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[[Image:Ishtar-gate.jpg|thumb|300px|The reconstructed Ishtar Gate, originally located in Babylon, now in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.]]
 
[[Image:Ishtar-gate.jpg|thumb|300px|The reconstructed Ishtar Gate, originally located in Babylon, now in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.]]
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'''Ishtar''', a goddess of both fertility and war, is the Akkadian and better known name of the [[Mesopotamian mythology|Sumerian]] goddess Inanna and the Semitic goddess [[Astarte]]. She inspired great devotion in the ancient Babylonian empire, as evidenced by the many grand temples, altars, inscriptions, and art objects [http://altreligion.about.com/library/graphics/bl_ishtar.htm]. devoted to her.
 
  
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There were two conflicting main aspects to this goddess of life. She was the deity of fertility and love, but was a jealous goddess who could also bring vengeance against individuals, go to war, destroy fields, and make the earth's creatures infertile. Ever young, energetic, and passionate, Ishtar was a moody goddess, changing rapidly from love to enmity. She protected her favorites, but brought doom upon those who dishonored her, sometimes with terrible consequences for whole nations.
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'''Ishtar,''' a goddess of both fertility and war, is the Akkadian name of the [[Mesopotamian mythology|Sumerian]] goddess Inanna and the Semitic goddess [[Astarte]], the three names referring to the same deity in different cultural contexts. She inspired great devotion in the ancient [[Babylon]]ian empire, as evidenced by the many grand temples, altars, inscriptions, and art objects devoted to her.
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{{toc}}
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There were two conflicting aspects to this goddess: She was the deity of fertility and love, but also a jealous goddess who could bring vengeance against individuals, go to war, destroy fields, and make the earth's creatures infertile. Ever young, energetic, and passionate, Ishtar was moody, changing rapidly from love to enmity. She protected her favorites, but brought doom upon those who dishonored her, sometimes with terrible consequences for whole nations.
  
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The origin of the name Ishtar is not known, though it is possible that the underlying stem is the same as that of [[Assur]], which would thus make her the "leading one" or "chief." It is generally recognized that the name is [[Semite|Semitic]] in origin, and was identified in ancient times with Canaanite Ashtoreth or Astarte (Biblical Hebrew עשתרת). Some scholars have suggested that [[Eostre]], the Anglo-Saxon goddess of Spring whose name later gave rise to modern the English "Easter," may be etymologically connected to that of Ishtar. The older Sumerian name ''Inanna'' means "Great Lady of An", where An is the god of heaven.
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==Etymology==
  
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==History and Character==
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The name Ishtar is likely [[Semite|Semitic]] in origin, and was identified in ancient times with Canaanite goddess Ashtoreth or Astarte (Biblical Hebrew עשתרת). It is possible that the underlying stem is the same as that of ''Assur,'' meaning the "leading one" or "chief." The older Sumerian name, ''Inanna,'' means "Great Lady of An"—An (or Anu) being the god of the sky or heaven.
  
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Ishtar/Inanna was first worshiped at [[Uruk]] (biblical Erech) in the earliest period of [[Mesopotamia]]n history. Incantations, hymns, myths, epics, votive inscriptions, and historical annals celebrated and invoked her as the force of life.  
+
Some scholars have suggested that Esther and Mordecai—the heroes of the Biblical Book of Esther—may be Judaized versions of some lost story about Isthar and the Babylonian deity Marduk. Their names, at least, are indeed similar to the Biblical ones. Scholars likewise speculate that ''Eostre,'' the Anglo-Saxon goddess of Spring whose name later gave rise to modern the English "Easter," may be etymologically connected to Ishtar.
  
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Ishtar's reign did not normally depend upon a particular male consort. Indeed, she had many lovers and usually initiated the relationship. (In one story, however, Ishtar was in fact raped.) Although sometimes portrayed as subject to higher male authorities, her position in the Babylonian pantheon in practice was the highest.
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==History and character==
  
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Ishtar's genealogy varies depending on the source. She is sometimes described as the daughter of the moon goddess Ningal and her consort, also a moon god, Sin (or Suen), who were the patron dieties of Uruk. Sin's Sumerian name is "Nanna," showing a close relationship to Ishtar's Sumerian name. In other traditions, however, she is the daughter of the usually distant sky god, An. Later she also is portrayed as his wife.
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In the archaeological record, Ishtar/Inanna was first worshiped at Uruk (Biblical Erech) in the earliest period of Mesopotamian history. Incantations, hymns, myths, epics, votive inscriptions, and historical annals celebrated and invoked her as the force of life.  
  
