Difference between revisions of "Idun" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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As related in ''[[Haustlöng]]'' Iðunn was at one time abducted with her apples by the [[jotun|giant]] [[Þjazi]], who used [[Loki]] as a stooge to lure Iðunn out of [[Asgard|Ásgarðr]]. During her absence, the [[Æsir]] began to age without the rejuvenating qualities of her apples, prompting them to press Loki into the task of rescuing her. Borrowing [[Freyja]]'s falcon skin, he retrieved Iðunn from [[Þrymheimr]], transforming her into the form of a nut for the flight back. Þjazi, displeased, pursued them in the form of an [[eagle]], but was defeated by having his wings set afire by a bonfire created by the Æsir.
 
As related in ''[[Haustlöng]]'' Iðunn was at one time abducted with her apples by the [[jotun|giant]] [[Þjazi]], who used [[Loki]] as a stooge to lure Iðunn out of [[Asgard|Ásgarðr]]. During her absence, the [[Æsir]] began to age without the rejuvenating qualities of her apples, prompting them to press Loki into the task of rescuing her. Borrowing [[Freyja]]'s falcon skin, he retrieved Iðunn from [[Þrymheimr]], transforming her into the form of a nut for the flight back. Þjazi, displeased, pursued them in the form of an [[eagle]], but was defeated by having his wings set afire by a bonfire created by the Æsir.
 +
 +
==Idun in a Norse Context==
 +
As a Norse deity, Idun belonged to a complex religious, mythological and cosmological belief system shared by the [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian]] and [[Germany|Germanic]] peoples. This mythological tradition, of which the Scandinavian (and particularly Icelandic) sub-groups are best preserved, developed in the period from the first manifestations of religious and material culture in approximately 1000 B.C.E. until the Christianization of the area, a process that occurred primarily from 900-1200 C.E..<ref>Lindow, 6-8. Though some scholars have argued against the homogenizing effect of grouping these various traditions together under the rubric of “Norse Mythology,” the profoundly exploratory/nomadic nature of Viking society tends to overrule such objections. As Thomas DuBois cogently argues, “[w]hatever else we may say about the various peoples of the North during the Viking Age, then, we cannot claim that they were isolated from or ignorant of their neighbors…. As religion expresses the concerns and experiences of its human adherents, so it changes continually in response to cultural, economic, and environmental factors. Ideas and ideals passed between communities with frequency and regularity, leading to and interdependent and intercultural region with broad commonalities of religion and worldview.” (27-28).</ref> The tales recorded within this mythological corpus tend to exemplify a unified cultural focus on physical prowess and military might.
 +
 +
Within this framework, Norse [[cosmology]] postulates three separate "clans" of primary deities: the Aesir, the Vanir, and the Jotun. The distinction between Aesir and Vanir is relative, for the two are said to have made peace, exchanged hostages, intermarried and reigned together after a prolonged war, which the Aesir had finally won. In fact, the most significant divergence between the two groups is in their respective areas of influence, with the Aesir representing war and conquest, and the Vanir representing exploration, fertility and wealth.<ref>More specifically, Georges Dumézil, one of the foremost authorities on the Norse tradition and a noted comparitivist, argues quite persuasively that the Aesir / Vanir distinction is a component of a larger triadic division (between ruler gods, warrior gods, and gods of agriculture and commerce) that is echoed among the Indo-European cosmologies (from Vedic India, through Rome and into the Germanic North). Further, he notes that this distinction conforms to patterns of social organization found in all of these societies. See Georges Dumézil's Gods of the Ancient Northmen (especially pgs. xi-xiii, 3-25) for more details.</ref> The ''Jotun'', on the other hand, are seen as a generally malefic (though wise) race of giants who represented the primary adversaries of the Aesir and Vanir. Over and above these three, there also existed races of secondary supernatural spirits, including the ''alfár'' ([[elf|elves]]) and the dwarves (craftsmen for the Aesir).<ref>Lindow, 99-101; 109-110.</ref>
 +
 +
Among the deities of the Norse pantheon, Idun is best known as the caretaker of the apples of immortality, which maintained the youthful appearances of the Aesir and Vanir. Also, she is also described as the wife of [[Bragi]], the god of poetry.
 +
 +
==Attributes==
 +
 +
Idun's role as the wife of [[Bragi]] is most strongly attested to in the ''Lokasenna'' section of the Poetic Edda, where the goddess is depicted trying to prevent her husband from getting into a physical confrontation with [[Loki]]:
 +
:''Ithun spake'':
 +
:16. "Well, prithee, Bragi, | his kinship weigh,
 +
:Since chosen as wish-son he was; Loki]
 +
:And speak not to Loki | such words of spite
 +
:Here within Ægir's hall."
 +
:&nbsp;
 +
:''Loki spake'':
 +
:17. "Be silent, Ithun! | thou art, I say,
 +
:Of women most lustful in love,
 +
:Since thou thy washed-bright | arms didst wind
 +
:About thy brother's slayer."
 +
::&nbsp;
 +
:''Ithun spake'':
 +
:18. "To Loki I speak not | with spiteful words
 +
:Here within Ægir's hall;
 +
:And Bragi I calm, | who is hot with beer,
 +
:For I wish not that fierce they should fight."<ref> "Lokasenna" in ''The Poetic Edda''. Translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. Accessed online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe00.htm sacred-texts.com]. 157-158. Bellows notes (ff. 152) that Idun [here romanized as Ithun] is a singularly unpopular figure within the Poetic Edda, and that she is only mentioned by name in the ''Lokasenna'' section quoted above.</ref>
 +
 +
==Mythic Accounts==
  
