Difference between revisions of "Henry Stuart" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 03:57, 17 December 2007

Lord Dranley

Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 – 9 or 10 February 1567), commonly known as Lord Darnley, king consort of Scotland, was the first cousin and second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of her son King James VI, who also succeeded Elizabeth I of England. His murder prevented him from developing a meaningful role for himself in what was the unusual position of a male consort of a female ruler. Although his name found its way into literature, his legacy is shrouded in intrigue and in rumors surrounding the events leading up to his murder and the event itself. Men often dislike being in the shadow of a more powerful woman, even when she is their wife. Darnley, when he married, was too immature to cope with his situation and died before he could prove himself capable of much more than jealousy of his wife’s male secretary, and generally conducting himself in a petulant, high-handed way, although he is reputed to have had courtly manners. His name, however, will always be associated with this volatile period in Scotlands history.

Biography

Darnley was born in 1545, at Temple Newsam, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, the son of the 4th Earl of Lennox, and his wife, Margaret Douglas. He was related to his future wife in at least three ways: They shared a grandmother in Margaret Tudor, putting both Mary and Darnley high in the line of succession for the English throne; Darnley was a descendant of a daughter of James II of Scotland and thus also in line for the throne of Scotland; and Darnley's family surname was due to a much more ancient connection to his male-line ancestor, Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland. On their marriage, which took place July 29, 1565 in the chapel of Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, Darnley was given the title of "King of Scots," but he was a king consort only, with no royal powers.

Marriage to Mary, Queen of scots

His marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots, was a disaster. Darnley was younger than Mary and not particularly mature for a 19-year-old (similar case occurred when Mary I of England married Philip II of Spain). He possessed a fondness for cross-dressing. He was unpopular with the other nobles and had a mean and violent streak. Within a short time, Mary became pregnant, but Darnley grew more and more demanding. His jealousy of Mary's private secretary, David Rizzio, culminated in the bloody murder of the latter by Darnley and a group of his supporters, in the presence of the queen herself at Holyrood Palace. Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas subsequently secured pardons for all those involved.

Assassination

Following the birth of their son, the future James VI of Scotland and James I of England, the succession was more secure; in late 1566 and early 1567, Darnley and Mary appeared to be close to reconciliation, as she was often seen visiting his chambers. But Darnley was unpopular and petulant and offended many who should have been his natural supporters. On February 10, 1567, the bodies of Darnley and servant at the time were discovered in the gardens of the Hamiltons' house, Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, where they had been staying. A violent explosion had occurred that night at the house, but the evidence pointed to Darnley's having escaped that attempted assassination only to be murdered when he got outside.

Suspicion fell on James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell and his supporters, notably Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas whose shoes were found at the scene, and upon Mary herself. Bothwell later abducted Mary, where he kept her for a week, at the end of which she had agreed to marry him, under pressure, duress, or desperation (Mary's power as a lone Queen was not respected since she was a woman, and Bothwell had proven himself loyal to Scotland for the past 10 years). There were also speculation that Bothwell had raped Mary, giving her no choice but to marry him. Darnley's death was a key event in the downward spiral that led to her loss of the Scottish crown.

Legacy

Darnley was a royal consort at a tine when the role of a man whose wife was sovereign was not very clearly defined. If a Queen consort’s role was to look attractive, to entertain distinguished guests and to produce an heir, what was that of a male consort? Producing an heir applied but most of the other roles described above were seen as inappropriate for a man. He hardly had a chance to develop a meaningful or useful role, due to his murder. His legacy has tended to be shrouded in speculation about the events surrounding his own demise. At the time, no one really gave much thought to what the role of a consort-king might be. His story has become the subject of works of fiction and of drama, including Gulland (1903) and Dukthas (1994) among others.