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[[Image:Babylon relief.jpg|thumb|Detail from the reconstructed Ishtar Gate.]]
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Ishtar's reign did not normally depend upon a particular male consort. Although sometimes portrayed as subject to higher male authorities, her position in the Babylonian pantheon, in practice, was the highest.
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In all the great Mesopotamian cultural centers, Ishtar — or Inanna — had her temples:
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Ishtar's genealogy varies depending on the source. She is sometimes described as the daughter of the moon goddess Ningal and her consort, also a moon god, Sin (or Suen), who were the patron deities of Uruk. In other traditions, however, she is the daughter of the distant sky god, An. Later she also is portrayed as his wife.
 +
 
 +
Temples devoted to the worship of Ishtar/Inanna were constructed in each of the great Mesopotamian cultural centers:
 
*E-anna, "house of An," in Uruk
 
*E-anna, "house of An," in Uruk
 
*E-makh, "great house," in Babylon
 
*E-makh, "great house," in Babylon
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*E-mash-mash, "house of offerings," in [[Nineveh]]
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*E-mash-mash, "house of offerings," in Nineveh
  
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The great Babylonian king [[Nebuchadrezzar II]] constructed the mammoth "Ishtar Gate" in honor of the goddess.
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The [[Gilgamesh, Epic of|Epic of Gilgamesh]] gives the following description of Ishtar's temple in Uruk:
  
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As the goddess of love and fertility, Ishtar was the guardian of sacred harlots and is described as having sacred [[priestess-prostitutes]] who served her. In later times, however, the priestesses of Ishtar were virgins who, as long as they remained in her service, were not permitted to marry. Ishtar was also associated with beer, and was the patroness of tavern keepers, who were usually female in early Mesopotamia.
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:Look at its wall which gleams like copper,
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:inspect its inner wall, the likes of which no one can equal!
 +
:Take hold of the threshold stone—it dates from ancient times!
 +
:Go close to the Eanna Temple, the residence of Ishtar,
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:such as no later king or man ever equaled!
  
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On monuments and seal-cylinders Ishtar/Inanna appears frequently with bow and arrow. At other times, she is depicted simply clad in long robes with a crown on her head and an eight-rayed star as her symbol. Statuettes have been found in large numbers representing her as naked with her arms folded across her breast or holding a child. Although her primary function seems to have been as a goddess of fertility, she was also invoked as a goddess of war, battles, and the chase, particularly among the warlike [[Assyria]]ns. Before battle, the priestess-vicar of Ishtar would appear before the Assyrian army, clad in battle array and armed with bow and arrow. (compare Greek [[Athena]].)
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In the sixth century B.C.E., the great Babylonian king [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] constructed the mammoth "Ishtar Gate" in honor of the goddess.
  
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Together with the moon god Sin and the sun god Shamash, Ishtar is the third figure in a triad deifying and personalizing the moon, the sun, and the earth. In this trinity, the moon represents wisdom, the sun personifies justice, and and the earth repesentns life force. This triad overlies another: An — heaven; Enlil — earth; and Ea/Enki — the watery deep. Ishtar is generally portrayed twin of Shamash.
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On monuments and seal-cylinders Ishtar appears frequently as a warrior, with bow and arrow or other implements of war. She was invoked as a goddess of battles, particularly among the warlike [[Assyria]]ns. Before battle, the priestess-vicar of Ishtar would appear before the Assyrian army, clad in battle array and armed with bow and arrow (much like the Greek [[Athena]]). At other times, she is depicted simply clad in long robes with a crown on her head and various animals—bulls, lions, owls, snakes, etc.—as her symbol.
  
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Ishtar is a significant figure in the epic of Gilgamesh. She appears also on the top panel of the [http://blogs.salon.com/0001381/images/uruk.jpg Uruk vase], one of the most famous ancient Mesopotamian artifacts. The relief on this vase seems to show Ishtar/Inanna conferring kingship on a supplicant. Various inscriptions and artifacts indicate that kingship was one of the gifts bestowed by Inanna on the ruler of [[Uruk]].
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As the goddess of love and fertility, Ishtar was the guardian of sacred harlots and is described as having sacred priestess-prostitutes. Statuettes have been found in large numbers representing her as naked. In Babylon, she was sometimes portrayed Madonna-like as the mother of the god [[Marduk]]. In later times, it should be noted, the priestesses of Ishtar were virgins who were not permitted to marry.  
  