 
==Familiar forms==
 
==Familiar forms==
−
 
 
Iðunn's name is [[Old Norse orthography|written in various languages]] as ''Idun'', ''Idunn'', ''Iduna'', ''Idunna'', ''Ithun'' or ''Ithunn''.
 
Iðunn's name is [[Old Norse orthography|written in various languages]] as ''Idun'', ''Idunn'', ''Iduna'', ''Idunna'', ''Ithun'' or ''Ithunn''.
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
 +
Though Idun is not a highly prominent figure in Norse mythology, she (and the complex of stories surrounding her), were chosen as subject matter for a variety of Western art, likely due to their rousing, exhilarating natures. In fact, all images below (save the first) are from the account of Idun's abduction by [[Loki]] (described above).
 +
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
 +
Image:Idunn and Bragi by Blommer.jpg|Bragi is shown with a harp and accompanied by his wife Iðunn in this 19th century painting by Nils Blommér.
 +
Image:Idun and the Apples.jpg|Idun and the Apples by J. Doyle Penrose.
 +
Image:520px-Loki and Idun - John Bauer.jpg|Loki lures Iðunn away, by John Bauer.
 +
Image:Idun and Thiazi.jpg|Iðunn is carried off by Þjazi, by H. Theaker, 1920.
 +
Image:Ring8.jpg|The gods become old as they rue the loss of the apples, by Arthur Rackham.
 +
</gallery>
 +
 +
==Notes==
 +
<references />
  
−
Image:520px-Loki and Idun - John Bauer.jpg|Loki lures Iðunn away, by [[John Bauer]].
+
==References==
−
Image:Idun and the Apples.jpg|Idun and the Apples (1890) by J. Doyle Penrose.
+
* Burkert, Walter. ''Greek Religion''. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1985. ISBN 0674362810.
−
Image:Idunn and Bragi by Blommer.jpg|Bragi is shown with a harp and accompanied by his wife [[Iðunn]] in this [[19th century]] painting by [[Nils Blommér]].
+
* DuBois, Thomas A. ''Nordic Religions in the Viking Age''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8122-1714-4.
−
Image:Idun and Thiazi.jpg|Iðunn is carried off by [[Þjazi]], by H. Theaker, [[1920]]
+
* Dumézil, Georges. ''Gods of the Ancient Northmen''. Edited by Einar Haugen; Introduction by C. Scott Littleton and Udo Strutynski. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. ISBN 0-520-02044-8.
−
Image:Ring8.jpg|The gods become old as they rue the loss of the apples, by [[Arthur Rackham]]
+
* Grammaticus, Saxo. ''The Danish History'' (Volumes I-IX). Translated by Oliver Elton (Norroena Society, New York, 1905). Accessed online at [http://omacl.org/DanishHistory/ The Online Medieval & Classical Library].
−
Image:Carl Larsson Brita as Iduna.jpg|Brita as Iduna by [[Carl Larsson]]
+
* Lindow, John. ''Handbook of Norse mythology''. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 1-57607-217-7.
−
</gallery>
+
*Munch, P. A. ''Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes''. In the revision of Magnus Olsen; translated from the Norwegian by Sigurd Bernhard Hustvedt. New York: The American-Scandinavian foundation; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1926.
 +
* Orchard, Andy. ''Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend''. London: Cassell; New York: Distributed in the United States by Sterling Pub. Co., 2002. ISBN 0-304-36385-5.
 +
* Sturluson, Snorri. ''The Prose Edda''. Translated from the Icelandic and with an introduction by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur. New York: American-Scandinavian foundation, 1916. ''Available online at http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/index.php''.
 +
* Turville-Petre, Gabriel. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964. ISBN 0837174201.
 +
* "Lokasenna" in ''The Poetic Edda''. Translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. Accessed online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe00.htm sacred-texts.com].
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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[[Category:Goddesses|Idunn]]
 
