Difference between revisions of "Harold Macmillan" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton''', [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|OM]], [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986), was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] from 1957 to 1963. This was a period of prosperity as Britain recovered from the economic devastation of [[World War II]] and Macmillan's phrase, "You've never had it so good" may be said to have characterized his approach to governance. Increased production of steel and automobiles led to greater export earnings and also in pay rises for British workers. Inflation, however, threatened to hinder this growth, so how to curb inlfation, he said, was the "$64,000" question. <ref>"1957: Britons have 'never had it so good'", BBC On this Day 20 July 1957 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_3728000/3728225.stm 1957: Britons have 'never had it so good'"] retrieved 8 July 2007</ref> | + | '''Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton''', [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|OM]], [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986), was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] from 1957 to 1963 having previously served as Chancellor of the Exchequer. This was a period of prosperity as Britain recovered from the economic devastation of [[World War II]] and Macmillan's phrase, "You've never had it so good" may be said to have characterized his approach to governance. Increased production of steel and automobiles led to greater export earnings and also in pay rises for British workers. Inflation, however, threatened to hinder this growth, so how to curb inlfation, he said, was the "$64,000" question. <ref>"1957: Britons have 'never had it so good'", BBC On this Day 20 July 1957 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_3728000/3728225.stm 1957: Britons have 'never had it so good'"] retrieved 8 July 2007</ref>. His main focus as Prime Minister was on the economy but in the end an increase in unemployment and his policy of wage rise restraints led to the election of [[Harold Wilson]]'s Labour government in 1964, although Macmillan had stepped down the previous year. Perhaps his most significant achievement during his premiership was in maintaining a role for Britain within world affairs, partly due to Britain's acquisition of nuclear arms but also due to his cultivation of a personal friendship with [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. The British-US relationship had suffered as a result of the [[Suez Crisis]], as had Britain's prestige internationally. His supervision of African decolonization was probably circumstancial, as the cry for freedom rang across the continent but it also represented a shift from Britain as an imperial power to Britain as a power whose influence in the world would rest on economic stability at home, wisdom and good counsel. In theory, Britain's international role in peace-keeping would rely on moral authority, not on military strenght although a scaled-down military capability would be maintained. Macmillan's bid to join the European Common Market failed but he began the process of reorienting Britain towards Europe. In 1964, Macmillan assumed the chairmanship of his family company, the famous Macmillan publishing house. Nicknamed '[[Supermac (cartoon)|Supermac]]', he did not use his first name and was known as '''Harold Macmillan''' before elevation to the peerage. When asked what represented the greatest challenge for a statesman, Macmillan replied: “Events, my dear boy, events”.<ref>cited by Bering, Hendrik "Takin g the Great out of Britain", ''Policy Review'' 8 November 2005 [http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/2930951.html Taking the Great out of Britain] retrieved 8 July 2007</ref>. |
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| − | When asked what represented the greatest challenge for a statesman, Macmillan replied: “Events, my dear boy, events”.<ref>http://www. | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
| − | Harold Macmillan was born in [[Chelsea, London]], [[England]] to Maurice Crawford Macmillan ( | + | Harold Macmillan was born in [[Chelsea, London]], [[England]] to Maurice Crawford Macmillan (1853-1936) and Helen (Nellie) Artie Tarleton Belles (1856-1937). His paternal grandfather, Daniel Macmillan (1813-1857), was the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[croft (Scotland)|crofter]] who would go on to found [[Macmillan Publishers]]. Harold was first educated at [[Summer Fields School]] and then at [[Eton College|Eton]] but expelled - according to [[Woodrow Wyatt]] - for [[buggery]], though an alternative version is that he left due to illness.<ref>Ball, Simon "The Guardsmen, Harold Macmillan, Three Friends and the World They Made", (London, Harper Collins), 2004</ref> He attended [[Balliol College, Oxford]], although he only completed two years of his classics degree—taking a first in Mods—before the outbreak of [[the First World War]]. He served with distinction as a captain in the [[Grenadier Guards]] during the war and was wounded on three occasions. During the [[Battle of the Somme]], he spent an entire day wounded and lying in a [[foxhole]] with a bullet in his pelvis, reading the [[Greece|Greek]] writer [[Aeschylus]] in the original language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lawton|first=John|year=1992|title=1963: Five Hundred Days|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=Sevenoaks|id=ISBN 0-340-50846-9}}</ref> |