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In late Babylonian astrology, Ishtar was related to the planet [[Venus (planet)|Venus]]. As the most prominent female deity in the late Babylonian pantheon, she was equated by the Greeks with either or both [[Hera]] and [[Aphrodite]]. Roman mythology renders Aphrodite as Venus, and thus the planet is indirectly named for Ishtar. The double aspect of Ishtar as the goddess of both ferility and war may correspond to the difference between Venus as a [[morning star]] and as an [[evening star]].
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Together with the moon god, Sin and the sun god, Shamash, Ishtar is the third figure in a triad personifying the moon, the sun, and the earth. In this trinity, the moon represents wisdom, the sun personifies justice, and the earth represents life force. This triad overlies another: An—heaven; Enlil—earth; and Ea/Enki—the watery deep. Ishtar is generally portrayed as the twin of Shamash.
  
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Ishtar, by various names, continued to be an important deity until the advent of Christianity in the Roman empire and Islam in the Arabic world and Persia. These monotheistic religions and the civilizations they inspired insisted on the existence of only one diety, a masculine god who jealously commanded that He alone be worshiped.
+
Ishtar also appears on the top panel of the Uruk vase, one of the most famous ancient Mesopotamian artifacts. The relief on this vase seems to show Ishtar/Inanna conferring kingship on a supplicant. Various inscriptions and artifacts indicate that kingship was one of the gifts bestowed by Inanna on the ruler of [[Uruk]].
  
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==Myths Concerning Ishtar==
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In late Babylonian astrology, Ishtar was related to the planet [[Venus (planet)|Venus]]. As the most prominent female deity in the late Babylonian pantheon, she was equated by the Greeks with either or both [[Hera]] and [[Aphrodite]]. Roman mythology renders Aphrodite as Venus, and thus the planet is indirectly named for Ishtar. The double aspect of Ishtar as the goddess of both fertility and war may correspond to the difference between Venus as a morning star and as an evening star.
  
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===Inana's Descent===
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Ishtar, by various names, continued to be an important deity until the advent of Christianity in the Roman empire and Islam in the Arabic world and Persia. These monotheistic religions and the civilizations they inspired insisted on the existence of only one deity, a masculine god who jealously commanded that He alone be worshiped.
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An important myth involving Ishtar is the tale of her [http://inanna.virtualave.net/tammuz.html descent to the underworld]. One of the most striking Sumerian myths, this story describes Ishtar/Inanna passing through seven gates of hell into the "Land of No Return." At each gate an article of her clothing and ornaments is removed until at the last gate she is entirely naked. Ishtar then usurps the throne of her sister Ereshkigal, the queen of the underworld. He reign is brief, however, as Ereshkigal kills her and hangs her corpse on a hook on the wall. By intercession of the clever god, her uncle, [[Enki]], Ishtar eventually returns to earth, but according to the rules, she must find someone to take her place. On her way home she encounters her friends prostrated with grief at her loss; but in her cult city, she discover her beloved husband, Tammuz, seated in splendor on a throne. Enraged, she has him seized and dragged below.
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 +
==Myths concerning Ishtar==
 +
 
 +
===Inana's descent===
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An important myth involving Ishtar is the tale of her descent to the underworld. One of the most striking of Sumerian myths, this story describes Ishtar passing through seven gates of hell into the "Land of No Return." At each gate an article of her clothing and ornaments is removed until at the last gate she is entirely naked. Ishtar then attempts to usurp the throne of her sister Ereshkigal, the queen of the underworld. Ereshkigal, however, "fastened upon her the eye of death" and hangs her—seeming to be a corpse—on a hook on the wall. By intercession of the clever god, her uncle Ea (Enki in Sumerian), Ishtar eventually wins release. According to the underworld rules, however, she must find someone to take her place. Eventually she discovers her beloved husband, Tammuz, seated in splendor on her throne. Enraged, she has him seized and dragged below.
  
 
:She looked at him, it was the look of death. She spoke to him, it was the speech of anger. She shouted at him, it was the shout of heavy guilt: "How much longer? Take him away." Holy Inanna [Ishtar] gave Dumuzid [Tammuz] the shepherd into their hands.
 