[[Category:Goddesses|Idunn]]
 
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[[cs:Idunn]]
 
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[[da:Tjasse bortfører Idun]]
 
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[[de:Idun]]
 
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[[et:Idunn]]
 
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[[el:Ιντούν]]
 
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[[es:Iðunn]]
 
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[[fr:Idunn]]
 
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[[fy:Iduna]]
 
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[[gl:Iðunn]]
 
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[[id:Iðunn]]
 
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[[is:Iðunn]]
 
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[[it:Iðunn]]
 
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[[lv:Iduna]]
 
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[[lt:Iduna]]
 
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[[nl:Iðunn]]
 
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[[ja:イドゥン]]
 
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[[no:Idunn]]
 
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[[pl:Idun]]
 
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[[pt:Iduna]]
 
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[[ro:Idunna]]
 
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[[ru:Идун]]
 
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[[simple:Iðunn]]
 
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[[fi:Iðunn]]
 
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[[sv:Idun]]
 
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[[tr:İduna]]
 
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[[uk:Ідунн]]
 
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==References==
 
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[[Category: Philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category: Philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category: Religion]]
 
[[Category: Religion]]
  
 
{{Credit|112348032}}
 
{{Credit|112348032}}

Revision as of 15:20, 14 March 2007

Idun and the Apples (1890) by J. Doyle Penrose.

Iðunn was, in Norse mythology, one of the goddesses. According to the Prose Edda she was the custodian of apples which allowed the Æsir to maintain their eternal youthfulness. She was the wife of Bragi, god of poetry.

As related in Haustlöng Iðunn was at one time abducted with her apples by the giant Þjazi, who used Loki as a stooge to lure Iðunn out of Ásgarðr. During her absence, the Æsir began to age without the rejuvenating qualities of her apples, prompting them to press Loki into the task of rescuing her. Borrowing Freyja's falcon skin, he retrieved Iðunn from Þrymheimr, transforming her into the form of a nut for the flight back. Þjazi, displeased, pursued them in the form of an eagle, but was defeated by having his wings set afire by a bonfire created by the Æsir.

Idun in a Norse Context

As a Norse deity, Idun belonged to a complex religious, mythological and cosmological belief system shared by the Scandinavian and Germanic peoples. This mythological tradition, of which the Scandinavian (and particularly Icelandic) sub-groups are best preserved, developed in the period from the first manifestations of religious and material culture in approximately 1000 B.C.E. until the Christianization of the area, a process that occurred primarily from 900-1200 C.E..[1] The tales recorded within this mythological corpus tend to exemplify a unified cultural focus on physical prowess and military might.

Within this framework, Norse cosmology postulates three separate "clans" of primary deities: the Aesir, the Vanir, and the Jotun. The distinction between Aesir and Vanir is relative, for the two are said to have made peace, exchanged hostages, intermarried and reigned together after a prolonged war, which the Aesir had finally won. In fact, the most significant divergence between the two groups is in their respective areas of influence, with the Aesir representing war and conquest, and the Vanir representing exploration, fertility and wealth.[2] The Jotun, on the other hand, are seen as a generally malefic (though wise) race of giants who represented the primary adversaries of the Aesir and Vanir. Over and above these three, there also existed races of secondary supernatural spirits, including the alfár (elves) and the dwarves (craftsmen for the Aesir).[3]

Among the deities of the Norse pantheon, Idun is best known as the caretaker of the apples of immortality, which maintained the youthful appearances of the Aesir and Vanir. Also, she is also described as the wife of Bragi, the god of poetry.