Macmillan lost so many of his fellow students during the war that afterwards he refused to return to Oxford, saying the university would never be the same. | Macmillan lost so many of his fellow students during the war that afterwards he refused to return to Oxford, saying the university would never be the same. | ||
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They had four children: | They had four children: | ||
| − | *[[Maurice Macmillan|Maurice Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden]] ( | + | *[[Maurice Macmillan|Maurice Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden]] (1921-1984). |
| − | *[[Lady Caroline Faber]] (born | + | *[[Lady Caroline Faber]] (born 1923). |
| − | *[[Lady Catherine Amery]] ( | + | *[[Lady Catherine Amery]] (1926-1991). |
| − | *[[Sarah Macmillan]] ( | + | *[[Sarah Macmillan]] (1930-1970) |
==Political career (1924-1957)== | ==Political career (1924-1957)== | ||
| − | Elected to the [[United Kingdom House of Commons|House of Commons]] in | + | Elected to the [[United Kingdom House of Commons|House of Commons]] in 1924 for [[Stockton-on-Tees (UK Parliament constituency)|Stockton-on-Tees]], he lost his seat in 1929, only to return in 1931. Macmillan spent the 1930s on the backbenches, with his anti-appeasement ideals and sharp criticism of [[Stanley Baldwin]] and [[Neville Chamberlain]] serving to isolate him. |
During this time (1938) he published the first edition of his book [[The Middle Way (book)|''The Middle Way'']], which advocated a broadly centrist political philosophy both domestically and internationally. | During this time (1938) he published the first edition of his book [[The Middle Way (book)|''The Middle Way'']], which advocated a broadly centrist political philosophy both domestically and internationally. | ||
| − | In the Second World War he at last attained office, serving in the wartime coalition government in the Ministry of Supply and the Colonial Ministry before attaining real power upon being sent to North Africa in 1942 as British government representative to the Allies in the Mediterranean. During this assignment Macmillan worked closely with [[Dwight Eisenhower]], a friendship that would prove crucial in his later career. | + | In the [[World War II|Second World War]] he at last attained office, serving in the wartime coalition government in the Ministry of Supply and the Colonial Ministry before attaining real power upon being sent to North Africa in 1942 as British government representative to the Allies in the Mediterranean. During this assignment Macmillan worked closely with [[Dwight Eisenhower]], a friendship that would prove crucial in his later career. |
He returned to England after the war and was [[Secretary of State for Air]] for two months in 1945. He lost his seat in the landslide Labour victory that year, but soon returned to parliament in a November 1945 by-election in [[Bromley (UK Parliament constituency)|Bromley]]. | He returned to England after the war and was [[Secretary of State for Air]] for two months in 1945. He lost his seat in the landslide Labour victory that year, but soon returned to parliament in a November 1945 by-election in [[Bromley (UK Parliament constituency)|Bromley]]. | ||
| − | With the Conservative victory in | + | With the Conservative victory in 1951 he became [[Minister of Housing]] under [[Winston Churchill]] and fulfilled his conference promise to build 300,000 houses per year. He then served as [[Secretary of State for Defence|Minister of Defence]] from October 1954. By this time he had lost the wire-rimmed glasses, toothy grin and [[brylcreem]]ed hair of wartime photographs, and instead grew his hair thick and glossy, had his teeth capped and walked with the ramrod bearing of a former Guards officer, acquiring the distinguished appearance of his later career. |
| − | He then served as [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] in April-December | + | He then served as [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] in April-December 1955 and [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] 1955-1957 under [[Anthony Eden]]. In the latter job he insisted that Eden's de facto deputy [[Rab Butler]] not be treated as senior to him, and threatened resignation until he was allowed to cut bread and milk subsidies. During the Suez Crisis in the description of opposition Labour Shadow Chancellor Harold Wilson, MacMillan was "First In, First Out" : first very supportive of the invasion, then a prime mover in Britain's withdrawal in the wake of the financial crisis. |
Harold Macmillan became Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party after Eden's resignation in January 1957, surprising observers with his appointment over the favourite, Rab Butler. | Harold Macmillan became Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party after Eden's resignation in January 1957, surprising observers with his appointment over the favourite, Rab Butler. | ||
==Prime Minister (1957-1963)== | ==Prime Minister (1957-1963)== | ||
| − | ===Government=== | + | ===Government=== |
| − | Once elected, Macmillan filled government posts with 35 family members, 7 of whom sat in Cabinet. <ref>Marr, Andrew. ''A History of Modern Britain'', Macmillan | + | Once elected, Macmillan filled government posts with 35 family members, 7 of whom sat in Cabinet. <ref>Marr, Andrew. ''A History of Modern Britain'', London: Macmillan, 2007 ISBN 978-1405005388</ref> |
