. Sudek. New York: C.N. Potter Publishers, Distributed by Crown Publishers, 1986. ISBN 051756419X
- Fárová, Anna and Josef Sudek. Josef Sudek, Poet of Prague: A Photographer's Life. New York: Aperture, 1990. ISBN 0893813869
- Poncar, Jaroslav and Jehan Despert. The Loire Valley: Hommage á Josef Sudek. Alfortville, France: Revue K Publishers, 1997. ISBN 2908120089
- Sudek, Josef and Jaroslav Seifert. Prague Panoramic. Prague: Odeon Publishers, 1992. ISBN 8020703675
External links
All links retrieved August 5, 2022.
- Czech language
- Zuzana Mandysová, "Josef Sudek: Photographer Who Knew How to Stop Time" Czech Architecture Website.
- Jaroslav Anděl, "Josef Sudek on Himself" Non-Commercial Projects Website.
- Jiří Zahradnický, June 24, 2004 "Two Memories of Josef Sudek" Photography Online.
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