Ancestry

Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox
Margaret Douglas
John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox
Elisabeth Stewart
Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus
Margaret Tudor
Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox
Elizabeth Hamilton
John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl
Eleanor Sinclair
George Douglas, Master of Angus
Elizabeth Drummond
Henry VII of England
Elizabeth of York

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Bingham, Colin Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots London: Constable, 1995 ISBN 9780094725300
Dukthas, Ann. A Time for the Death of a King. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994 ISBN 9780312114398
Gulland, Charles. Queen Mary and Darnley: A Drama in Two Parts. Cupar: J. & G. Innes, 1903.
Weir, Alison Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley NY: Ballantine Books, 2003 ISBN 9780345436580

Persondata
NAME	Stuart, Henry, Lord Darnley
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Darnley, Lord; Stewart, Henry, Lord Darnley
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Husband of Mary, Queen of Scots
DATE OF BIRTH	7 December, 1545
PLACE OF BIRTH	Temple Newsam, Yorkshire, England
DATE OF DEATH	10 February, 1567
PLACE OF DEATH	Edinburgh, Scotland

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

Henry Stuart ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

History of "Henry Stuart"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Claimed}}{{Contracted}}
-{{Infobox Monarch|royal|consort
+[[Image:Henry-stuart-darnley.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Lord Dranley]]
-| name            =Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany
-| title          =King Consort of Scotland
-| image          =[[Image:Henry-stuart-darnley.jpg|200px]]
-| caption        =
-| consortreign    =[[July 26]], [[1565]] - [[February 10]], [[1567]]
-| spouse          =[[Mary I of Scotland]]
-| issue          =[[James I of England|James VI]]
-| royal house    =
-| othertitles    =
-| father          =[[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]]
-| mother          =[[Margaret Douglas]]
-| date of birth  ={{birth date|1545|12|7|mf=y}}
-| place of birth  =[[Temple Newsam]], [[Leeds, West Yorkshire]], [[England]]
-| date of death  ={{death date and age|1567|2|10|1545|12|7|mf=y}}
-| place of death  =[[Kirk o' Field]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]
-|}}
-'''Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany''' ([[7 December]] [[1545]] &ndash; 9 or [[10 February]] [[1567]]), commonly known as '''Lord Darnley''', [[king consort]] of Scotland, was the first cousin and second husband of [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary, Queen of Scots]], and the father of her son [[James I of England|King James VI]], who also succeeded [[Elizabeth I of England]].
+'''Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany''' (7 December 1545 &ndash; 9 or 10 February 1567), commonly known as '''Lord Darnley''', [[king consort]] of Scotland, was the first cousin and second husband of [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary, Queen of Scots]], and the father of her son [[James I of England|King James VI]], who also succeeded [[Elizabeth I of England]].  His murder prevented him from developing a meaningful role for himself in what was the unusual position of a male consort of a female ruler. Although his name found its way into literature, his legacy is shrouded in intrigue and in rumors surrounding the events leading up to his murder and the event itself. Men often dislike being in the shadow of a more powerful woman, even when she is their wife. Darnley, when he married, was too immature to cope with his situation and died before he could prove himself capable of much more than jealousy of his wife’s male secretary, and generally conducting himself in a petulant, high-handed way, although he is reputed to have had courtly manners. His name, however, will always be associated with this volatile period in [[Scotland]]s history.
-Darnley was born in 1545, at [[Temple Newsam]], [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]], the son of the [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox|4th Earl of Lennox]], and his wife, [[Margaret Douglas]]. He was related to his future wife in at least three ways: They shared a grandmother in [[Margaret Tudor]], putting both Mary and Darnley high in the line of succession for the English throne; Darnley was a descendant of a daughter of [[James II of Scotland]] and thus also in line for the throne of Scotland; and Darnley's family surname was due to a much more ancient connection to his male-line ancestor, [[Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland]]. On their marriage, which took place [[July 29]], [[1565]] in the chapel of [[Holyrood Palace|Palace of Holyroodhouse]] in [[Edinburgh]], Darnley was given the title of "King of Scots", but he was a [[king consort]] only, with no royal powers.