===Independent nuclear deterrent=== | ===Independent nuclear deterrent=== | ||
| − | Following the technical failures of a British independent nuclear deterrent with the [[Blue Streak missile|Blue Streak]] and the [[Blue Steel missile|Blue Steel]] projects, and the unilateral cancellation of the Skybolt missile system by US Defence Secretary Robert McNamara, Macmillan negotiated the delivering of American [[Polaris missile]]s to the UK under the [[Nassau agreement]] in December | + | Following the technical failures of a British independent nuclear deterrent with the [[Blue Streak missile|Blue Streak]] and the [[Blue Steel missile|Blue Steel]] projects, and the unilateral cancellation of the Skybolt missile system by US Defence Secretary Robert McNamara, Macmillan negotiated the delivering of American [[Polaris missile]]s to the UK under the [[Nassau agreement]] in December 1962. Previously he had agreed to base 60 [[Thor missile]]s in Britain under joint control, and since late 1957 the American [[McMahon Act]] had been eased to allow Britain more access to nuclear technology. These negotiations were the basis for Peter Cook's satire of Macmillan in ''Beyond the Fringe''.<ref> see Bennett, Alan. ''Beyond the Fringe''. London: Methuen, 2003 ISBN 9780413773685 </ref> |
| + | |||
| − | Macmillan was a force in the successful negotiations leading to the signing of the | + | Macmillan was a force in the successful negotiations leading to the signing of the 1962 [[Partial Test Ban Treaty]] by Britain, the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. His previous attempt to create an agreement at the May 1960 summit in Paris had collapsed due to the [[U-2 Crisis of 1960|Gary Powers affair]]. |
===EEC=== | ===EEC=== | ||
| − | Britain's application to join the EEC was vetoed by [[Charles de Gaulle]] ( | + | Britain's application to join the EEC was vetoed by [[Charles de Gaulle]] (29 January 1963), in part due to de Gaulle's fear that "the end would be a colossal Atlantic Community dependent on America" and in part in anger at the Anglo-American nuclear deal. |
===Economy=== | ===Economy=== | ||
| − | Macmillan brought the monetary concerns of the Exchequer into office; the economy was his prime concern. However, Britain's [[balance of payments]] problems led to the imposition of a wage freeze in | + | Macmillan brought the monetary concerns of the Exchequer into office; the economy was his prime concern. However, Britain's [[balance of payments]] problems led to the imposition of a wage freeze in 1961 and this caused the government to lose popularity and led to a series of [[by-election]] defeats. He organised a major cabinet change in July 1962 also named "the night of long knives" as a symbol of his betrayal of the conservative party, he therefore continued to lose support from within his party. The cabinet changes were widely seen as a sign of panic, and the young Liberal MP Jeremy Thorpe said of Macmillan's dismissal of so many of his colleagues, "greater love hath no man than this, than to lay down his friends for his life". |
| − | His | + | His One Nation approach to the economy was to seek high employment. This contrasted with his mainly [[monetarist]] Treasury ministers who argued that the support of sterling required strict controls on money and hence an unavoidable rise in unemployment. Their advice was rejected and in January 1958 the three Treasury ministers [[Peter Thorneycroft]], the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[Nigel Birch]], [[Economic Secretary to the Treasury]], and [[Enoch Powell]], the [[Financial Secretary to the Treasury]], resigned. Macmillan brushed aside this incident as "a little local difficulty". |
Macmillan supported the creation of the [[National Incomes Commission]] as a means to institute controls on income as part of his growth-without-inflation policy. A further series of subtle indicators and controls were also introduced during his premiership. | Macmillan supported the creation of the [[National Incomes Commission]] as a means to institute controls on income as part of his growth-without-inflation policy. A further series of subtle indicators and controls were also introduced during his premiership. | ||
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===Election victory (1959)=== | ===Election victory (1959)=== | ||
| − | He led the Conservatives to victory in the | + | He led the Conservatives to victory in the October 1959 general election, increasing his party's majority from 67 to 107 seats. The successful campaign was based on the economic improvements achieved, the slogan "Life's Better Under the Conservatives" was matched by Macmillan's own remark, ''"indeed let us be frank about it - most of our people have never had it so good."'', usually paraphrased as "You've never had it so good". |
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| − | Critics contended that the actual economic growth rate was weak and distorted by increased defence spending. | + | Critics contended that the actual economic growth rate was weak and distorted by increased defence spending. |
| Line 100: | Line 97: | ||