Attributes

Idun's role as the wife of Bragi is most strongly attested to in the Lokasenna section of the Poetic Edda, where the goddess is depicted trying to prevent her husband from getting into a physical confrontation with Loki:

Ithun spake:
16. "Well, prithee, Bragi, | his kinship weigh,
Since chosen as wish-son he was; Loki]
And speak not to Loki | such words of spite
Here within Ægir's hall."
 
Loki spake:
17. "Be silent, Ithun! | thou art, I say,
Of women most lustful in love,
Since thou thy washed-bright | arms didst wind
About thy brother's slayer."
 
Ithun spake:
18. "To Loki I speak not | with spiteful words
Here within Ægir's hall;
And Bragi I calm, | who is hot with beer,
For I wish not that fierce they should fight."[4]

Mythic Accounts

Familiar forms

Iðunn's name is written in various languages as Idun, Idunn, Iduna, Idunna, Ithun or Ithunn.

Gallery

Though Idun is not a highly prominent figure in Norse mythology, she (and the complex of stories surrounding her), were chosen as subject matter for a variety of Western art, likely due to their rousing, exhilarating natures. In fact, all images below (save the first) are from the account of Idun's abduction by Loki (described above).

  • Bragi is shown with a harp and accompanied by his wife Iðunn in this 19th century painting by Nils Blommér.

  • Idun and the Apples by J. Doyle Penrose.

  • 520px-Loki and Idun - John Bauer.jpg

    Loki lures Iðunn away, by John Bauer.

  • Idun and Thiazi.jpg

    Iðunn is carried off by Þjazi, by H. Theaker, 1920.

  • Ring8.jpg

    The gods become old as they rue the loss of the apples, by Arthur Rackham.

Notes

  1. ↑ Lindow, 6-8. Though some scholars have argued against the homogenizing effect of grouping these various traditions together under the rubric of “Norse Mythology,” the profoundly exploratory/nomadic nature of Viking society tends to overrule such objections. As Thomas DuBois cogently argues, “[w]hatever else we may say about the various peoples of the North during the Viking Age, then, we cannot claim that they were isolated from or ignorant of their neighbors…. As religion expresses the concerns and experiences of its human adherents, so it changes continually in response to cultural, economic, and environmental factors. Ideas and ideals passed between communities with frequency and regularity, leading to and interdependent and intercultural region with broad commonalities of religion and worldview.” (27-28).
  2. ↑ More specifically, Georges Dumézil, one of the foremost authorities on the Norse tradition and a noted comparitivist, argues quite persuasively that the Aesir / Vanir distinction is a component of a larger triadic division (between ruler gods, warrior gods, and gods of agriculture and commerce) that is echoed among the Indo-European cosmologies (from Vedic India, through Rome and into the Germanic North). Further, he notes that this distinction conforms to patterns of social organization found in all of these societies. See Georges Dumézil's Gods of the Ancient Northmen (especially pgs. xi-xiii, 3-25) for more details.
  3. ↑ Lindow, 99-101; 109-110.
  4. ↑ "Lokasenna" in The Poetic Edda. Translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. Accessed online at sacred-texts.com. 157-158. Bellows notes (ff. 152) that Idun [here romanized as Ithun] is a singularly unpopular figure within the Poetic Edda, and that she is only mentioned by name in the Lokasenna section quoted above.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1985. ISBN 0674362810.
  • DuBois, Thomas A. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8122-1714-4.
  • Dumézil, Georges. Gods of the Ancient Northmen. Edited by Einar Haugen; Introduction by C. Scott Littleton and Udo Strutynski. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. ISBN 0-520-02044-8.
  • Grammaticus, Saxo. The Danish History (Volumes I-IX). Translated by Oliver Elton (Norroena Society, New York, 1905). Accessed online at The Online Medieval & Classical Library.
  • Lindow, John. Handbook of Norse mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 1-57607-217-7.
  • Munch, P. A. Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes. In the revision of Magnus Olsen; translated from the Norwegian by Sigurd Bernhard Hustvedt. New York: The American-Scandinavian foundation; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1926.
  • Orchard, Andy. Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. London: Cassell; New York: Distributed in the United States by Sterling Pub. Co., 2002. ISBN 0-304-36385-5.
  • Sturluson, Snorri. The Prose Edda. Translated from the Icelandic and with an introduction by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur. New York: American-Scandinavian foundation, 1916. Available online at http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/index.php.
  • Turville-Petre, Gabriel. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964. ISBN 0837174201.
  • "Lokasenna" in The Poetic Edda. Translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. Accessed online at sacred-texts.com.

External links

Template:NorseMythology

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