+==Biography==
+Darnley was born in 1545, at [[Temple Newsam]], [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]], the son of the [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox|4th Earl of Lennox]], and his wife, [[Margaret Douglas]]. He was related to his future wife in at least three ways: They shared a grandmother in [[Margaret Tudor]], putting both Mary and Darnley high in the line of succession for the English throne; Darnley was a descendant of a daughter of [[James II of Scotland]] and thus also in line for the throne of Scotland; and Darnley's family surname was due to a much more ancient connection to his male-line ancestor, [[Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland]]. On their marriage, which took place July 29, 1565 in the chapel of [[Holyrood Palace|Palace of Holyroodhouse]] in [[Edinburgh]], Darnley was given the title of "King of Scots," but he was a [[king consort]] only, with no royal powers.
+===Marriage to Mary, Queen of scots===
 His marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots, was a disaster. Darnley was younger than Mary and not particularly mature for a 19-year-old (similar case occurred when [[Mary I of England]] married [[Philip II of Spain]]). He possessed a fondness for cross-dressing. He was unpopular with the other nobles and had a mean and violent streak. Within a short time, Mary became pregnant, but Darnley grew more and more demanding. His jealousy of Mary's private secretary, [[David Rizzio]], culminated in the bloody murder of the latter by Darnley and a group of his supporters, in the presence of the queen herself at Holyrood Palace. [[Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas]] subsequently secured pardons for all those involved.
-Following the birth of their son, the future [[James VI of Scotland]], the succession was more secure; in late [[1566]] and early [[1567]], Darnley and Mary appeared to be close to reconciliation, as she was often seen visiting his chambers. But Darnley was unpopular and petulant and offended many who should have been his natural supporters. On [[February 10]], 1567, the bodies of Darnley and servant at the time were discovered in the gardens of the Hamiltons' house, [[Kirk o' Field]], [[Edinburgh]], where they had been staying. A violent explosion had occurred that night at the house, but the evidence pointed to Darnley's having escaped that attempted assassination only to be murdered when he got outside.
+===Assassination===
+Following the birth of their son, the future [[James VI of Scotland]] and [[James I of England]], the succession was more secure; in late 1566 and early 1567, Darnley and Mary appeared to be close to reconciliation, as she was often seen visiting his chambers. But Darnley was unpopular and petulant and offended many who should have been his natural supporters. On February 10, 1567, the bodies of Darnley and servant at the time were discovered in the gardens of the Hamiltons' house, [[Kirk o' Field]], [[Edinburgh]], where they had been staying. A violent explosion had occurred that night at the house, but the evidence pointed to Darnley's having escaped that attempted assassination only to be murdered when he got outside.
 Suspicion fell on [[James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell]] and his supporters, notably [[Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas]] whose shoes were found at the scene, and upon Mary herself. Bothwell later abducted Mary, where he kept her for a week, at the end of which she had agreed to marry him, under pressure, duress, or desperation (Mary's power as a lone Queen was not respected since she was a woman, and Bothwell had proven himself loyal to Scotland for the past 10 years). There were also speculation that Bothwell had raped Mary, giving her no choice but to marry him. Darnley's death was a key event in the downward spiral that led to her loss of the Scottish crown.
+==Legacy==
+Darnley was a royal consort at a tine when the role of a man whose wife was sovereign was not very clearly defined.  If a Queen consort’s role was to look attractive, to entertain distinguished guests and to produce an heir, what was that of a male consort?  Producing an heir applied but most of the other roles described above were seen as inappropriate for a man.  He hardly had a chance to develop a meaningful or useful role, due to his murder.  His legacy has tended to be shrouded in speculation about the events surrounding his own demise. At the time, no one really gave much thought to what the role of a consort-king might be. His story has become the subject of works of fiction and of drama, including Gulland (1903) and Dukthas (1994) among others.