The [[Profumo affair]] of spring and summer 1963 permanently damaged the credibility of Macmillan's government. He survived a Parliamentary vote with a majority of 69, one less than had been thought necessary for his survival, and was afterwards joined in the smoking-room only by his son and son-in-law, not by any Cabinet minister. Nonetheless, Butler and Maudling (who was very popular with backbench MPs at that time) declined to push for his resignation, especially after a tide of support from Conservative activists around the country. | The [[Profumo affair]] of spring and summer 1963 permanently damaged the credibility of Macmillan's government. He survived a Parliamentary vote with a majority of 69, one less than had been thought necessary for his survival, and was afterwards joined in the smoking-room only by his son and son-in-law, not by any Cabinet minister. Nonetheless, Butler and Maudling (who was very popular with backbench MPs at that time) declined to push for his resignation, especially after a tide of support from Conservative activists around the country. | ||
| − | However, the affair may have exacerbated Macmillan's ill-health. He was taken ill on the eve of the Conservative Party Conference, diagnosed incorrectly with inoperable prostate cancer. Consequently, he resigned on | + | However, the affair may have exacerbated Macmillan's ill-health. He was taken ill on the eve of the Conservative Party Conference, diagnosed incorrectly with inoperable prostate cancer. Consequently, he resigned on 18 October 1963. He was succeeded by the Foreign Secretary [[Alec Douglas-Home]] in a controversial move; it was alleged that Macmillan had pulled strings and utilised the party's grandees, nicknamed "The Magic Circle", to ensure that Butler was not chosen as his successor. |
| − | Macmillan initially refused a peerage and retired from politics in September | + | Macmillan initially refused a peerage and retired from politics in September 1964. He did, however, accept the distinction of the [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|Order of Merit]] from The Queen. After retiring, he took up the chairmanship of his family's publishing house, [[Macmillan Publishers]]. He then brought out a six-volume autobiography; the read was described by his political enemy Enoch Powell as inducing "a sensation akin to that of chewing on cardboard". His wartime diaries, published after his death, were much better-received. |
Over the next 20 years he made the occasional political intervention, particularly after [[Margaret Thatcher]] became Tory leader and Macmillan's premiership came under attack from the [[monetarists]] in the party. Macmillan is commonly thought to have likened Thatcher's policy of [[privatisation]] to "selling the family silver". In fact what he did say (at a dinner of the [[Tory Reform Group]] at the [[Royal Overseas League]] on November 8 1985) was that the sale of assets was commonplace amongst individuals or states when they encountered financial difficulties: "First of all the [[Georgian era|Georgian]] silver goes. And then all that nice furniture that used to be in the [[Salon (room)|salon]]. Then the [[Canaletto]]s go." Profitable parts of the steel industry and the railways had been privatised, along with [[BT Group|British Telecom]]: "They were like two [[The Rembrandts|Rembrandts]] still left."<ref> Alan Watkins, ''A Conservative Coup'' (Duckworth, 1992), p. 105.</ref> Macmillan's speech was much commented on and a few days later Macmillan made a speech in the Lords to clarify what he had meant: | Over the next 20 years he made the occasional political intervention, particularly after [[Margaret Thatcher]] became Tory leader and Macmillan's premiership came under attack from the [[monetarists]] in the party. Macmillan is commonly thought to have likened Thatcher's policy of [[privatisation]] to "selling the family silver". In fact what he did say (at a dinner of the [[Tory Reform Group]] at the [[Royal Overseas League]] on November 8 1985) was that the sale of assets was commonplace amongst individuals or states when they encountered financial difficulties: "First of all the [[Georgian era|Georgian]] silver goes. And then all that nice furniture that used to be in the [[Salon (room)|salon]]. Then the [[Canaletto]]s go." Profitable parts of the steel industry and the railways had been privatised, along with [[BT Group|British Telecom]]: "They were like two [[The Rembrandts|Rembrandts]] still left."<ref> Alan Watkins, ''A Conservative Coup'' (Duckworth, 1992), p. 105.</ref> Macmillan's speech was much commented on and a few days later Macmillan made a speech in the Lords to clarify what he had meant: | ||
| Line 108: | Line 105: | ||
:When I ventured the other day to criticise the system I was, I am afraid, misunderstood. As a Conservative, I am naturally in favour of returning into private ownership and private management all those [[means of production]] and distribution which are now controlled by state capitalism. I am sure they will be more efficient. What I ventured to question was the using of these huge sums as if they were income.<ref>468 H.L. Deb., cc.390-1, 14 November 1985. Quoted in Watkins, p. 106.</ref> | :When I ventured the other day to criticise the system I was, I am afraid, misunderstood. As a Conservative, I am naturally in favour of returning into private ownership and private management all those [[means of production]] and distribution which are now controlled by state capitalism. I am sure they will be more efficient. What I ventured to question was the using of these huge sums as if they were income.<ref>468 H.L. Deb., cc.390-1, 14 November 1985. Quoted in Watkins, p. 106.</ref> | ||