:She looked at him, it was the look of death. She spoke to him, it was the speech of anger. She shouted at him, it was the shout of heavy guilt: "How much longer? Take him away." Holy Inanna [Ishtar] gave Dumuzid [Tammuz] the shepherd into their hands.
  
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Ever the fickle young woman, Ishtar soon repents of her brash act.
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However, Ishtar soon repents of her brash act:
  
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:Holy Inana wept bitterly for her husband.  
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:Holy Inanna wept bitterly for her husband.  
 
:She tore at her hair like esparto grass.
 
:She tore at her hair like esparto grass.
 
:She ripped it out like esparto grass.  
 
:She ripped it out like esparto grass.  
Line 52: Line 64:
 
:Where is my man? Where? Where is my man? Where?"
 
:Where is my man? Where? Where is my man? Where?"
  
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As one might guess if one knows the later Greek myths, Ishtar arranges for his sister to substitute for him during six months of the year. The story of Ishtar and Tammuz prefigures those of Cybele and Attis, of Aphrodite and Adonis, and of Osiris and Isis — all of them tales of a young god who dies, and a goddess who mourns him. See also the Greek story of [[Persephone]].
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Ishtar arranges for Tammuz's sister to substitute for him during six months of the year—thus explaining the mystery of the sun's diminishing in winter and growing stronger summer. The story of Ishtar and Tammuz prefigures those of Cybele and Attis, of Aphrodite and Adonis, and of the Egyptian Isis and Osiris—all of them tales of a young god who dies, and a goddess who mourns him.  
  
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The name Tammuz as a feature of the calendar was apparently absorbed by the Jewish religion during the Babylonian exile. In both the Babylonian and the Jewish calendar, Tammuz is the fourth month, that of the summer solstice, when, in Mesopotamia, the harvest could begin.
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The name of Ishtar's husband, Tammuz, was apparently absorbed as a feature of the calendar by the Jewish religion during the Babylonian exile. In both the Babylonian and the Jewish calendar, Tammuz is the fourth month, that of the summer solstice, when, in Mesopotamia, the harvest could begin.
  
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===The Epic of Gilgamesh===
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===''The Epic of Gilgamesh''===
  
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Ishtar makes important appearances in the [[Gilgamesh, Epic of|Epic of Gilgamesh]], the world's earliest epic poem. The opening chapter of the story describes the glories of [[Uruk]] and praises Ishtar's temple there. Hearing of the existence of the wild man Enkidu, Gilgamesh does not go himself to subdue this fierce creature, but sends Shamhat, the most skilled priestess of Ishtar, to civilize him by having sex with him.
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Ishtar makes important appearances in the ''[[Gilgamesh, Epic of|Epic of Gilgamesh]],'' the world's earliest epic poem. The opening chapter of the story describes the glories of Uruk and praises Ishtar's temple there. Hearing of the existence of the wild man Enkidu, Gilgamesh does not go himself to subdue this fierce creature, but sends Shamhat, the most skilled priestess of Ishtar, to "civilize" him.
  
 
In another chapter, Ishtar proposes marriage to Gilgamesh, but he declines, knowing that her previous mates have met tragic fates. Insulted by his rejection, Ishtar demands that her father, An, send the Bull of Heaven to punish Gilgamesh, despite her knowledge that this act will bring famine to the land. When Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay the bull, Ishtar and her priestesses mourn the creature's death, while the men celebrate.
 
In another chapter, Ishtar proposes marriage to Gilgamesh, but he declines, knowing that her previous mates have met tragic fates. Insulted by his rejection, Ishtar demands that her father, An, send the Bull of Heaven to punish Gilgamesh, despite her knowledge that this act will bring famine to the land. When Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay the bull, Ishtar and her priestesses mourn the creature's death, while the men celebrate.
  
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However, Ishtar is not heartless toward humans. Later, when Gilgamesh hears the story of the Great Flood from its only survivor, Utnapishtim, we learn of Ishtar's deep compassion for mankind:
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However, Ishtar is not heartless toward humans. Later, when Gilgamesh hears the story of the Great Flood from its only survivor, Utnapishtim, Ishtar shows her deep compassion for mankind:
  
 
:Ishtar shrieked like a woman in childbirth,
 
:Ishtar shrieked like a woman in childbirth,
Line 73: Line 85:
 
:than they fill the sea like so many fish!"
 
:than they fill the sea like so many fish!"
  
