Difference between revisions of "Ernst Zermelo" - New World Encyclopedia
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| + | '''Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo''' (July 27 1871, [[Berlin]], [[German Empire]] – May 21 1953, [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[West Germany]]) was a [[Germany|German]] [[mathematician]], whose work has major implications for the [[foundations of mathematics]] and hence on [[philosophy]]. | ||
| + | ==Life== | ||
| + | He graduated from Berlin's ''Luisenstädtisches Gymnasium'' in 1889. He then studied [[mathematics]], [[physics]] and [[philosophy]] at the universities of [[Berlin]], [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] and [[Freiburg]]. He finished his doctorate in 1894 at the [[University of Berlin]], awarded for a dissertation on the [[calculus of variations]] (''Untersuchungen zur Variationsrechnung''). Zermelo remained at the University of Berlin, where he was appointed assistant to [[Max Planck|Planck]], under whose guidance he began to study [[hydrodynamics]]. In 1897, Zermelo went to [[Göttingen]], at that time the leading centre for mathematical research in the world, where he completed his [[habilitation thesis]] in 1899. | ||
| − | + | In 1900, in the Paris conference of the [[International Congress of Mathematicians]], [[David Hilbert]] challenged the mathematical community with his famous [[Hilbert's problems]], a list of 23 unsolved fundamental questions which mathematicians should attack during the coming century. The first of these, a problem of [[set theory]], was the [[continuum hypothesis]] introduced by [[Georg Cantor|Cantor]] in 1878. | |
| − | + | Zermelo began to work on the problems of '''set theory''' and in 1902 published his first work concerning the addition of [[Cardinal_numbers|transfinite cardinal]]s. In 1904, he succeeded in taking the first step suggested by Hilbert towards the '''continuum hypothesis''' when he proved the [[well-ordering theorem]] (''every set can be well ordered''). This result brought fame to Zermelo, who was appointed Professor in Göttingen, in 1905. His proof of the '''well-ordering theorem''', based on the [[axiom of choice]], was not accepted by all mathematicians, partly because [[set theory]] was not [[axiomatization|axiomatized]] at this time. In 1908, Zermelo succeeded in producing a much more widely-accepted proof. | |
| − | In | + | In 1905, Zermelo began to axiomatize set theory; in 1908, he published his results despite his failure to prove the consistency of his axiomatic system. See the article on [[Zermelo set theory]] for an outline of this paper, together with the original axioms, with the original numbering. |
| − | + | In 1922, [[Adolf Fraenkel]] and [[Thoralf Skolem]] independently improved Zermelo's axiom system. The resulting 10 axiom system, now called [[Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory|Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms]] (ZF), is now the most commonly used system for [[axiomatic set theory]]. | |
| − | In | + | In 1910, Zermelo left Göttingen upon being appointed to the chair of mathematics at [[Zurich University]], which he resigned in 1916. |
| − | + | He was appointed to an honorary chair at [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] in 1926, which he resigned in 1935 because he disapproved of Hitler's regime. At the end of [[World War II]] and at his request, Zermelo was reinstated to his honorary position in Freiburg. | |
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| − | He was appointed to an honorary chair at [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] in | ||
==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
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Revision as of 16:43, 16 June 2007
Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (July 27 1871, Berlin, German Empire – May 21 1953, Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany) was a German mathematician, whose work has major implications for the foundations of mathematics and hence on philosophy.
Life
He graduated from Berlin's Luisenstädtisches Gymnasium in 1889. He then studied mathematics, physics and philosophy at the universities of Berlin, Halle and Freiburg. He finished his doctorate in 1894 at the University of Berlin, awarded for a dissertation on the calculus of variations (Untersuchungen zur Variationsrechnung). Zermelo remained at the University of Berlin, where he was appointed assistant to Planck, under whose guidance he began to study hydrodynamics. In 1897, Zermelo went to Göttingen, at that time the leading centre for mathematical research in the world, where he completed his habilitation thesis in 1899.
In 1900, in the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians, David Hilbert challenged the mathematical community with his famous Hilbert's problems, a list of 23 unsolved fundamental questions which mathematicians should attack during the coming century. The first of these, a problem of set theory, was the continuum hypothesis introduced by Cantor in 1878.
Zermelo began to work on the problems of set theory and in 1902 published his first work concerning the addition of transfinite cardinals. In 1904, he succeeded in taking the first step suggested by Hilbert towards the continuum hypothesis when he proved the well-ordering theorem (every set can be well ordered). This result brought fame to Zermelo, who was appointed Professor in Göttingen, in 1905. His proof of the well-ordering theorem, based on the axiom of choice, was not accepted by all mathematicians, partly because set theory was not axiomatized at this time. In 1908, Zermelo succeeded in producing a much more widely-accepted proof.
In 1905, Zermelo began to axiomatize set theory; in 1908, he published his results despite his failure to prove the consistency of his axiomatic system. See the article on Zermelo set theory for an outline of this paper, together with the original axioms, with the original numbering.
In 1922, Adolf Fraenkel and Thoralf Skolem independently improved Zermelo's axiom system. The resulting 10 axiom system, now called Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms (ZF), is now the most commonly used system for axiomatic set theory.
In 1910, Zermelo left Göttingen upon being appointed to the chair of mathematics at Zurich University, which he resigned in 1916. He was appointed to an honorary chair at Freiburg im Breisgau in 1926, which he resigned in 1935 because he disapproved of Hitler's regime. At the end of World War II and at his request, Zermelo was reinstated to his honorary position in Freiburg.
Bibliography
Primary literature in English translation:
- Jean van Heijenoort, 1967. From Frege to Godel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931. Harvard Univ. Press.
- 1904. "Proof that every set can be well-ordered," 139-41.
- 1908. "A new proof of the possibility of well-ordering," 183-98.
- 1908. "Investigations in the foundations of set theory I," 199-215.
- 1930. "On boundary numbers and domains of sets: new investigations in the foundations of set theory" in Ewald, William B., ed., 1996. From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics, 2 vols. Oxford Uni. Press: 1219-33.
Secondary:
- Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870-1940. Princeton Uni. Press.
External links
- John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson. Ernst Zermelo at the MacTutor archive
- Ernst Zermelo at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Scientific Biography of Ernst Zermelo (1871-1953).
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