| − | In | + | In 1984 he finally accepted a peerage and was created '''Earl of Stockton''' and '''Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden'''. In the last month of his life, he observed: |
:"Sixty-three years ago ... the unemployment figure [in Stockton-on-Tees] was then 29%. Last November ... the unemployment [there] is 28%. A rather sad end to one's life." | :"Sixty-three years ago ... the unemployment figure [in Stockton-on-Tees] was then 29%. Last November ... the unemployment [there] is 28%. A rather sad end to one's life." | ||
| Line 131: | Line 128: | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Aldous, Richard, and Sabine Lee. ''Harold Macmillan and Britain's World Role''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996 ISBN 9780312125783 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Horne, Alistair. ''Harold Macmillan''. New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Viking, 1989 ISBN 9780670805020 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Hutchinson, George. ''The Last Edwardian at No. 10: An Impression of Harold Macmillan''. London: Quartet Books, 1980 ISBN 9780704322325 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Mangold, Peter. ''The Almost Impossible Ally: Harold Macmillan and Charles De Gaulle''. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006 ISBN 1850438005 | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/29/newsid_2547000/2547307.stm BBC Harold Macmillan obituary] Retrieved July 8, 2007. | |
| − | *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/29/newsid_2547000/2547307.stm BBC Harold Macmillan obituary] | + | *[http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/harold_macmillan.html Some Harold Macmillan quotes] Retrieved July 8, 2007. |
| − | *[http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/harold_macmillan.html Some Harold Macmillan quotes] | + | * [http://www.roquetaillade.eu President of the friends of Roquetaillade association] Retrieved July 8, 2007. |
| − | * | + | * [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page131.asp More about Harold Macmillan] on the Downing Street website. Retrieved July 8, 2007. |
| − | * [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page131.asp More about Harold Macmillan] on the Downing Street website | + | *[http://www.rootsandleaves.com/ RootsAndLeaves.com], Cavendish family genealogy. Retrieved July 8, 2007. |
| − | *[http://www.rootsandleaves.com/ RootsAndLeaves.com], Cavendish family genealogy | ||
[[Category:History and biography]] | [[Category:History and biography]] | ||
{{Credit|140207066}} | {{Credit|140207066}} | ||
Revision as of 16:33, 8 July 2007
| The Rt Hon Harold Macmillan | |
| Harold Macmillan
| |
| In office 11 January 1957 – 19 October 1963 | |
| Deputy | Rab Butler (July 13 1962 – October 18 1963) |
|---|---|
| Preceded by | Sir Anthony Eden |
| Succeeded by | Sir Alec Douglas-Home |
Chancellor of the Exchequer
| |
| In office 20 December 1955 – 13 January 1957 | |
| Prime Minister | Anthony Eden |
| Preceded by | Rab Butler |
| Succeeded by | Peter Thorneycroft |
| Born | 10 February 1894 Chelsea, London, England |
| Died | 29 December 1986, age 92 Chelwood Gate, Sussex, England |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Dorothy Macmillan |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, Oxford |
| Religion | Church of England |
Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986), was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963 having previously served as Chancellor of the Exchequer. This was a period of prosperity as Britain recovered from the economic devastation of World War II and Macmillan's phrase, "You've never had it so good" may be said to have characterized his approach to governance. Increased production of steel and automobiles led to greater export earnings and also in pay rises for British workers. Inflation, however, threatened to hinder this growth, so how to curb inlfation, he said, was the "$64,000" question. [1]. His main focus as Prime Minister was on the economy but in the end an increase in unemployment and his policy of wage rise restraints led to the election of Harold Wilson's Labour government in 1964, although Macmillan had stepped down the previous year. Perhaps his most significant achievement during his premiership was in maintaining a role for Britain within world affairs, partly due to Britain's acquisition of nuclear arms but also due to his cultivation of a personal friendship with Dwight D. Eisenhower. The British-US relationship had suffered as a result of the Suez Crisis, as had Britain's prestige internationally. His supervision of African decolonization was probably circumstancial, as the cry for freedom rang across the continent but it also represented a shift from Britain as an imperial power to Britain as a power whose influence in the world would rest on economic stability at home, wisdom and good counsel. In theory, Britain's international role in peace-keeping would rely on moral authority, not on military strenght although a scaled-down military capability would be maintained. Macmillan's bid to join the European Common Market failed but he began the process of reorienting Britain towards Europe. In 1964, Macmillan assumed the chairmanship of his family company, the famous Macmillan publishing house. Nicknamed 'Supermac', he did not use his first name and was known as Harold Macmillan before elevation to the peerage. When asked what represented the greatest challenge for a statesman, Macmillan replied: “Events, my dear boy, events”.[2].