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In the story of [http://users.tpg.com.au/etr/gilgm/tex/neWorld.html Gilgamesh and the Huluppu tree], Ishtar plants this sacred tree in her garden, where it is guarded by the "snake which knows no charm." Eventually the tree grows very large and Ishtar wishes that someone will chop it down and make various items of for her from its wood. Gilgamesh complies, both slaying the snake and making timber of the tree. Later, some of the objects he has made for Isthar have been dropped into the underworld. Gilgamesh cannot reach them, and so Enkidu volunteers to retrieve them. A version of this story also appears as the twelfth tablet in the Epic of Gilgamesh itself.
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In the story of Gilgamesh and the Huluppu tree, Ishtar plants this sacred tree in her garden, where it is guarded by the "snake which knows no charm." Eventually the tree grows very large and Ishtar wishes that someone will chop it down and make various items for her from its wood. Gilgamesh complies, both slaying the snake and making timber of the tree. Later, some of the objects he made for Ishtar were dropped into the underworld. Gilgamesh cannot reach them, and so Enkidu volunteers to retrieve them. A version of this story also appears as the twelfth tablet in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' itself.
  
 
===Inanna & Ebih===
 
===Inanna & Ebih===
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This hymn praises Ishtar/Inanna's powers of war and destruction. She intends to punish the mountain, Ebih, for refusing to worship her. The king of the deities, Ishtar's own father An, warns her agaisnt her quest. Ishtar, of course, proceeds anyway, and wages a mighty battle against Ebih. She summons a tremendous storm to he aid, eventually seizing Ebih slaying him with her dagger.
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One of the hymns about Ishtar describes her mythic battle against the great mountain Ebih. This story praises the goddess' powers of courage and war. Described as the "Goddess of the fearsome divine powers, clad in terror," Ishtar determines to punish the mountain for refusing to show proper humility. The king of the deities, Ishtar's own father An, warns her against her quest. Ishtar, of course, proceeds anyway, and wages a mighty battle against Ebih. She summons a tremendous storm to her aid, eventually seizing Ebih, slaying him with her dagger.
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−
:She brought out magnificent battle and called up a great storm. Holy Inanna reached for the quiver. She raised a towering flood with evil silt. She stirred up an evil raging wind with potsherds. My lady confronted the mountain range. She advanced step by step. She sharpened both edges of her dagger. She grabbed Ebih's neck as if ripping up esparto grass. She pressed the dagger's teeth into its interior...
 
  
 
:"Mountain range, because of your elevation, because of your height, because of your attractiveness, because of your beauty, because of your wearing a holy garment, because of your reaching up to heaven, because you did not put your nose to the ground, because you did not rub your lips in the dust, I have killed you and brought you low."
 
:"Mountain range, because of your elevation, because of your height, because of your attractiveness, because of your beauty, because of your wearing a holy garment, because of your reaching up to heaven, because you did not put your nose to the ground, because you did not rub your lips in the dust, I have killed you and brought you low."
  
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==Ishtar in Popular Culture==
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Other stories of Ishtar also exist, and many more must have been lost as the priests of the monotheistic religions sought to eradicate even the memory of this mighty, passionate goddess.
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[[Image:Ishtar.jpg|thumb]]
 
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With the advent of New Age culture, Ishtar has made something of a comeback in recent decades.
 
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A number of books have featured the goddess as an icon of female spirituality and a champion of the positive role of sensuality in life. Titles include: ''Ishtar Rising: Or, Why the Goddess Went to Hell and What to Expect Now That She's Returning'', and ''Codex of Love: Reflections From The Heart of Ishtar.''
 
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In 1987, ''Ishtar'' became the title of a Hollywood spy farce starring Warren Beatty and Dustin Hoffman.
 