 ==Ancestry==
-<center>{{ahnentafel-compact4
-|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
+# '''Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley'''
-|border=1
+#  [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]]
-|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
+# [[Margaret Douglas]]
-|boxstyle_1=background-color: #C0C000;
+# [[John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox]]
-|boxstyle_2=background-color: #FFFF40;
+# Elisabeth Stewart
-|boxstyle_3=background-color: #FFFF80;
+# [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus]]
-|boxstyle_4=background-color: #FFFFC0;
+# [[Margaret Tudor]]
-|1= '''Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley'''
+# [[Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox]]
-|2= [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]]
+#  Elizabeth Hamilton
-|3= [[Margaret Douglas]]
+# [[John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl]]
-|4= [[John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox]]
+# Eleanor Sinclair
-|5= Elisabeth Stewart
+# [[George Douglas, Master of Angus]]
-|6= [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus]]
+# Elizabeth Drummond
-|7= [[Margaret Tudor]]
+# [[Henry VII of England]]
-|8= [[Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox]]
+# [[Elizabeth of York]]
-|9= Elizabeth Hamilton
-|10=[[John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl]]
-|11=Eleanor Sinclair
-|12=[[George Douglas, Master of Angus]]
-|13=Elizabeth Drummond
-|14=[[Henry VII of England]]
-|15=[[Elizabeth of York]]
-}}</center>
 ==References==
-{{refbegin}}
+* Bingham, Colin ''Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots''  London: Constable, 1995 ISBN 9780094725300
-*''Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots'' by Caroline Bingham
+*Dukthas, Ann. ''A Time for the Death of a King''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994 ISBN 9780312114398
-*''Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley'' by [[Alison Weir (historian)|Alison Weir]]
+*Gulland, Charles. ''Queen Mary and Darnley: A Drama in Two Parts''. Cupar: J. & G. Innes, 1903.
-{{refend}}
+* Weir, Alison ''Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley'' NY: Ballantine Books, 2003 ISBN 9780345436580
-{{start box}}
-{{succession box | before = [[Francis II of France]] | title = [[Royal Consorts of the United Kingdom, Great Britain and England|King Consort of Scotland]] | years =1565&ndash;1567 | after = [[James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell|The Earl of Bothwell]]}}
-{{succession box two to one | before1=New Creation  | title1=[[Duke of Albany]] | years1=1565&ndash;1567 | after=[[James I of England|The Duke of Rothesay]] | before2=New Creation | title2=[[Earl of Ross]] | years2=1565&ndash;1567 }}
-{{end box}}
-{{Dukes of Albany}}
-<!-- Please do not delete! For explanation see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] —>
 {{Persondata
@@ Line 71: / Line 50: @@
 |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Darnley, Lord; Stewart, Henry, Lord Darnley
 |SHORT DESCRIPTION=Husband of [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary, Queen of Scots]]
-|DATE OF BIRTH=[[7 December]], [[1545]]
+|DATE OF BIRTH=7 December, 1545
 |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Temple Newsam]], [[Yorkshire]], [[England]]
-|DATE OF DEATH=[[10 February]], [[1567]]
+|DATE OF DEATH=10 February, 1567
 |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]
 }}
-[[Category:Assassinated people|Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord]]
+[[Category:History]]
-[[Category:House of Stuart|Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord]]
+[[Category:Biography]]
-[[Category:Kings consort|Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord]]
-[[Category:Dukes of Albany|401]]
-[[Category:Earls of Ross|Darnley, Henry Stuart]]
-[[Category:People from North Yorkshire|Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord]]
-[[Category:Murdered royalty|Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord]]
-[[Category:Scottish murderers|Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord]]
-[[Category:Scottish murder victims|Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord]]
-[[Category:1545 births|Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord]]
-[[Category:1567 deaths|Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord]]
-[[ar:لورد دارنلي]]
-[[de:Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley]]
-[[es:Enrique Estuardo, Lord Darnley]]
-[[fr:Henry Stuart (Lord Darnley)]]
-[[nl:Henry Stuart Darnley]]
-[[ja:ヘンリー・ステュアート (ダーンリー卿)]]
-[[pl:Henryk Stuart, lord Darnley]]
-[[pt:Henrique Stuart, Lorde Darnley]]
-[[ru:Стюарт, Генрих, лорд Дарнли]]
-[[sv:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]
 {{Credit|174993042}}