Early life
Harold Macmillan was born in Chelsea, London, England to Maurice Crawford Macmillan (1853-1936) and Helen (Nellie) Artie Tarleton Belles (1856-1937). His paternal grandfather, Daniel Macmillan (1813-1857), was the Scottish crofter who would go on to found Macmillan Publishers. Harold was first educated at Summer Fields School and then at Eton but expelled - according to Woodrow Wyatt - for buggery, though an alternative version is that he left due to illness.[3] He attended Balliol College, Oxford, although he only completed two years of his classics degree—taking a first in Mods—before the outbreak of the First World War. He served with distinction as a captain in the Grenadier Guards during the war and was wounded on three occasions. During the Battle of the Somme, he spent an entire day wounded and lying in a foxhole with a bullet in his pelvis, reading the Greek writer Aeschylus in the original language.[4]
Macmillan lost so many of his fellow students during the war that afterwards he refused to return to Oxford, saying the university would never be the same.
He was a director of the Great Western Railway before rail nationalisation.
Marriage
He married Lady Dorothy Cavendish, daughter of Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire on 21 April 1920. Between 1929 and 1935 Lady Dorothy had a long affair with the Conservative politician Robert Boothby, in the public view of Westminster and established society. Boothby was widely rumoured to have been the father of Macmillan's youngest daughter Sarah. The stress caused by this may have contributed to Macmillan's nervous breakdown in 1931. [5] Lady Dorothy died on 21 May 1966, aged 65.
They had four children:
- Maurice Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden (1921-1984).
- Lady Caroline Faber (born 1923).
- Lady Catherine Amery (1926-1991).
- Sarah Macmillan (1930-1970)
Political career (1924-1957)
Elected to the House of Commons in 1924 for Stockton-on-Tees, he lost his seat in 1929, only to return in 1931. Macmillan spent the 1930s on the backbenches, with his anti-appeasement ideals and sharp criticism of Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain serving to isolate him.
During this time (1938) he published the first edition of his book The Middle Way, which advocated a broadly centrist political philosophy both domestically and internationally.
In the Second World War he at last attained office, serving in the wartime coalition government in the Ministry of Supply and the Colonial Ministry before attaining real power upon being sent to North Africa in 1942 as British government representative to the Allies in the Mediterranean. During this assignment Macmillan worked closely with Dwight Eisenhower, a friendship that would prove crucial in his later career.
He returned to England after the war and was Secretary of State for Air for two months in 1945. He lost his seat in the landslide Labour victory that year, but soon returned to parliament in a November 1945 by-election in Bromley.
With the Conservative victory in 1951 he became Minister of Housing under Winston Churchill and fulfilled his conference promise to build 300,000 houses per year. He then served as Minister of Defence from October 1954. By this time he had lost the wire-rimmed glasses, toothy grin and brylcreemed hair of wartime photographs, and instead grew his hair thick and glossy, had his teeth capped and walked with the ramrod bearing of a former Guards officer, acquiring the distinguished appearance of his later career.
He then served as Foreign Secretary in April-December 1955 and Chancellor of the Exchequer 1955-1957 under Anthony Eden. In the latter job he insisted that Eden's de facto deputy Rab Butler not be treated as senior to him, and threatened resignation until he was allowed to cut bread and milk subsidies. During the Suez Crisis in the description of opposition Labour Shadow Chancellor Harold Wilson, MacMillan was "First In, First Out" : first very supportive of the invasion, then a prime mover in Britain's withdrawal in the wake of the financial crisis.
Harold Macmillan became Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party after Eden's resignation in January 1957, surprising observers with his appointment over the favourite, Rab Butler.
Prime Minister (1957-1963)
Government
Once elected, Macmillan filled government posts with 35 family members, 7 of whom sat in Cabinet. [6]
Independent nuclear deterrent
Following the technical failures of a British independent nuclear deterrent with the Blue Streak and the Blue Steel projects, and the unilateral cancellation of the Skybolt missile system by US Defence Secretary Robert McNamara, Macmillan negotiated the delivering of American Polaris missiles to the UK under the Nassau agreement in December 1962. Previously he had agreed to base 60 Thor missiles in Britain under joint control, and since late 1957 the American McMahon Act had been eased to allow Britain more access to nuclear technology. These negotiations were the basis for Peter Cook's satire of Macmillan in Beyond the Fringe.[7]
Macmillan was a force in the successful negotiations leading to the signing of the 1962 Partial Test Ban Treaty by Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union. His previous attempt to create an agreement at the May 1960 summit in Paris had collapsed due to the Gary Powers affair.