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Ishtar is also the name of a popular European recording artist.
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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*Campbell, Joseph, ''Occidental Mythology: The Masks of God, Volume III'', Penguin Reissue edition 1991, ISBN 014019441X  
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*Campbell, Joseph. ''Occidental Mythology: The Masks of God, Volume III.'' Penguin, 1991. ISBN 014019441X  
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*Moore, Christopher J., ''Ishtar and Tammuz: A Babylonian Myth of the Seasons'', Kingfisher Books, 0753450127 (a children's book)
+
*Moore, Christopher J. ''Ishtar and Tammuz: A Babylonian Myth of the Seasons.'' Kingfisher Books. ISBN 0753450127
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*Shadrach, Nineveh, ''Codex of Love: Reflections From The Heart of Ishtar'', Ishtar Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0973593113  
+
*The Jewish Encyclopedia. [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=2005&letter=A&search=astarte Ashtoreth.] Retrieved November 28, 2007.
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*Wilson, Robert A., ''Ishtar Rising: Or, Why the Goddess Went to Hell and What to Expect Now That She's Returning',' New Falcon Publications, 1988. ISBN 1561841099
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*Shadrach, Nineveh. ''Codex of Love: Reflections From The Heart of Ishtar.'' Ishtar Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0973593113  
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*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=2005&letter=A&search=astarte Ashtoreth] in the Jewish Encyclopedia
+
*Wilson, Robert A. ''Ishtar Rising: Or, Why the Goddess Went to Hell and What to Expect Now That She's Returning.'' New Falcon Publications, 1988. ISBN 1561841099
−
 
 
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===See Also===
 
−
*[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.4.1# Inana's Descent]
 
−
*[http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr132.htm#para1 Inanna and Ebih]
 
−
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/mba/mba11.htm Myths of Ishtar and Tammuz]
 
−
*[http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr133.htm The Rape of Ishtar/Inanna]
 
−
*[http://www.logoi.com/notes/babylonian_myths.html Ishtar and Merodach]
 
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*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/iai/iai22.htm The King Worships at the Altar of Ishtar]
 
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*[http://www.ishtarthemovie.com/story.htm Ishtar the movie]
 
  
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===Images of Ishtar===
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==External links==
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[http://altreligion.about.com/library/graphics/ishtar5.jpg]
+
All links retrieved March 6, 2018.
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[http://www.aznewage.com/goddes6.jpg]
+
*[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.4.1# Inana's Descent].
−
[http://www.angelsandearthlythings.com/goddesses/d-82.jpg]
+
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/mba/mba11.htm Myths of Ishtar and Tammuz].
−
[http://www.storiadimilano.it/Arte/ishtar.jpg]
+
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/iai/iai22.htm The King Worships at the Altar of Ishtar].
−
[http://www.aurorahistoryboutique.com/products/S000101.jpg]
 
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[http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/images/mlw_0001_0003_0_img0112.jpg]
 
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[http://www.hofesh.org.il/freeclass/pirkei_tanach/esther/08-ishtar-babylonian-fertility-goddess.jpg]
 
  
 
[[Category: Philosophy and religion]] [[Category: Religion]]
 
[[Category: Philosophy and religion]] [[Category: Religion]]
  
 
{{Credit|66759907}}
 
{{Credit|66759907}}

Latest revision as of 03:03, 8 March 2024


The reconstructed Ishtar Gate, originally located in Babylon, now in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.

Ishtar, a goddess of both fertility and war, is the Akkadian name of the Sumerian goddess Inanna and the Semitic goddess Astarte, the three names referring to the same deity in different cultural contexts. She inspired great devotion in the ancient Babylonian empire, as evidenced by the many grand temples, altars, inscriptions, and art objects devoted to her.

There were two conflicting aspects to this goddess: She was the deity of fertility and love, but also a jealous goddess who could bring vengeance against individuals, go to war, destroy fields, and make the earth's creatures infertile. Ever young, energetic, and passionate, Ishtar was moody, changing rapidly from love to enmity. She protected her favorites, but brought doom upon those who dishonored her, sometimes with terrible consequences for whole nations.

Etymology

The name Ishtar is likely Semitic in origin, and was identified in ancient times with Canaanite goddess Ashtoreth or Astarte (Biblical Hebrew עשתרת). It is possible that the underlying stem is the same as that of Assur, meaning the "leading one" or "chief." The older Sumerian name, Inanna, means "Great Lady of An"—An (or Anu) being the god of the sky or heaven.

Some scholars have suggested that Esther and Mordecai—the heroes of the Biblical Book of Esther—may be Judaized versions of some lost story about Isthar and the Babylonian deity Marduk. Their names, at least, are indeed similar to the Biblical ones. Scholars likewise speculate that Eostre, the Anglo-Saxon goddess of Spring whose name later gave rise to modern the English "Easter," may be etymologically connected to Ishtar.

History and character

In the archaeological record, Ishtar/Inanna was first worshiped at Uruk (Biblical Erech) in the earliest period of Mesopotamian history. Incantations, hymns, myths, epics, votive inscriptions, and historical annals celebrated and invoked her as the force of life.

Ishtar's reign did not normally depend upon a particular male consort. Although sometimes portrayed as subject to higher male authorities, her position in the Babylonian pantheon, in practice, was the highest.

Ishtar's genealogy varies depending on the source. She is sometimes described as the daughter of the moon goddess Ningal and her consort, also a moon god, Sin (or Suen), who were the patron deities of Uruk. In other traditions, however, she is the daughter of the distant sky god, An. Later she also is portrayed as his wife.

Temples devoted to the worship of Ishtar/Inanna were constructed in each of the great Mesopotamian cultural centers:

  • E-anna, "house of An," in Uruk
  • E-makh, "great house," in Babylon
  • E-mash-mash, "house of offerings," in Nineveh

The Epic of Gilgamesh gives the following description of Ishtar's temple in Uruk:

Look at its wall which gleams like copper,
inspect its inner wall, the likes of which no one can equal!
Take hold of the threshold stone—it dates from ancient times!
Go close to the Eanna Temple, the residence of Ishtar,
such as no later king or man ever equaled!

In the sixth century B.C.E., the great Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II constructed the mammoth "Ishtar Gate" in honor of the goddess.

On monuments and seal-cylinders Ishtar appears frequently as a warrior, with bow and arrow or other implements of war. She was invoked as a goddess of battles, particularly among the warlike Assyrians. Before battle, the priestess-vicar of Ishtar would appear before the Assyrian army, clad in battle array and armed with bow and arrow (much like the Greek Athena). At other times, she is depicted simply clad in long robes with a crown on her head and various animals—bulls, lions, owls, snakes, etc.—as her symbol.

As the goddess of love and fertility, Ishtar was the guardian of sacred harlots and is described as having sacred priestess-prostitutes. Statuettes have been found in large numbers representing her as naked. In Babylon, she was sometimes portrayed Madonna-like as the mother of the god Marduk. In later times, it should be noted, the priestesses of Ishtar were virgins who were not permitted to marry.

Together with the moon god, Sin and the sun god, Shamash, Ishtar is the third figure in a triad personifying the moon, the sun, and the earth. In this trinity, the moon represents wisdom, the sun personifies justice, and the earth represents life force. This triad overlies another: An—heaven; Enlil—earth; and Ea/Enki—the watery deep. Ishtar is generally portrayed as the twin of Shamash.

Ishtar also appears on the top panel of the Uruk vase, one of the most famous ancient Mesopotamian artifacts. The relief on this vase seems to show Ishtar/Inanna conferring kingship on a supplicant. Various inscriptions and artifacts indicate that kingship was one of the gifts bestowed by Inanna on the ruler of Uruk.

In late Babylonian astrology, Ishtar was related to the planet Venus. As the most prominent female deity in the late Babylonian pantheon, she was equated by the Greeks with either or both Hera and Aphrodite. Roman mythology renders Aphrodite as Venus, and thus the planet is indirectly named for Ishtar. The double aspect of Ishtar as the goddess of both fertility and war may correspond to the difference between Venus as a morning star and as an evening star.

Ishtar, by various names, continued to be an important deity until the advent of Christianity in the Roman empire and Islam in the Arabic world and Persia. These monotheistic religions and the civilizations they inspired insisted on the existence of only one deity, a masculine god who jealously commanded that He alone be worshiped.

Myths concerning Ishtar

Inana's descent

An important myth involving Ishtar is the tale of her descent to the underworld. One of the most striking of Sumerian myths, this story describes Ishtar passing through seven gates of hell into the "Land of No Return." At each gate an article of her clothing and ornaments is removed until at the last gate she is entirely naked. Ishtar then attempts to usurp the throne of her sister Ereshkigal, the queen of the underworld. Ereshkigal, however, "fastened upon her the eye of death" and hangs her—seeming to be a corpse—on a hook on the wall. By intercession of the clever god, her uncle Ea (Enki in Sumerian), Ishtar eventually wins release. According to the underworld rules, however, she must find someone to take her place. Eventually she discovers her beloved husband, Tammuz, seated in splendor on her throne. Enraged, she has him seized and dragged below.

She looked at him, it was the look of death. She spoke to him, it was the speech of anger. She shouted at him, it was the shout of heavy guilt: "How much longer? Take him away." Holy Inanna [Ishtar] gave Dumuzid [Tammuz] the shepherd into their hands.