EEC
Britain's application to join the EEC was vetoed by Charles de Gaulle (29 January 1963), in part due to de Gaulle's fear that "the end would be a colossal Atlantic Community dependent on America" and in part in anger at the Anglo-American nuclear deal.
Economy
Macmillan brought the monetary concerns of the Exchequer into office; the economy was his prime concern. However, Britain's balance of payments problems led to the imposition of a wage freeze in 1961 and this caused the government to lose popularity and led to a series of by-election defeats. He organised a major cabinet change in July 1962 also named "the night of long knives" as a symbol of his betrayal of the conservative party, he therefore continued to lose support from within his party. The cabinet changes were widely seen as a sign of panic, and the young Liberal MP Jeremy Thorpe said of Macmillan's dismissal of so many of his colleagues, "greater love hath no man than this, than to lay down his friends for his life".
His One Nation approach to the economy was to seek high employment. This contrasted with his mainly monetarist Treasury ministers who argued that the support of sterling required strict controls on money and hence an unavoidable rise in unemployment. Their advice was rejected and in January 1958 the three Treasury ministers Peter Thorneycroft, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nigel Birch, Economic Secretary to the Treasury, and Enoch Powell, the Financial Secretary to the Treasury, resigned. Macmillan brushed aside this incident as "a little local difficulty".
Macmillan supported the creation of the National Incomes Commission as a means to institute controls on income as part of his growth-without-inflation policy. A further series of subtle indicators and controls were also introduced during his premiership.
Foreign policy
Macmillan also took close control of foreign policy. He worked to narrow the post-Suez rift with the United States, where his wartime friendship with Dwight D. Eisenhower was key; the two had a productive conference in Bermuda as early as March 1957. The cordial relationship remained after the election of John F. Kennedy. Macmillan also saw the value of rapprochement with Europe and sought belated entry to the European Economic Community (EEC), and explored the possibility of a European Free Trade Area (EFTA).
Macmillan's term saw the first phase of the African independence movement, beginning with the granting of independence to the Gold Coast, as Ghana, in 1957. His celebrated "wind of change" speech (February 1960) is considered a landmark in this process. Ghana and Malaya were granted independence in 1957, Nigeria in 1960 and Kenya in 1963. However in the Middle East Macmillan ensured Britain remained a force, intervening over Iraq in 1958 and 1960 and becoming involved in the affairs of Oman.
Election victory (1959)
He led the Conservatives to victory in the October 1959 general election, increasing his party's majority from 67 to 107 seats. The successful campaign was based on the economic improvements achieved, the slogan "Life's Better Under the Conservatives" was matched by Macmillan's own remark, "indeed let us be frank about it - most of our people have never had it so good.", usually paraphrased as "You've never had it so good".
Critics contended that the actual economic growth rate was weak and distorted by increased defence spending.
Retirement and death (1963-1986)
The Profumo affair of spring and summer 1963 permanently damaged the credibility of Macmillan's government. He survived a Parliamentary vote with a majority of 69, one less than had been thought necessary for his survival, and was afterwards joined in the smoking-room only by his son and son-in-law, not by any Cabinet minister. Nonetheless, Butler and Maudling (who was very popular with backbench MPs at that time) declined to push for his resignation, especially after a tide of support from Conservative activists around the country.
However, the affair may have exacerbated Macmillan's ill-health. He was taken ill on the eve of the Conservative Party Conference, diagnosed incorrectly with inoperable prostate cancer. Consequently, he resigned on 18 October 1963. He was succeeded by the Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home in a controversial move; it was alleged that Macmillan had pulled strings and utilised the party's grandees, nicknamed "The Magic Circle", to ensure that Butler was not chosen as his successor.
Macmillan initially refused a peerage and retired from politics in September 1964. He did, however, accept the distinction of the Order of Merit from The Queen. After retiring, he took up the chairmanship of his family's publishing house, Macmillan Publishers. He then brought out a six-volume autobiography; the read was described by his political enemy Enoch Powell as inducing "a sensation akin to that of chewing on cardboard". His wartime diaries, published after his death, were much better-received.
Over the next 20 years he made the occasional political intervention, particularly after Margaret Thatcher became Tory leader and Macmillan's premiership came under attack from the monetarists in the party. Macmillan is commonly thought to have likened Thatcher's policy of privatisation to "selling the family silver". In fact what he did say (at a dinner of the Tory Reform Group at the Royal Overseas League on November 8 1985) was that the sale of assets was commonplace amongst individuals or states when they encountered financial difficulties: "First of all the Georgian silver goes. And then all that nice furniture that used to be in the salon. Then the Canalettos go." Profitable parts of the steel industry and the railways had been privatised, along with British Telecom: "They were like two Rembrandts still left."[8] Macmillan's speech was much commented on and a few days later Macmillan made a speech in the Lords to clarify what he had meant:
- When I ventured the other day to criticise the system I was, I am afraid, misunderstood. As a Conservative, I am naturally in favour of returning into private ownership and private management all those means of production and distribution which are now controlled by state capitalism. I am sure they will be more efficient. What I ventured to question was the using of these huge sums as if they were income.[9]
In 1984 he finally accepted a peerage and was created Earl of Stockton and Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden. In the last month of his life, he observed:
- "Sixty-three years ago ... the unemployment figure [in Stockton-on-Tees] was then 29%. Last November ... the unemployment [there] is 28%. A rather sad end to one's life."
In the House of Lords in the 1980s he praised the miners then on strike, asserting that they had "beaten the Kaiser's Army" and "beaten Hitler's Army". Historian Andrew Roberts checked each of the three occasions on which Macmillan was wounded in the First World War; on each of these the miners had also been on strike.
Macmillan died at Birch Grove in Sussex in 1986 aged 92 years and 322 days — the greatest age attained by a British Prime Minister until surpassed by James Callaghan on 26 March 2005.
Titles from birth to death
- Harold Macmillan, Esq (10 February 1894–29 October 1924)
- Harold Macmillan, Esq, MP (29 October 1924–30 May 1929)
- Harold Macmillan, Esq (30 May 1929–4 November 1931)
- Harold Macmillan, Esq, MP (4 November 1931–1942)
- The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan, MP (1942–26 July 1945)
- The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan (26 July 1945–November 1945)
- The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan, MP (November 1945–September 1964)
- The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan (September 1964–2 April 1976)
- The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan, OM (2 April 1976–24 February 1984)
- The Right Honourable The Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (24 February 1984–29 December 1986)
Notes
- ↑ "1957: Britons have 'never had it so good'", BBC On this Day 20 July 1957 1957: Britons have 'never had it so good'" retrieved 8 July 2007
- ↑ cited by Bering, Hendrik "Takin g the Great out of Britain", Policy Review 8 November 2005 Taking the Great out of Britain retrieved 8 July 2007
- ↑ Ball, Simon "The Guardsmen, Harold Macmillan, Three Friends and the World They Made", (London, Harper Collins), 2004
- ↑ Lawton, John (1992). 1963: Five Hundred Days. Sevenoaks: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-50846-9.
- ↑ Parris, Matthew (1997). Great Parliamentary Scandals: Four Centuries of Calumny, Smear & Innuendo. London: Robson Books. ISBN 1-86105-152-2.
- ↑ Marr, Andrew. A History of Modern Britain, London: Macmillan, 2007 ISBN 978-1405005388
- ↑ see Bennett, Alan. Beyond the Fringe. London: Methuen, 2003 ISBN 9780413773685
- ↑ Alan Watkins, A Conservative Coup (Duckworth, 1992), p. 105.
- ↑ 468 H.L. Deb., cc.390-1, 14 November 1985. Quoted in Watkins, p. 106.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Aldous, Richard, and Sabine Lee. Harold Macmillan and Britain's World Role. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996 ISBN 9780312125783
- Horne, Alistair. Harold Macmillan. New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Viking, 1989 ISBN 9780670805020
- Hutchinson, George. The Last Edwardian at No. 10: An Impression of Harold Macmillan. London: Quartet Books, 1980 ISBN 9780704322325
- Mangold, Peter. The Almost Impossible Ally: Harold Macmillan and Charles De Gaulle. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006 ISBN 1850438005
External links
- BBC Harold Macmillan obituary Retrieved July 8, 2007.
- Some Harold Macmillan quotes Retrieved July 8, 2007.
- President of the friends of Roquetaillade association Retrieved July 8, 2007.
- More about Harold Macmillan on the Downing Street website. Retrieved July 8, 2007.
- RootsAndLeaves.com, Cavendish family genealogy. Retrieved July 8, 2007.
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