However, Ishtar soon repents of her brash act:

Holy Inanna wept bitterly for her husband.
She tore at her hair like esparto grass.
She ripped it out like esparto grass.
"You wives who lie in your men's embrace, where is my precious husband?
You children who lie in your men's embrace, where is my precious child?
Where is my man? Where? Where is my man? Where?"

Ishtar arranges for Tammuz's sister to substitute for him during six months of the year—thus explaining the mystery of the sun's diminishing in winter and growing stronger summer. The story of Ishtar and Tammuz prefigures those of Cybele and Attis, of Aphrodite and Adonis, and of the Egyptian Isis and Osiris—all of them tales of a young god who dies, and a goddess who mourns him.

The name of Ishtar's husband, Tammuz, was apparently absorbed as a feature of the calendar by the Jewish religion during the Babylonian exile. In both the Babylonian and the Jewish calendar, Tammuz is the fourth month, that of the summer solstice, when, in Mesopotamia, the harvest could begin.

The Epic of Gilgamesh

Ishtar makes important appearances in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the world's earliest epic poem. The opening chapter of the story describes the glories of Uruk and praises Ishtar's temple there. Hearing of the existence of the wild man Enkidu, Gilgamesh does not go himself to subdue this fierce creature, but sends Shamhat, the most skilled priestess of Ishtar, to "civilize" him.

In another chapter, Ishtar proposes marriage to Gilgamesh, but he declines, knowing that her previous mates have met tragic fates. Insulted by his rejection, Ishtar demands that her father, An, send the Bull of Heaven to punish Gilgamesh, despite her knowledge that this act will bring famine to the land. When Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay the bull, Ishtar and her priestesses mourn the creature's death, while the men celebrate.

However, Ishtar is not heartless toward humans. Later, when Gilgamesh hears the story of the Great Flood from its only survivor, Utnapishtim, Ishtar shows her deep compassion for mankind:

Ishtar shrieked like a woman in childbirth,
The sweet-voiced Mistress of the Gods wailed:
"The olden days have alas turned to clay,
because I said evil things in the Assembly of the Gods!
How could I say evil things in the Assembly of the Gods,
ordering a catastrophe to destroy my people!!
No sooner have I given birth to my dear people
than they fill the sea like so many fish!"

In the story of Gilgamesh and the Huluppu tree, Ishtar plants this sacred tree in her garden, where it is guarded by the "snake which knows no charm." Eventually the tree grows very large and Ishtar wishes that someone will chop it down and make various items for her from its wood. Gilgamesh complies, both slaying the snake and making timber of the tree. Later, some of the objects he made for Ishtar were dropped into the underworld. Gilgamesh cannot reach them, and so Enkidu volunteers to retrieve them. A version of this story also appears as the twelfth tablet in the Epic of Gilgamesh itself.

Inanna & Ebih

One of the hymns about Ishtar describes her mythic battle against the great mountain Ebih. This story praises the goddess' powers of courage and war. Described as the "Goddess of the fearsome divine powers, clad in terror," Ishtar determines to punish the mountain for refusing to show proper humility. The king of the deities, Ishtar's own father An, warns her against her quest. Ishtar, of course, proceeds anyway, and wages a mighty battle against Ebih. She summons a tremendous storm to her aid, eventually seizing Ebih, slaying him with her dagger.

"Mountain range, because of your elevation, because of your height, because of your attractiveness, because of your beauty, because of your wearing a holy garment, because of your reaching up to heaven, because you did not put your nose to the ground, because you did not rub your lips in the dust, I have killed you and brought you low."

Other stories of Ishtar also exist, and many more must have been lost as the priests of the monotheistic religions sought to eradicate even the memory of this mighty, passionate goddess.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Campbell, Joseph. Occidental Mythology: The Masks of God, Volume III. Penguin, 1991. ISBN 014019441X
  • Moore, Christopher J. Ishtar and Tammuz: A Babylonian Myth of the Seasons. Kingfisher Books. ISBN 0753450127
  • The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ashtoreth. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
  • Shadrach, Nineveh. Codex of Love: Reflections From The Heart of Ishtar. Ishtar Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0973593113
  • Wilson, Robert A. Ishtar Rising: Or, Why the Goddess Went to Hell and What to Expect Now That She's Returning. New Falcon Publications, 1988. ISBN 1561841099

External links

All links retrieved March 6, 2018.

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